水射流下含表面裂纹的轮胎橡胶的动态断裂

运用ANSYS/Explicit Dynamic模块,建立了含表面裂纹的轮胎橡胶材料在高压水射流作用下的流固耦合模型,分析了轮胎橡胶材料裂纹面应变分布规律;利用应变能密度函数,研究了含表面裂纹的轮胎橡胶材料在高压水射流作用下的动态断裂机理。通过对轮胎橡胶材料断面进行扫描电镜观察,初步分析了应变分布和应变能密度分布与粒度和微观形貌的关系。结果表明,在扩展与剪切的共同作用下,裂纹断裂形成与初始表面裂纹形貌一致的半椭圆形断面;随着裂纹长度的增加,裂纹扩展区的长度并未增加;多裂纹间耦合形成与初始裂纹大小一致的橡胶颗粒。     

TC4-DT钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展的微观机制

通过断口分析讨论了TC4-DT钛合金裂纹扩展的微观机制。从微裂纹的形成,疲劳裂纹初期、近门槛区以及稳态区的扩展,分析了不同组织形态的TC4-DT钛合金对应的裂纹扩展微观机制。分析结果表明,对于片层组织,循环载荷的作用导致断裂表面粗糙及塑性变形过程中相界面产生位错塞积而诱使裂纹萌生。等轴组织变形过程中晶粒产生的断裂表面成为裂纹的萌生源。在近门槛区,等轴组织变形过程中位错累积将导致沿晶界的开裂,从而加速裂纹扩展;双片层组织由于次生α相的尺寸效应会加速裂纹扩展。在稳态扩展区,断口表面由第Ⅰ阶段的锯齿状断裂模式过渡到辉纹断裂模式,表现为塑性条带断裂机制。     

用损伤变量D2作为裂纹扩展阶段强度与寿命的计算参量

就多晶体弹塑性材料在疲劳载荷作用下从宏观裂纹的形成、扩展直至断裂的裂纹扩展阶段,提出了用损伤变量D2作为本阶段强度与寿命的计算参量,提出了这个过程描述材料疲劳断裂行为的新方程,并使这些方程与现有广泛应用的其他方程相互沟通,从而对某些材料行为的变化规律形成一个整体的认识,以便于工程界能广泛地理解、接受和应用.     

在线钢轨断裂原因分析

U75V热轧钢轨铺设在曲线地段使用超过3a(年),其中一支钢轨发生断裂,部分钢轨出现剥离掉块。当查找断裂原因,对断裂钢轨进行了理化检验。结果表明:轮轨接触应力过大,超过了钢轨接触疲劳强度,由于疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的速率大于磨耗速率,在钢轨塑性变形层表面萌生并形成了疲劳裂纹,并沿变形流线方向疲劳扩展,在轮轨接触圆角处距表面2 mm处形成了疲劳核伤,在车轮的反复作用下发生了断裂。     

支撑轴断裂原因分析

某挖土车上的支撑轴在试车时发生断裂。通过化学成分分析、金相检验、断口分析及硬度测试等方法,对支撑轴断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:焊接过程中形成淬硬的马氏体组织,增加了焊缝的内应力,加上焊缝金属中的氢等共同作用而形成了延迟裂纹,在试车过程中的外力作用下使裂纹扩展,最终导致支撑轴断裂。     

铁路轴箱弹簧断裂原因分析

某铁路轴箱弹簧在服役过程中发生断裂。采用化学成分分析、非金属夹杂物检验、硬度测试、显微组织及表面脱碳层检验、断口分析等方法,对弹簧断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:在服役过程中,弹簧表面存在的不连续凹痕处产生应力集中并形成裂纹源,疲劳裂纹不断扩展,导致弹簧最终发生疲劳断裂。     

慢应变速率拉伸下铝合金的缓蚀性能

通过构建一种新方法即相移与电化学阻抗谱相结合的方法来原位预测慢应变速率拉伸条件下铝合金的缓蚀过程及变化规律。相移法可用来描述慢应变速率拉伸条件下裂纹开始萌生与明显扩展的时刻;电化学阻抗谱法可在慢应变速率条件下原位表征金属-溶液界面处氧化膜溶解、点蚀等信息。选用硅酸钠、氯化铈、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)这三种试剂,系统研究它们对铝合金慢应变速率拉伸过程中裂纹萌生与扩展规律的影响。实验结果发现,在三种试剂的作用下合金的抗应力腐蚀敏感性均增强,断口形貌由杂乱变为均匀;断裂方式由混合型断裂向单一型转变。相移法结果表明加入这三种试剂后裂纹萌生和扩展时刻均向后推迟;电化学阻抗谱测试结果表明三种试剂均能抑制金属溶解,但对应力腐蚀的不同阶段的影响不同。     

半圆盘构件冲击断裂特性的动态焦散线实验研究

采用动态焦散线实验系统,对有机玻璃（PMMA）在冲击载荷下的I型和I-II混合型裂纹在起裂和扩展时的动态断裂特性进行了研究。结果表明：随着PMMA由I型断裂转变为I-II混合型断裂,从落锤作用在试件上到裂纹起裂所需时间不断增加,说明裂纹起裂需要的能量有所增加,同时从裂纹起裂到最终贯通所需时间不断减少,说明裂纹平均扩展速度也不断增大;在I型断裂中,PMMA的断裂韧度KIC为2.04 MN/m3/2,而在I-II混合型断裂中,PMMA的断裂韧度KIC低于I型断裂时的断裂韧度KIC,但是KIIC有所增大;对于I-II混合型断裂,PMMA极限扩展速度约为366m/s,当达到极限扩展速度后,裂纹尖端出现微裂纹增韧现象,使裂纹的表面能迅速增大,随后裂纹的扩展速度迅速减小。     

氢氟酸浓度对钛合金油管的疲劳行为的影响

基于Zr-Mo系钛合金(0.6Zr3Mo)油井管在服役过程中因工作环境而导致的疲劳断裂问题，通过应力加载的方式研究了钛合金在不同浓度氢氟酸环境与实验室环境下的疲劳性能，并对其进行比较。结果表明：在70%σ_s应力幅作用下钛合金在有无腐蚀环境下均呈现循环软化特性；氢氟酸溶液促进了钛合金疲劳裂纹形核并加速了疲劳裂纹扩展速率，缩短了钛合金的疲劳寿命，并且疲劳寿命随腐蚀液浓度的增加呈下降趋势；氢氟酸浓度对钛合金的裂纹扩展方式具有一定影响，在实验室环境下钛合金裂纹扩展主要为周期性解理；在低浓度氢氟酸环境下由于氢氟酸腐蚀形成的二次裂纹容易诱发解理面的形成，裂纹扩展仍以解理的方式扩展；而在高浓度氢氟酸环境下裂纹的扩展方式有所改变，裂纹在韧性区扩展程度增加，以解理形式扩展的程度有所下降。     

悬臂弯曲加载低周疲劳表面裂纹扩展路径的曲折性研究

通过悬臂弯曲加载方式,采用逐级递增的六级名义应变水平作为控制模式,完成了四件试样10CrNiMo钢的低周疲劳表面裂纹扩展速率(SCPR)试验。试验发现,在每级名义应变水平控制下,SCPR整体上趋于某一稳定值,但局部裂纹扩展出现时快时慢现象,在低名义应变水平控制下尤为明显。对上述现象进行了分析,结果表明:出现局部裂纹扩展不稳定的原因是由于表面裂纹扩展的路径呈现转折和分叉的曲折性特征,转折和分叉通常会降低表面裂纹的扩展速率,但有时也会加速表面裂纹的扩展。     

双相钢疲劳断口的分形分析

本文研究了双相钢疲劳门槛值与门槛值附近断口形貌和分形维数的关系。初步实验结果表明:分形维数基本上能反映断口粗糙度。发现门槛值随分形维数呈线性变化,门槛值、分形维数和粗糙度都随马氏体含量呈抛物线型变化。     

凹凸棒增强聚丙烯复合材料断裂韧性和断面分维的相关性

本文应用Wiliams新近提出的方法,研究了凹凸棒增强聚丙烯复合材料的冲击断裂韧性(G_c).通过测试断面的轮廓线,采用一种改变粗视化程度的方法,确定出断面的分维.结果表明,断裂韧性和断面分维存在一定的相关性,并就此进行简要讨论.      

Fractal dimension of metallic fracture surface

In this study, a complete method of determination of the fractal dimension for fracture surfaces of ferrous alloys has been proposed. This dimension is determined for the vertical profile obtained by the profile technique cross-section. The image of the profile, seen through the microscope coupled with a camera, is recorded in a computer, where numerical processing is performed. For calculation of the same fractal dimension, the fd3 program has been used, which is available through the Internet. The essential element of the method is optimisation concerning microscopic magnification (scale of a length), resolution of the recorded image and selection of the grey level threshold at binarization. The tests for the stability of discretization, which enable minimization of the error of the measurement, have also been carried out. These tests consist in checking the difference in fractal dimensions for the same profile obtained in two different methods of contouring as well as the difference between capacitive, informative and correlative dimensions. In both cases, too big difference suggests that the determined dimension is not reliable. This method allows determination of the fractal dimension with an absolute accuracy of 0.05 in non-dimensional units. The method has been employed in many studies. In this paper the following tests have been presented: a “fractal map” of the fracture surface was made, an influence of the mechanical notch radius in a compact specimen on the fractal dimension of the fracture surface, an influence of the distortion rate on the fractal dimension, an effect of fatigue crack propagation rate on the fractal dimension and influence of the stress-intensity factor on the fractal dimension of the fracture surface. The following materials were examined: Armco iron, P355N steel and 41Cr4 steel in different states after the heat treatment. The measurements have been made for the specimens of the compact type. There was considered an influence of location of the place of measurement on the fractal dimension being determined. The dimension was determined on the profiles lying longwise and crosswise the crack propagation direction. It has been found that the fractal dimension of the fracture surface does not depend on a place of measurement. This suggests, among other things, that a distinction between the places, which were created under conditions of the plane stress, and the places, which were created under conditions of the plane strain state, cannot be made with the help of the fractal dimension. When testing an influence of the radius of the mechanical tip notch on the fractal dimension of a fracture surface, this dimension was determined in the places located at different distances from the tip of the mechanical notch. With respect to the radii up to 1.0 mm, no significant differences in fractal dimensions have been found. The fractal dimensions of the fracture surface for all examined materials were practically the same and they ranged from 2.02 to 2.10. However in some ranges of da/dN rate the dimension was changing inversely proportional to da/dN. Obtained results confirm that fractal dimension do not depend on the investigated material.     

混凝土断裂及亚临界扩展的细观机制

通过模型和三点弯曲断裂SEM试验,详细研究了混凝土断裂全过程及亚临界扩展的细观机理。结果表明:混凝土断裂是一个复杂的不规则过程,存在明显的亚临界扩展现象。混凝土亚临界扩展路径是曲折的,并非经典断裂力学假定的平直路径,混凝土亚临界扩展和临界失稳扩展呈现分形特征。用起裂断裂韧性iICK和分形等效断裂韧性feICK,来描述混凝土抵抗初裂和临界失稳扩展的能力。给出了考虑亚临界扩展弯折效应的混凝土亚临界扩展长度、混凝土起裂断裂韧性iICK和分形等效断裂韧性feICK,的计算表达式。计算表明:混凝土失稳断裂时的分形等效断裂韧性feICK ,与混凝土亚临界扩展的分维数D成正比。     

Fractal modeling of the J-R curve and the influence of the rugged crack growth on the stable elastic-plastic fracture mechanics

In this paper, fractal geometry is used to modify the Griffith-Irwin-Orowan classical energy balance. Crack fractal geometry is introduced in the elastic-plastic fracture mechanics by means of the Eshelby-Rice J-integral and the influence of the ruggedness of the crack surface on the quasistatic crack growth is evaluated. It is shown that the rising of the J-R curve correlates to the topological ruggedness dimension of the crack surface. Results from fracture experiments are shown to be very well fitted with the proposed model, which is shown to be a unifying approach for fractal models currently used in fracture mechanics.     

水泥断口表面形貌的分形维数定量表征研究

利用分形几何学理论定量表征了几种水泥断口表面的微观形貌特征,并且考察了断口表面分形维数与其抗压强度的关系.结果表明,水泥断口的表面分形维数介于2～3之间,且线性回归分析的相关系数均大于0.98,强的相关性表明实验所选用的水泥断口具有明显的分形特征;水泥的抗压强度与其断口表面分形维数值呈正相关关系.     

Crack-resistance behavior as a consequence of self-similar fracture topologies

The effect of the invasive fractality of fracture surfaces on the toughness characteristics of heterogeneous materials is discussed. It is shown that the interplay of physics and geometry turns out to be the non-integer (fractal) physical dimensions of the mechanical quantities involved in the phenomenon of fracture. On the other hand, fracture surfaces experimentally show multifractal scaling, in the sense that the effect of fractality progressively vanishes as the scale of measurement increases. From the physical point of view, the progressive homogenization of the random field, as the scale of the phenomenon increases, is provided. The Griffith criterion for brittle fracture propagation is deduced in the presence of a fractal crack. It is shown that, whilst in the case of smooth cracks the dissipation rate is independent of the crack length a, in the presence of fractal cracks it increases with a, following a power law with fractional exponent depending on the fractal dimension of the fracture surface. The peculiar crack-resistance behavior of heterogeneous materials is therefore interpreted in terms of the self-similar topology of the fracture domains, thus explaining also the stable crack growth occurring in the initial stages of the fracture process. Finally, extrapolation to the macroscopic size-scale effect of the nominal fracture energy is deduced, and a Multifractal Scaling Law is proposed and successfully applied to relevant experimental data.     

断裂表面不同方向的分形结构

使用垂直剖面法测量平面应变条件下断裂表面不同方向剖面的分形维数。实验表明,沿着裂纹扩展方向剖面 Koch 曲线的分形维数 D_1与lgK_(1c)之间是正变化的线性关系,垂直于裂纹扩展方向剖面的分形维数 D_2与lgK_(1c)之间是反变化的线性关系,(D_1+D_2)与lgk_(1c)之间是一个不敏感的正变化的线性关系。     

基于分形理论不同装药量的爆破动焦散线实验研究

为研究装药量对爆生裂纹扩展行为的影响。采用透射式数字激光动态焦散线实验系统,分析了不同装药量的爆生裂纹扩展规律,并基于计盒维数的计算原理,编写MATLAB程序计算爆生裂纹的分形维数。结果表明:①起爆后裂纹扩展分2阶段,Ⅰ阶段(0～114.3μs)为爆炸应力波与爆生气体对裂纹尖端的作用,在裂纹的起裂时刻扩展速度达到峰值,随即迅速降低;Ⅱ阶段(114.3μs～裂纹止裂)在反射应力波对裂纹尖端的作用下,裂纹扩展速度继续提升;②裂纹扩展速度峰值、动态应力强度因子峰值、粉碎区面积、爆生裂纹分形维数与装药量正相关;③采用回归分析与线性拟合的方法,得到了裂纹扩展速度与裂纹扩展轨迹分形维数的线性关系,同一裂纹扩展速度的变化符合分形规律。     

分形维数与D6AC钢的韧性

本文研究了超高强度钢Ｄ６Ａｃ的断裂韧性、冲击韧性和拉伸面缩率与断口分形维数的关系。分别用二次电子线扫描和数字图象法测定断裂韧性试样的断口分形维数，得出试样的韧性与分形维数Ｄｓｅ、Ｄ_Ｈ和Ｄ_Ｌ成正比关系，即韧性随分形维数增大而增加。试样断口的粗糙度由夹杂物引起的差异小于金相组织不同引起的差异时，使用数字图象法测得的分形维数与韧性的线性关系优于二次电子线扫描的结果。