I-beam Crack Identification Based on Study of Local Flexibility due to Crack

Local flexibility of crack plays an important role in crack identification of structures.Analytical methods on local flexibility in a cracked beam with simple geometric crossing sections,such as rectangle,circle,have been made,but there are some difficulties in calculating local flexibility in a cracked beam with complex crossing section,such as pipe and I-beam.In this paper,an analytical method to calculate the local flexibility and rotational spring stiffness due to crack in I-beam is proposed.The local flexibility with respect to various crack depths can be calculated by dividing a cracked I-beam into a series of thin rectangles.The forward and inverse problems in crack detection of I-beam are studied.The forward problem comprises the construction of crack model exclusively for crack section and the construction of a numerically I-beam model to gain crack detection database.The inverse problem consists of the measurement of modal parameters and the detection of crack parameters.Two experiments including measurement of rotational spring stiffness and prediction of cracks in I-beam are conducted.Experimental results based on the current methods indicate that relative error of crack location is less than 3%,while the error of crack depth identification is less than 6%.Crack identification of I-beam is expected to contribute to the development of automated crack detection techniques for railway lines and building skeletons.     

局部柔度变化在管道裂纹定量识别中的应用

局部柔度可描述结构上出现的裂纹,结构的模态参数将随着裂纹的扩展而改变,利用这一变化可辨识出裂纹发生的位置和深度。由此,建立了一种基于局部柔度变化的管道裂纹定量识别方法。该方法通过将管道结构沿径向离散为一系列依次嵌套的薄壁环,从而求得裂纹引起的局部柔度的变化规律,进而获得局部柔度与管道固有频率的特征关系,绘制裂纹管道的各阶固有频率曲面。采用实测前3阶固有频率去截取相应的固有频率曲面,获得各阶频率等高线,利用其交点定量诊断裂纹的位置与深度。实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Pipe crack identification based on finite element method of second generation wavelets

In this paper, a new method is presented to identify crack location and size, which is based on stress intensity factor suitable for pipe structure and finite element method of second generation wavelets (SGW-FEM). Pipe structure is dispersed into a series of nested thin-walled pipes. By making use of stress intensity factor of the thin-walled pipe, a new calculation method of crack equivalent stiffness is proposed to solve the stress intensity factor of the pipe structure. On this basis, finite element method of second generation wavelets is used to establish the dynamic model of cracked pipe. Then we combine forward problem with inverse problem in order to establish quantitative identification method of the crack based on frequency change, which provides a non-destructive testing technology with vibration for the pipe structure. The efficiency of the proposed method is verified by experiments.     

基于解析有限元的齿根裂纹时变啮合刚度计算方法

当齿轮发生故障时,时变啮合刚度的变化能够反映齿轮故障特征大小。因此,时变啮合刚度在齿轮传动过程中是一个重要的动力学参数。提出一种新的齿根裂纹啮合刚度计算方法,即解析有限元法（Analytical-finite element method,A-FM）。考虑到齿轮发生故障时,啮合刚度解析模型计算精度较低,将应力强度因子引入裂纹齿轮的啮合刚度计算过程。首先定义应力强度因子与啮合刚度之间的关系,通过建立齿轮接触模型计算裂纹尖端附近的应力强度因子,然后将计算结果替代解析模型中故障刚度部分。由于应力强度因子能够敏感地识别齿根裂纹的局部微小变化,故该方法相比于解析法具有更高的计算精度,相比于有限元法具备更快的计算效率。同时,建立6自由度动力学模型,通过对其振动响应进行分析,仿真结果验证了所提方法的可行性。     

复合结构圆柱钱币裂纹的应力强度因子

利用裂纹张开能量释放率建立一个求解复合圆柱钱币裂纹应力强度因子的方法。给出G^*-积分在三维裂纹裂尖边缘近场的应力强度因子表征，G^*-积分与载荷、几何参量以及力学性能参数的关系，进而得到复合圆柱钱币裂纹的应力强度因子。研究表明该积分法用于分析计算有限边界三维裂纹问题，过程极为简单。     

弯曲载荷作用下工字形截面梁腹板中心穿透裂纹的应力强度因子

工字形梁是工程中最常见的结构之一。其中的任何裂纹都将成为结构断裂失效的隐患。带有裂纹的工字形梁是典型的三维有限边界问题,用经典方法求解其裂纹的应力强度因子通常是相当困难的。文中利用裂纹非自发扩展的能量释放率建立一个求解弯曲载荷作用下工字形截面梁中心裂纹的应力强度因子的新方法。给出工字形截面梁裂纹非自发扩展能量释放率G^＊ -积分与应力强度因子的关系,同时也给出G^＊ -积分与载荷、几何参量以及力学性能参数的关系,进而得到工字形截面梁腹板中心裂纹的应力强度因子。     

Evaluation of stress intensity factor for a partially patched crack using an approximate weight function

A cracked plate with a patch bonded on one side was treated with a crack-bridging model using weight function : assuming continuous distribution of springs acting between th crack surfaces, the stress intensity factor of the patched crack was numerically obtained. Especially in the case of a patched crack subjected to residual non-uniform stress, the stress intensity factor was easily with the corresponding approximate weight function. This paper presented the stress intensity factors for a crack partially patched within a finite plate or a patched crack initiated from a notch.     

某660 MW超超临界机组热段疏水管道接管座的开裂原因

某火电厂660 MW超超临界机组投运不久,其热段疏水管道接管座开裂,导致蒸汽泄漏.对该接管座进行了化学成分、硬度和显微组织分析,并根据管道实际布置情况建立三维实体模型,采用热固耦合有限元方法对该结构受力进行仿真分析.结果表明:该接座管化学成分、硬度、显微组织满足要求,有限元仿真得到最大应力位于接管座与主管连接焊缝下边缘...     

Simulation on the motion of crankshaft with a slant crack in crankpin

A new model for vibration analysis of a crankshaft with a slant crack in crankpin is proposed, and the influence of crack depth on the transient response of a cracked crankshaft is investigated. A slant cracked shaft element is developed by deducing the local flexibility due to a slant crack. The frequently occurred slant crack in crankpin is studied, and a new finite element model of crankshaft including the slant crack in crankpin, which combines the slant cracked shaft element and Timoshenko beam elements, is derived. The support of engine block and the switching behaviour of the crack are considered, and the non-linear equation of motion for cracked crankshaft-bearing system is set up in a rotating coordinate system. The motion of a crankshaft of a four in-line cylinder engine with and without an initial crack is simulated. The influence of the crack depth on the transient response is investigated. The numerical simulation demonstrates that the current model is valid for simulating the motion of cracked crankshaft system. The results show that a useful foundation is laid for crack detection of crankshaft.     

含裂纹转子的振动特性计算用于裂纹在线检测的研究

本文研究含裂纹转子的振动特性。文章首先根据裂纹结构的应力强度因子，得到含裂纹单元体的刚度矩阵，进而得到裂纹转子的整体刚度矩阵和质量矩阵，列写出裂纹转子的运动微分方程，导出裂纹引起转子系统刚度变化与系统振动特性参数变化间的关系，从而可由实时在线测得的振动参数判断裂纹的位置。通过对模拟转子的计算和实测，表明本文提出的方法是一种可用于大型旋转机械转子轴裂纹在线检测的极为有效的方法．     

裂纹张开位移的边界配位法计算方法

提出新的应力函数，该应力函数对于表面自由的或随均布载荷的裂纹都适用。利用该应力函数导出了各种裂纹模型，在各种边界条件下的应力强度因子的计算公式及裂纹面上各点位移的计算公式。并利用边界配位法，计算了方形中心裂纹板在各种条件下裂纹面上各点的位移。     

曲轴的疲劳断裂分析

系统阐述利用有限元法对机械结构零部件进行疲劳断裂分析的相关理论和方法。在此基础上对16V240机车柴油机曲轴的最危险曲拐进行最大和最小工况下的三维有限元分析，确定裂纹易产生的危险截面，求解危险截面处不同深度和形态的表面椭圆裂纹的应力强度因子，并拟合关于椭圆裂纹特征参数及总体坐标下的等效应力强度因子的近似表达式。为预测含裂纹曲轴的承载能力、剩余寿命、制定判废标准等提供相关的疲劳断裂参数。     

Static behaviour of a shaft with an elliptical crack

Cracks in mechanical components produce changes in their behaviour like increases of displacements or decreases of frequencies due to the flexibility increase. Some works related to the analysis of the behaviour of cracked shafts consider the front of the transversal fatigue cracks to be straight, but experience says that the front of these kind of cracks is approximately elliptical. Many expressions have been given for the flexibility of a cracked shaft with a straight front whereas, for elliptical cracks, only an approximate expression for the flexibility has been found in the literature. In the present work, flexibility expressions for cracked shafts having elliptical cracks are obtained, based on the polynomial fitting of the stress intensity factors, taking into account the size and shape of the elliptical cracks showing results according with reality. The static displacements in bending of the shaft for different support conditions have been calculated. The comparisons between these results and those obtained by FEM analysis and by experimental tests show that the closed-form expressions for the flexibility give us a very good approximation to the behaviour of the cracked shaft.     

Dynamic behavior of cracked pipe conveying fluid with moving mass based on timoshenko beam theory

In this paper we studied about the effect of the open crack and the moving mass on the dynamic behavior of simply supported pipe conveying fluid. The equation of motion is derived by using Lagrange’s equation and analyzed by numerical method. The crack section is represented by a local flexibility matrix connecting two undamaged pipe segments i.e. the crack is modeled as a rotational spring. The influences of the crack severity, the position of the crack, the moving mass and its velocity, the velocity of fluid, and the coupling of these factors on the vibration mode, the frequency, and the mid-span displacement of the simply supported pipe are depicted.     

基于安定理论的微小裂纹疲劳门槛值的分析

通过弹塑性有限元法 ,利用 Melan的安定理论 ,分析了单缺口试件 ,在含有与试件材料晶粒尺寸相当的微小裂纹下的疲劳门槛值。通过对航空齿轮材料试件进行算例分析 ,其结果与相应实验结论比较吻合 ,并且表明 :利用静力安定法所研究微小裂纹疲劳门槛值 ,预测航空齿轮的寿命是较安全的。     

Influence of tip mass on dynamic behavior of cracked cantilever pipe conveying fluid with moving mass

In this paper, we studied about the effect of the open crack and a tip mass on the dynamic behavior of a cantilever pipe conveying fluid with a moving mass. The equation of motion is derived by using Lagrange’s equation and analyzed by numerical method. The cantilever pipe is modelled by the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The crack section is represented by a local flexibility matrix connecting two undamaged pipe segments. The influences of the crack, the moving mass, the tip mass and its moment of inertia, the velocity of fluid, and the coupling of these factors on the vibration mode, the frequency, and the tip-displacement of the cantilever pipe are analytically clarified.     

基于幅值与相角小波映射的裂纹转子故障诊断

建立了基于简单铰链裂纹模型和局部柔度理论的裂纹转子动力学模型,得到了裂纹转子与无裂纹转子的数值仿真解及其傅里叶变换的相角;利用连续小波变换研究了裂纹转子与无裂纹转子的幅值与相角小波映射特性,提出了利用幅值与相角小波映射识别裂纹的新方法。数值仿真研究了尺度因子对幅值与相角小波映射准确性和有效性的影响,给出了建议的尺度因子。试验研究验证了该方法在工程实际中的有效性和实用性。     

热疲劳裂纹网的屏蔽规律及主裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法

热疲劳裂纹网中主裂纹的应力强度因子可反映构件的损伤程度,然而由于裂纹间的屏蔽效应,直接计算裂纹网中主裂纹的应力强度因子是困难的。根据热疲劳试验提出假设：① 主裂纹不会位于裂纹网的边缘;② 裂纹网中的裂纹互相平行,且垂直于约束方向。定义主裂纹的屏蔽剩余百分数s,裂纹的比间距n,裂纹长度比f。分别研究两条长度相等裂纹、两任意长度裂纹、三条裂纹和多条裂纹屏蔽效应的规律。发现s-f-n有确定的关系,这一关系由裂纹网的结构确定,而与边界条件、裂纹尺寸等因素无关。利用屏蔽效应的规律可由单条裂纹时的应力强度因子推算裂纹网中屏蔽效应发生时主裂纹的应力强度因子。算例表明此方法精确、简便、快捷。     

Experimental measurement of gear mesh stiffness of cracked spur gear by strain gauge technique

In this paper, an experimental technique based on strain gauge has been proposed to measure the gear mesh stiffness of healthy spur gear as well as of cracked spur gear pair system. Calculation of mesh stiffness of healthy and cracked spur gear tooth are based on strain energy and strain energy release rate respectively. The location of strain gauge plays an important role in calculation of strain energy stored in gear tooth. The locations of strain gauge on gear tooth are illustrated for healthy and cracked gear. Stress intensity factor (SIF) has been calculated by strain gauge technique for calculating the stiffness of cracked pinion tooth. The effect of crack length on mesh stiffness has been investigated by strain gauge technique and results are compared with the established analytical method.     

具有包覆层油管断裂性能分析

利用将界面裂纹问题转化为非界面裂纹问题的方法，并借助权函数理论分析了具有包覆层管道的表面半椭圆裂纹应力强度因子，推导出一种具有包覆层管道界面裂纹的应力强度因子的解析式，可以用于解决工程界面裂纹问题。同时，利用ANSYS软件对包覆层厚度对管道应力应变的影响规律进行了分析。