平行盾构开挖离心机模拟试验研究

通过离心模型试验模拟平行盾构隧道近接开挖施工,研究了盾构隧道近接开挖对既有隧道结构内力、管片变形和地表沉降的变化规律。结果表明:1隧道开挖引起地表沉降的大小与开挖的步骤有关,而沉降槽的范围基本不变;2既有隧道靠近新建隧道一侧受拉,这一侧弯矩出现负增量,侧向土压力也有一定的减小,且既有隧道直径水平向变大,而垂向直径基本不受影响;3由于土拱效应,新建隧道已完成开挖部分管片拱顶的土压力随开挖进程先减小后增大;4采用地层结构法可以准确模拟隧道开挖过程的隧道结构力学特性与变形规律。     

十字岩柱法隧道开挖地质力学模型试验研究

 以重庆市轨道交通三号线为工程背景,开展十字岩柱暗挖法地质力学模型试验研究,优化大断面隧道开挖工序,进行围岩岩土相似材料配比试验、模拟洞室开挖过程中锚固注浆加固作用、洞室开挖过程的围岩位移变形监测分析。试验结果表明：研制的钢结构台架可成功模拟加围压条件下的洞室开挖,可直观地观察到模型开挖时围岩的渐进破坏过程。模型试验采用的监测系统能对开挖过程中洞室围岩的位移进行实时监测,实现了开挖支护与监测记录同步进行。根据相关参数建立数值分析模型,将数值计算结果与试验实测结果进行对比分析可知：二者结果基本一致,规律大致相同,且最终位移值满足试验要求,表明模型试验取得了较为理想的效果。研究工作对实际工程施工及今后类似模型试验研究的发展具有一定指导作用。     

流变岩体中椭圆洞室断面开挖过程的力学分析

给出了黏弹性流变岩体中深埋椭圆隧洞断面开挖过程中力学响应的解析解答。通过设定长短半轴随时间变化的函数可模拟施工过程。首先,结合变边界黏弹性问题对应关系和平面弹性复变方法,求得岩体应力及开挖引起位移的统一表达。在推导中,通过建立逆映射函数,分离出参与Laplace变换的时间。然后,对模拟为Boltzmann黏弹模型的岩石材料,给出了积分形式的位移表达式。最后,针对不同类型岩石进行不同开挖方式和速度下无量纲位移及应力的参数分析。分析表明,施工方式对位移与应力有明显影响。给出的解析解答可用于地下椭圆孔型隧道在开挖过程中的力学分析,并可作为实际工程初步设计的手段。     

小净距隧道中夹岩柱加固技术在施工中的应用

通过对中家湾隧道的工程概况、地质条件、施工难点的分析,有针对性的提出了采用混凝土置换软弱的中夹岩柱的施工方法,有效地解决了小净距隧道洞口浅埋段难以安全施工的难题,同时就施工安全提出了一些建议,以供参考。     

Numerical analyses of pillar behavior with variation in yield criterion,dilatancy, rock heterogeneity and length to width ratio

With recent advances in numerical modeling, design of underground structures increasingly relies on numerical modeling-based analysis approaches. While modeling tools like the discrete element method (DEM) and the combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM) are useful for investigating small-scale damage processes, continuum models remain the primary practical tool for most field-scale problems. The results obtained from such models are significantly dependent on the selection of an appropriate yield criterion and dilation angle. Towards improving its capabilities in handling mining-related problems, the authors have previously developed a new yield criterion (called progressive S-shaped criterion). The focus of the current study is to demonstrate its use in modeling rock pillars through a comparative analysis against four other yield criteria. In addition to the progressive S-shaped criterion, only one out of the four other criteria predicted a trend in strength consistent with an empirical pillar strength database compiled from the literature. Given the closely-knit relationship between yield criteria and dilation angle in controlling the overall damage process, a separate comparison was conducted using a mobilized dilation model, a zero degree dilation angle and a constant non-zero dilation angle. This study also investigates the impact of meso-scale heterogeneity in mechanical properties on the overall model response by assigning probability distributions to the input parameters. The comparisons revealed that an isotropic model using a combination of progressive S-shaped criterion and mobilized dilation angle model is sufficient in capturing the behaviors of rock pillars. Subsequently, the pillar model was used to assess the effect of L/W (length/width) ratio on the peak strength.     

Management of rock bursts during excavation of the deep tunnels in Jinping II Hydropower Station

Rock mass breakage induced by high in situ stresses during excavation of deep tunnels is one of the key problems in the construction of the Jinping II Hydropower Station. It is not only a threat to the safety of workers, but also seriously affects the construction process. This paper discusses where the rock bursts occur, how they occur and how to reduce their effect.     

Ground behavior evaluation for tunnels in blocky rock masses

Ground characterization and ground behavior evaluation are introductory steps in tunnel design. For a realistic evaluation reflecting specific ground and site conditions, reasonable ground models and evaluation tools are essential. At design stage simulations with discrete element method enables to model the reaction of blocky rock masses during excavation. At construction stage the predicted model is updated according to the absolute displacement monitoring data. In this paper a parametric study is performed with distinct element program UDEC for different joint characteristics and in situ stresses to evaluate the ground behavior in blocky rock masses. The classification of the ground behaviors are carried out according to the established delimiting criteria. Characteristics of various ground behaviors and conditions leading to the specified behavior are defined.     

隧道分部开挖的围岩松动区演变分析

以乌蒙山二号四线铁路隧道为工程背景,通过数值模拟手段对比研究分部开挖与一次成洞的松动区形态和大小差异,再结合现场测试结果,分析隧道分部开挖的松动区演变规律。结果表明：一次成洞松动区范围要普遍大于多部开挖的最终松动区范围,最大径向松动深度高出12.6%,最小径向松动深度高出41.2%;在松动区分布形态上,一次成洞表现为左右基本对称,多部开挖具有一定的不对称性,且多部开挖基本是从拱顶到边墙部位依次减小,而一次成洞则呈“拱顶>拱脚>拱肩>边墙”的分布形式。多部开挖时,先挖部分的松动区随着后续开挖部的推进有所增加,后挖部对先挖部的影响表现为：“上下关系”强于“左右关系”;另一方面,左右对称位置后挖侧松动区略大于先挖侧,说明先挖部对后挖部亦有劣化作用;其最终松动区是各开挖部相互影响和发展的结果,体现过程相关性。     

Generation and evaluation of excavation schedules for hard rock tunnels in preconstruction and construction

Uncertain product characteristics in construction projects make it difficult for planners to develop schedules that reduce expected costs, durations, and associated risks. To overcome these challenges in hard rock tunnel projects, this research introduces a methodology that adapts stochastic programming and feedback control approaches for their excavation. Such approaches require rapid and consistent implementation using up-to-date information provided in a probabilistic manner throughout the entire excavation; therefore, the authors tailored dynamic programming and tunneling risk analysis methods for the methodology to address multiple sets of rock mass properties (RMPs), transitions among excavation methods at the excavation method level, decision-making times, and schedule adjustment policies (SAPs). In preconstruction and construction, the methodology allows construction planners of hard rock tunnels to generate a total-cost-optimal excavation schedule for each set of RMPs and evaluate the excavation costs and durations of schedules for multiple sets of RMPs in a timely and consistent manner by considering SAPs. Further research is required to take into account multiple advances of excavation methods for schedule generation and evaluation.Database subject headingsAutomated schedule generation, hard rock tunnel, uncertainties in rock mass properties, feedback control, stochastic programming, earthwork risk analysis.     

OFDR光纤传感技术在十字岩柱暗挖法物理模型试验中的应用

 现阶段岩土工程模型试验围岩变形监测多采用点式传感器,仅能获得部分测点的应变,而光纤传感作为一种迅速发展的分布式监测技术,能很好地解决这一问题。对于岩土工程室内试验,现有光纤传感技术无法满足试验对空间分辨精度的高要求。对一种新型光纤传感技术光频域反射技术(OFDR)的测量原理和优点进行介绍,并将其应用于浅埋超大断面圆形隧道十字岩柱开挖模型试验中,对整个模型不同断面进行水平向应变连续监测。根据试验结果,结合有限元分析,表明OFDR能准确记录试验过程中模型内部的应变变化,揭示围岩在十字岩柱开挖方法下的变形规律,反映十字岩柱对围岩的支撑作用,为今后隧道工程开挖提供参考。另外通过算法将应变结果转化为位移结果,并与多点位移计的监测结果进行对比分析,偏差在10%以内。结果表明,该技术可应用于岩土工程试验中的变形监测。     

超大断面隧道侧向扩挖施工围岩力学特征研究

通过等代圆法将侧向扩挖隧道断面简化为双连通域问题,结合复变函数理论Schwarz交替法推导出了侧向扩挖隧道复应力函数的具体形式,并以深圳横龙山隧道超大异形断面(跨度29.171m,高跨比0.45)侧向扩挖工程为例,通过数值计算对单次扩挖宽度、围岩应力和位移特征展开研究。结果表明:单次扩挖宽度为4m时最为适宜,三次分步扩挖产生的二、三、四次应力状态均有不同程度的变化,最大应力和位移值出现于双洞近接施工段且主洞三次扩挖产生的平均拉、压应力值均大于扩挖洞,拱顶应力限差控制在4%以内,计算结果具有较高的精度。     

A 3D synthetic rock mass numerical method for characterizations of rock mass and excavation damage zone near tunnels

In practice, a damage zone is generally formed after tunnel excavation in jointed rock mass. This damage zone is closely related to rock mass properties and requires careful examination in order for cost effective supporting designs. In this research, a synthetic rock mass (SRM) numerical method is applied for characterizations of the jointed rock mass and excavation damage zone (EDZ) near underground tunnels in 3D. The SRM model consists of bonded particles and simulates deformation and crack propagation of the rock mass through interactions between these particles. The effects of joint stiffness and distribution on the rock mass properties are systematically examined by comparing the numerical data with an empirical geological strength index (GSI) system and an associated Hoek-Brown strength criterion. The numerical results suggest that rock mass properties are comparable to the empirical GSI/Hoek-Brown system only when inclined joints are simulated in the rock mass subjected to axial loading. The rock mass is strengthened and the empirical GSI/Hoek-Brown characterization becomes inappropriate when the joints are less favorable to shear sliding. The SRM method is then applied for characterizations of tunnel EDZ. It appears that the depth and location of the EDZ are a function of the tunnel orientation, joints, and in situ stresses. The EDZ depth is expected to be higher when inclined joints are simulated. The EDZ area is reduced when the joints in the rock mass are horizontally and vertically distributed.

     

Rockburst response in hard rock owing to excavation unloading of twin tunnels at great depth

This study aims to investigate the rockburst characteristics of hard rock during the successive excavation unloading of twin circular tunnels subjected to high active stresses. The entire evolution process of the rockburst phenomena around the tunnels is reproduced. The numerical results indicate that the unloading rates, burial depths, and presence of structural planes between the twin tunnels play important roles in the occurrence and damage degrees of rockbursts. The failure intensity and dynamic responses are aggregated with the increase of the unloading rate of the subsequent adjacent tunnel. The rockburst damage degree is exacerbated with increasing buried depth, and the rock response of the twin tunnels becomes more sensitive to the dynamic disturbance (as compared to a single tunnel at a great depth). The presence of a structural plane between the twin tunnels has both favourable and unfavourable effects on the stability of the surrounding rock. When the structural plane is parallel to the maximum tangential stress, the dynamic disturbance from the adjacent tunnel can be attenuated by the structural plane or rock joints via reflection and scattering, thus reducing the dynamic response between the twin tunnels. However, for those structural planes oblique to the maximum tangential stress, a violent rockburst is more prone to be induced, owing to the integrated response to shearing and sliding along the structural plane, and slabbing from the excavation unloading process. It is also found that the effect of the structural plane on the rockburst response is largely dependent on the burial depth.

     

开挖诱发隧道围岩变形的红外热像试验研究

采用相似材料模拟试验方法,借助红外热像仪等红外设备,对岩爆诱发的深埋隧道围岩变形破坏规律进行试验研究。配制强度较高的脆性相似材料,模型采用三轴向约束,通过单轴加载,模拟三维初始地应力状态。试验采用先加载后开挖方式,对开挖过程中深埋隧道围岩变形破坏情况进行红外热像分析,研究考虑开挖速度和支护条件等因素影响的岩爆诱发过程中深埋隧道围岩变形破坏时温度变化规律,试验结果表明：开挖速度越快,模型表面温度变化越大,隧道围岩弹性能积聚越剧烈,围岩岩爆倾向越高;提高支护强度对降低深埋隧道围岩的岩爆倾向具有一定的作用;隧道围岩表面热辐射温度的快速升高引起的红外异常可作为发生岩爆前期征兆。试验揭示深埋隧道变形破坏与温度场变化之间的对应关系,为深埋隧道的合理开挖和安全支护提供参考依据。     

A case study on rock damage prediction and control method for underground tunnels subjected to adjacent excavation blasting

The effects of tunnel blast excavation on the surrounding rock mass and the lining systems of adjacent existing tunnels are comprehensively studied for the Damaoshan highway tunnel project as a case study. The damage of the surrounding rock and the lining system under different blast loads are analyzed by field tests and numerical simulations. It is observed that the rock damage extent around the tunnels linearly increases with the peak particle velocity (PPV) of the existing tunnel. A feasible PPV-based damage control method is then proposed for different portions of the tunnels. For the Damaoshan tunnel project, a PPV threshold of 0.22 m/s in the adjacent existing tunnel is prescribed to limit the damage extent to approximately 1.6 m at the tunnel exit and entrance portions. Furthermore, the PPV criteria for the other portions are also determined accordingly. It is also shown that no failure occurs in the linings or at the rock–lining interfaces if the PPV is less than 0.30 m/s. The control method and the threshold PPV proposed in this study have been successfully applied to restrict blast-induced damage during the new tunnel excavation of the Damaoshan tunnel project.     

条带开采煤柱破坏宽度计算分析

将条带开采工作面假定为无限大板上相隔一定间距的倾斜共线裂纹,采用断裂力学Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹模型,得到了条带煤柱边缘的应力分布,建立了条带煤柱边缘破坏区的边界方程,并据此得出了条带煤柱破坏宽度的计算公式。实例分析表明用该公式计算条带煤柱破坏宽度是符合实际的。     

基坑工程对邻近地铁隧道影响的分析与对策

上海市闸北区大宁商业中心基坑东侧围护体距离已运行地铁隧道的最小净距仅为5.45 m。本文主要介绍了该工程中为控制隧道变形采取的设计技术措施:盆式开挖配合钢管斜坡撑代替大面积支撑、地铁侧坑内被动区采用水泥土搅拌桩加固和遵循时空效应原理的设计开挖工况等。同时针对本工程设计以变形控制为主的特点,采用了三维连续介质有限元法分析了开挖所引起的环境效应,其中土体采用修正剑桥模型模拟。同时采取了不同计算方案对比分析了采用抽条开挖的有效性,为设计和施工提供了有益的参考。     

Effect of large excavation on deformation of adjacent MRT tunnels

A large excavation of approximately 140 m wide, 200 m long and 15 m deep was made close to two Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) tunnels of 6 m diameter with invert depth of 15–27 m. In view of the scale and distance of excavation, significant effects on the MRT tunnels were expected. The paper presents the monitoring of the tunnel deformations during the excavation. A sophisticated monitoring system using a motorised total station was installed in the MRT tunnels to monitor their displacements and to ensure that the stringent requirements for safeguarding the tunnels were not violated during any part of the excavation works. The paper also presents the modelling of the excavation using a finite element program. The results obtained were reasonably close to the monitoring results. It was found that the stiffness of the tunnel lining has significant influence on the displacement and distortion of tunnels caused by an adjacent excavation. A stiffer lining undergoes less displacement and distortion but is likely to experience significantly greater bending moments.     

基坑上跨已运营地铁隧道的设计及实测分析

基于某箱型隧道上跨已运营地铁隧道基坑工程,对该工程支护结构及基坑开挖方式进行设计。有限元分析及实测结果表明,采用人工抽条放坡开挖+板锚支护可以有效地控制基底土体的回弹和既有地铁隧道的变形。该工法充分利用基坑开挖的时空效应,人工抽条放坡开挖主要用于控制在基坑开挖过程中引起的土体的回弹及地铁隧道的上浮;而板锚支护的设置,则可有效地约束基坑开挖后由于土体卸载引起的地铁隧道变形。该工程采用数值分析进行施工前预测与自动化监测指导施工相结合方法也是工程成功实施的关键,其成功经验可为类似的工程提供一定的参考。     

流变岩体中既有隧道与新建平行隧道相互影响的理论解

在流变岩体中进行隧道施工时,既有隧道与新建隧道的相互作用将使围岩应力、位移分布与单隧道问题有明显不同,且与时间相关。针对黏弹性岩体中深埋双圆形隧洞考虑施工顺序问题,用复变函数方法、Laplace变换、黏弹性叠加关系导出两隧道周边开挖增量位移和应力场的求解方法和理论解答,并与有限元解进行了比对。根据解答分析了既有和新建隧道孔边增量位移与全应力分布特点;隧道周边增量位移随时间的变化;周边位移随隧道间距的变化规律。可用于黏弹性岩体中双圆形隧道顺序开挖的施工分析。相比数值方法,理论解可更方便地进行参数分析和初步设计。