Silicone emulsion-enhanced recovery of chlorinated solvents: batch and column studies

Batch and column experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of flushing with silicone oil emulsion for the removal of chlorinated solvents, including trichloroethylene (TCE), perchloroethylene (PCE) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB). In the batch experiments, solubilization potentials of emulsion and effects of surfactants as additives were examined. The emulsion prepared with 2% (v/v) silicone oil could solubilize 90.7% of 10,000 ppm TCE, 97.3% of 4000 ppm PCE and 99.7% of 7,800 ppm DCB. Results of one-dimensional column studies indicated that aqueous solubility and sorption of contaminants determined the flushing efficiency. The addition of surfactants below their critical micelle concentration (CMC) did not affect the removal of chlorinated solvents in batch and column experiments. The results of this study show that flushing with oil-based emulsion can be applied to treat the chlorinated solvents.     

Solubilization of DNAPLs by mixed surfactant: synergism and solubilization capacity

Efforts to remove the dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in subsurface by mobilizing them face with risks of driving the contaminants deeper into aquifer zones. In this paper, a synergistical solubilization of DNAPLs by mixed nonionic and anionic surfactant, Triton X-100 (TX100) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) in DNAPL/water systems was presented. Given 1:40 phase ratio of DNAPL:water (v/v), mixed TX100-SDBS exhibited significantly synergistical solubilization for the DNAPLs, trichloroethene (TCE), chlorobenzene (CB) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB), respectively, when the total surfactant concentration was up to 6000mg/L, i.e. the condition when solubilization by the mixture was better than those attainable with individual components by themselves. The synergistical extents depended on the initial ratios of TX100 to SDBS, the initial surfactant concentrations and the properties of DNAPLs. Given the total surfactant concentration, synergistical extents increased with the fraction of SDBS in mixed surfactant. On the contrary, did with the total surfactant concentration. The solubilization capacity by 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 of mass ratio of TX100-SDBS were determined and compared with those by single ones. In the view of the mass solubilization ratio (SR), the mixed TX100-SDBS could solubilize more DNAPLs than single SDBS at given surfactant concentration. Reduction in partition of TX100 and synergistic solubilization were responsible for the significant solubilization extent of mixed system. The work presented here demonstrates that mixed nonionic-anionic surfactants would be preferred over the corresponding single surfactants for solubilization remediation of DNAPLs, which could decrease risks of driving the contaminants deeper into aquifers.     

Effects of pure and dyed PCE on physical and interfacial properties of remedial solutions

Hydrophobic dyes have been used to visually distinguish dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) contaminants from background aqueous phases and soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a dyed DNAPL, 0.5 g Oil-Red-O/l of PCE, on the physical properties of remedial solutions: water, co-solvents (50, 70, and 90% (v/v) ethanol), and surfactants (4% (w) sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate). This study compared the densities, viscosities, and interfacial tensions (IFTs) of the remedial solutions in contact with both dyed and undyed PCE. The presence of the dye in PCE substantially alters the IFTs of water and ethanol solutions, while there is no apparent difference in IFTs of surfactant solutions. The remedial solutions saturated with PCE showed higher viscosities and densities than pure remedial solutions. Solutions with high ethanol content exhibited the largest increases in liquid density. Because physical properties affect the flow of the remedial solutions in porous media, experiments using dyed DNAPLs should assess the influence of dyes on fluid and interfacial properties prior to remediation process analysis.     

凸棒颗粒稳定的橄榄油／水型Pickering乳状液的制备条件及形成机理研究

选取凹凸棒作为乳化剂,系统研究pH、颗粒浓度、油相体积分数以及不同价态盐对橄榄油／水型Pickering乳状液稳定性的影响,结果表明,体系pH在4～9范围内可制备出稳定的乳状液;颗粒浓度的提高可增强乳液的分层和聚结稳定性;乳液液滴直径随油相体积分数的增加先增大后减小;无机盐的引入不会对乳液相及水相的体积产生影响,但对乳液液滴的尺寸分布影响显著,其中NaCl浓度的增加有利于乳状液液滴数均直径的增加,而CaCl2浓度增加时,乳状液液滴数均直径呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。研究表明,凹凸棒可作为一种新型纳米乳化剂应用于绿色乳状液的制备。     

Preparation of polymeric microcapsules: formulation studies

Air-filled microcapsules were prepared by freeze-drying different oil-in-water emulsions containing biodegradable polyester as the wall-forming material. The aim of this work was to find an acceptable formulation with respect to the microcapsule suspension and the stability of the emulsion during the production process. The influence of various formulation parameters (concentrations of mannitol, polymer, and surfactant; pH; oil-in-water phase ratio) was investigated in a factorial design. The results were treated by ordinary least-square (OLS) regression and partial least-square regression (PLSR). In a previous work, air-filled microcapsules were successfully made using human serum albumin as the surfactant in the emulsion (1). In the present work, a new block copolymer based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was implemented as the surfactant to replace human serum albumin. It was found that the new block copolymer is a suitable replacement for human serum albumin. The concentration of the polymer in water and the concentration of the surfactant in the oil phase and the interaction between these variables had a significant influence on the stability of the emulsion at 60 degrees C. A surfactant concentration of approximately 2% (w/v) in water was necessary when the concentration of the wall-forming polymer was below 5% (w/v) in (-)-camphene. The concentration of the polymer in the oil phase influenced the yield, measured as the volume concentration of particles in suspension per milligram of polymer added and as acoustic effect per milligram of polymer. Low levels of polymer concentration in (-)-camphene (< 5% w/v) gave the highest yield. Excess polymer in the oil phase did not form microcapsules, but precipitated in the suspension or was included in the wall of the microcapsules. Addition of mannitol protected the microcapsules from being destroyed during freeze-drying and resulted in freeze-dried products with few cracks, little shrinkage, and higher suspension yield.     

Preparation of Polymeric Microcapsules: Formulation Studies

Air-filled microcapsules were prepared by freeze-drying different oil-in-water emulsions containing biodegradable polyester as the wall-forming material. The aim of this work was to find an acceptable formulation with respect to the microcapsule suspension and the stability of the emulsion during the production process. The influence of various formulation parameters (concentrations of mannitol, polymer, and surfactant; pH; oil-in-water phase ratio) was investigated in a factorial design. The results were treated by ordinary least-square (OLS) regression and partial least-square regression (PLSR). In a previous work, air-filled microcapsules were successfully made using human serum albumin as the surfactant in the emulsion . In the present work, a new block copolymer based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was implemented as the surfactant to replace human serum albumin. It was found that the new block copolymer is a suitable replacement for human serum albumin. The concentration of the polymer in water and the concentration of the surfactant in the oil phase and the interaction between these variables had a significant influence on the stability of the emulsion at 60°C. A surfactant concentration of approximately 2% (w/v) in water was necessary when the concentration of the wall-forming polymer was below 5% (w/v) in (-)-camphene. The concentration of the polymer in the oil phase influenced the yield, measured as the volume concentration of particles in suspension per milligram of polymer added and as acoustic effect per milligram of polymer. Low levels of polymer concentration in (-)-camphene (<5% w/v) gave the highest yield. Excess polymer in the oil phase did not form microcapsules, but precipitated in the suspension or was included in the wall of the microcapsules. Addition of mannitol protected the microcapsules from being destroyed during freeze-drying and resulted in freeze-dried products with few cracks, little shrinkage, and higher suspension yield.     

Activated carbon adsorption of PAHs from vegetable oil used in soil remediation

Vegetable oil has been proven to be advantageous as a non-toxic, cost-effective and biodegradable solvent to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated soils for remediation purposes. The resulting vegetable oil contained PAHs and therefore required a method for subsequent removal of extracted PAHs and reuse of the oil in remediation processes. In this paper, activated carbon adsorption of PAHs from vegetable oil used in soil remediation was assessed to ascertain PAH contaminated oil regeneration. Vegetable oils, originating from lab scale remediation, with different PAH concentrations were examined to study the adsorption of PAHs on activated carbon. Batch adsorption tests were performed by shaking oil-activated carbon mixtures in flasks. Equilibrium data were fitted with the Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal models. Studies were also carried out using columns packed with activated carbon. In addition, the effects of initial PAH concentration and activated carbon dosage on sorption capacities were investigated. Results clearly revealed the effectiveness of using activated carbon as an adsorbent to remove PAHs from the vegetable oil. Adsorption equilibrium of PAHs on activated carbon from the vegetable oil was successfully evaluated by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The initial PAH concentrations and carbon dosage affected adsorption significantly. The results indicate that the reuse of vegetable oil was feasible.     

Lipid emulsions as a potential delivery system for ocular use of azithromycin

Objective: To obtain stable positively charged Azithromycin (AZI) emulsions with a mean droplet size of 120 nm for the treatment of eye diseases. Methods: The emulsions were obtained by using a suitable homogenization process. The physical stability was monitored by measuring the particle size, zeta potential, and visible appearance. The drug entrapment efficiency was measured by both ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration methods. Compared with a phosphate solution of AZI, the stability profiles of AZI in lipid emulsions at various pH values were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography. A pharmacokinetic study was performed to determine the drug levels in rabbit tear fluid using Ultra-performance liquid Chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: Almost all the AZI in the lipid emulsion was distributed in the oil phase and small unilamellar liposomes without contact with water, thereby avoiding hydrolysis. The elimination of the AZI lipid emulsions in tear fluid was consistent with the basic linear pharmacokinetic characteristics. The AUC_0-t of the AZI lipid emulsion (1%, w/v) and aqueous solution drops (1%, w/v) was 1873.58 ± 156.87 and 1082.46 ± 179.06 μgh/ml respectively. Conclusions: This study clearly describes a new formulation of AZI lipid emulsion for ocular administration, and lipid emulsions are promising vehicles for ophthalmic drug delivery.     

Preparation and characterization of a submicron lipid emulsion of docetaxel: submicron lipid emulsion of docetaxel

Docetaxel, a widely used anticancer agent, has sparingly low aqueous solubility, thus Tween 80 and ethanol need to be added into its formulation, probably resulting in the toxic effects. In this study, we aimed to utilize submicron lipid emulsions as a carrier of docetaxel to avoid these potential toxic vehicles. Preformulation study was performed for rational emulsions formulation design, including drug solubility, distribution between oil and water, and degradation kinetics. Supersaturated submicron lipid emulsion of docetaxel was prepared by temperature elevation method. Soya oil and Miglyol 812 can incorporate docetaxel up to 1.0% (drug to lipid ratio) and were used as the oil phase of emulsions. The optimal formulation of docetaxel is composed of 10% oil phase, 1.2% soybean lecithin, 0.3% Pluoronic F68, and 0.4 or 0.8 mg/mL docetaxel, with particle size in the nanometer range, entrapment efficiency more than 90%, and is physicochemically stable at 4 and 25 degrees C for 6 months. Animal studies showed that docetaxel emulsion has significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) and C(max) in rats compared to its micellar solution. The results suggested that the submicron lipid emulsion is a promising intravenous carrier for docetaxel in place of its present commercially available docetaxel micellar solution with potential toxic effects.     

Encapsulation of nZVI particles using a Gum Arabic stabilized oil-in-water emulsion

Stabilization of reactive iron particles against aggregation and sedimentation is a critical engineering aspect for successful application of nZVI (nanoscale zero valent iron) within the contaminated subsurface environment. In this work we explore the stability and reactivity of a new encapsulation approach that relies upon Gum Arabic to stabilize high quantities of nZVI (～ 12 g/L) in the dispersed phase of a soybean oil-in-water emulsion. The emulsion is kinetically stable due to substantial repulsive barriers to droplet-droplet induced deformation and subsequent coalescence. Sedimentation time scales were found to be on the order of hours (τ=4.77 ± 0.02 h). Thus, the use of Gum Arabic represents an advance in stabilizing nZVI-in-oil-in-water emulsions. nZVI within the emulsion was shown to be reactive with both TCE degradation and H(2) production observed. Degradation rates were observed to be on the same order of magnitude as those reported for less stable, aqueous suspensions of nZVI. TCE consumption within the emulsion was described with an equivalent aqueous phase rate coefficient of ～ 5 × 10(-4)L(aq)/m(2)h.     

Freeze–thaw stability of emulsions with soy protein isolate through interfacial engineering

In this paper, we examined to the influence of interfacial composition on freeze–thaw stability of oil in water emulsions. An electrostatic layer-by-layer deposition method was used to create the multilayered interfacial membranes with different compositions of primary emulsion (Soy protein Isolate); secondary emulsion (Soy protein Isolate – octenyl-succinate starch); tertiary emulsion (Soy protein Isolate – octenyl-succinate starch – Chitosan). The primary, secondary and tertiary emulsions were subjected to from one to two freeze–thaw cycles (−20 °C for 24 h, +25 °C for 18 h) and then their stability was assessed by ζ-potential, particle size, microstructure and creaming stability measurements. The crystallization behaviour of emulsions was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Primary and secondary emulsions were unstable to droplet flocculation when the water phase crystallized, whereas tertiary emulsions were stable, which was attributed to the relatively thick biopolymer layer surrounding the oil droplets. These results showed the interfacial engineering technology used in the study could therefore lead to the creation of food emulsions with improved stability to freezing and thawing.     

Preparation and Characterization of a Submicron Lipid Emulsion of Docetaxel: Submicron Lipid Emulsion of Docetaxel

Docetaxel, a widely used anticancer agent, has sparingly low aqueous solubility, thus Tween 80 and ethanol need to be added into its formulation, probably resulting in the toxic effects. In this study, we aimed to utilize submicron lipid emulsions as a carrier of docetaxel to avoid these potential toxic vehicles. Preformulation study was performed for rational emulsions formulation design, including drug solubility, distribution between oil and water, and degradation kinetics. Supersaturated submicron lipid emulsion of docetaxel was prepared by temperature elevation method. Soya oil and Miglyol 812 can incorporate docetaxel up to 1.0% (drug to lipid ratio) and were used as the oil phase of emulsions. The optimal formulation of docetaxel is composed of 10% oil phase, 1.2% soybean lecithin, 0.3% Pluoronic F68, and 0.4 or 0.8 mg/mL docetaxel, with particle size in the nanometer range, entrapment efficiency more than 90%, and is physicochemically stable at 4 and 25°C for 6 months. Animal studies showed that docetaxel emulsion has significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) and C_max in rats compared to its micellar solution. The results suggested that the submicron lipid emulsion is a promising intravenous carrier for docetaxel in place of its present commercially available docetaxel micellar solution with potential toxic effects.     

Characterization of vegetable oils by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry fingerprinting: classification, quality, adulteration, and aging

An improved approach for the direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis of vegetable oils is described. The more polar components of the oils, including the fatty acids, are simply extracted with methanol/water (1:1) solution and analyzed by direct infusion ESI-MS in both the negative and positive ion modes. This fingerprinting analysis was applied to genuine samples of olive, soybean, corn, canola, sunflower, and cottonseed oil, to admixtures of these oils, and samples of aged soybean oil. ESI-MS fingerprints in the positive ion mode of the extracts divide the oils into well-defined groups, as confirmed by principal component analysis, whereas ESI-MS fingerprints in the negative ion mode clearly differentiate olive oil from the five other refined oils. The method is also shown to detect aging and adulteration of vegetable oils.     

Engineering of poly(ε-caprolactone) microcarriers to modulate protein encapsulation capability and release kinetic

Drug delivery applications using biodegradable polymeric microspheres are becoming an important means of delivering therapeutic agents. The aim of this work was to modulate the microporosity of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) microcarriers to control protein loading capability and release profile. PCL microparticles loaded with BSA (bovine serum albumin) have been de novo synthesized with double emulsion solvent evaporation technique transferred and adapted for different polymer concentrations (1.7 and 3% w/v) and stabilizer present in the inner aqueous phase (0.05, 0.5 and 1% w/v). SEM (scanning electron microscope) and CLSM (confocal laser scanning microscope) analysis map the drug distribution in homogeneously distributed cavities inside the microspheres with dimensions that can be modulated by varying double emulsion process parameters. The inner structure of BSA-loaded microspheres is greatly affected by the surfactant concentration in the internal aqueous phase, while a slight influence of polymer concentration in the oil phase was observed. The surfactant concentration mainly determines microspheres morphology, as well as drug release kinetics, as confirmed by our in-vitro BSA release study. Moreover, the entrapped protein remained unaltered during the protein encapsulation process, retaining its bio-activity and structure, as shown through a dedicated gel chromatographic analytical method.     

Process and formulation variables of pregabalin microspheres prepared by w/o/o double emulsion solvent diffusion method and their clinical application by animal modeling studies

Pregabalin is an anticonvulsant drug used for neuropathic pain and as an adjunct therapy for partial seizures with or without secondary generalization in adults. In conventional therapy recommended dose for pregabalin is 75?mg twice daily or 50?mg three times a day, with maximum dosage of 600?mg/d. To achieve maximum therapeutic effect with a low risk of adverse effects and to reduce often drug dosing, modified release preparations; such as microspheres might be helpful. However, most of the microencapsulation techniques have been used for lipophilic drugs, since hydrophilic drugs like pregabalin, showed low-loading efficiency and rapid dissolution of compounds into the aqueous continous phase. The purpose of this study was to improve loading efficiency of a water-soluble drug and modulate release profiles, and to test the efficiency of the prepared microspheres with the help of animal modeling studies. Pregabalin is a water soluble drug, and it was encapsulated within anionic acrylic resin (Eudragit S 100) microspheres by water in oil in oil (w/o/o) double emulsion solvent diffusion method. Dichloromethane and corn oil were chosen primary and secondary oil phases, respectively. The presence of internal water phase was necessary to form stable emulsion droplets and it accelerated the hardening of microspheres. Tween 80 and Span 80 were used as surfactants to stabilize the water and corn oil phases, respectively. The optimum concentration of Tween 80 was 0.25% (v/v) and Span 80 was 0.02% (v/v). The volume of the continous phase was affected the size of the microspheres. As the volume of the continous phase increased, the size of microspheres decreased. All microsphere formulations were evaluated with the help of in vitro characterization parameters. Microsphere formulations (P1–P5) exhibited entrapment efficiency ranged between 57.00?±?0.72 and 69.70?±?0.49%; yield ranged between 80.95?±?1.21 and 93.05?±?1.42%; and mean particle size were between 136.09?±?2.57 and 279.09?±?1.97?µm. Pregabalin microspheres having better results among all formulations (Table 3) were chosen for further studies such as differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared analysis and dissolution studies. In the last step, the best pregabalin microsphere formulation (P3) was chosen for in vivo animal studies. The pregabalin-loaded microspheres (P3) and conventional pregabalin capsules were applied orally in rats for three days, resulted in clinical improvement of cold allodynia, an indicator of peripheral neuropathy. This result when evaluated together with the serum pregabalin levels and in vitro release studies suggests that the pregabalin microspheres prepared with w/o/o double emulsion solvent diffusion method can be an alternative form for neuropathic pain therapy. Conclusively, a drug delivery system successfully developed that showed modified release up to 10?h and could be potentially useful to overcome the frequent dosing problems associated with pregabalin conventional dosage form.     

Development of a Novel Parenteral Formulation for Tetrazepam Using a Lipid Emulsion

A novel parenteral formulation for tetrazepam (10 mg/ml) was developed using lipid emulsions. This formulation utilized a new lipid emulsion formulation, which was developed by changing the polarity of the oil phase. It was found that increasing the polarity of the oil phase resulted in enhanced solubility of tetrazepam. Tetrazepam showed higher solubility in a mixture of castor oil and middle-chain triglycerides (MCTs) (1:1) than in any other oil investigated. This mixture resulted in low interfacial tension and moderate viscosity, which seemed to be the optimum oil phase. In addition, to increase the concentration of tetrazepam, an emulsion formulation containing 30% oil phase was produced and optimized. The drug-free emulsion formulation showed fine particle sizes with an imperceptible change in physicochemical properties after more than 2 years on the shelf. As a result, it was possible to produce a parenteral emulsion formulation containing 10 mg/ml tetrazepam. No change in the physicochemical properties of the emulsion was observed after the addition of tetrazepam. The tetrazepam emulsion showed stable behavior during the autoclaving process and good shelf stability for at least 10 months as well. Tetrazepam itself also displayed good stability during the autoclaving process and also showed good shelf stability in this emulsion formulation.     

Formulation, characterization and treatment of metalworking oil-in-water emulsions

The performance of colloidal dispersion systems such as emulsions and suspensions depends greatly on their formulation. A proper characterization of the system oil–water–surfactant for emulsions used in metalworking operations may extend emulsion life and lower process costs. The behavior of an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion formulated in our laboratory is described in this study. The base oil was selected from a list of mineral, synthetic, animal and vegetable oils according to their tribological properties. Three different surfactants (anionic, cationic and non-ionic) were used to stabilize the emulsion for subsequent O/W emulsion formulation. The effect of concentration of the three emulsifiers on the interfacial properties and emulsion stability is reported. It has been found that the type and concentration of emulsifier are key parameters with respect to O/W emulsion performance. Elastohydrodynamic film thickness measurements and extreme pressure tests were also conducted in order to determine how the O/W emulsion formulation affects its lubricating properties. The disposal of waste O/W emulsions has increasingly become an expensive challenge to industry and their treatment is described in this work using several techniques, such as coagulation, centrifugation, ultrafiltration and vacuum evaporation.     

Self‐Assembled Metal–Phenolic Networks on Emulsions as Low‐Fouling and pH‐Responsive Particles

Interfacial self‐assembly is a powerful organizational force for fabricating functional nanomaterials, including nanocarriers, for imaging and drug delivery. Herein, the interfacial self‐assembly of pH‐responsive metal–phenolic networks (MPNs) on the liquid–liquid interface of oil‐in‐water emulsions is reported. Oleic acid emulsions of 100–250 nm in diameter are generated by ultrasonication, to which poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based polyphenolic ligands are assembled with simultaneous crosslinking by metal ions, thus forming an interfacial MPN. PEG provides a protective barrier on the emulsion phase and renders the emulsion low fouling. The MPN‐coated emulsions have a similar size and dispersity, but an enhanced stability when compared with the uncoated emulsions, and exhibit a low cell association in vitro, a blood circulation half‐life of ≈50 min in vivo, and are nontoxic to healthy mice. Furthermore, a model anticancer drug, doxorubicin, can be encapsulated within the emulsion phase at a high loading capacity (≈5 fg of doxorubicin per emulsion particle). The MPN coating imparts pH‐responsiveness to the drug‐loaded emulsions, leading to drug release at cell internalization pH and a potent cell cytotoxicity. The results highlight a straightforward strategy for the interfacial nanofabrication of pH‐responsive emulsion–MPN systems with potential use in biomedical applications.     

Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization for real-time monitoring of trichloroethylene formed by degradation of tetrachloroethylene using zero-valent zinc

Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) is investigated as a potential technique for real-time monitoring of selected volatile organochloride compounds (VOCs). In a proof-of-concept experiment, the progress of the reductive-degradation of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) to trichloroethylene (TCE) by zero-valent zinc was monitored by REMPI measurements performed in the headspace above the PCE solution. Two-photon resonant REMPI spectra of TCE and PCE were recorded over the wavelength range 305-320 nm. The concentrations of PCE and TCE in the headspace were monitored by measurement of the ionization signal with 315.64- and 310.48-nm excitation for PCE and TCE, respectively. Calibration curves yielded a linear range of more than 2 orders of magnitude for both compounds. The REMPI headspace results agreed well with the solution-phase results from gas chromatography analysis, which was used for independent verification of the progress of the reaction.     

Study on high performance ice slurry formed by cooling emulsion in ice storage (discussion on adaptability of emulsion to thermal storage material)

This study focuses on an emulsion as a new thermal storage material for ice storage. Two types of emulsions were formed using an oil–water mixture with a small amount of additive. A silicone, light and lump oils were used. The water contents of the emulsions were 70, 80 and 90%. The additive was an amino group modified silicone oil. No depression of freezing point was observed for the emulsions because of their hydrophobic properties. In order to determine the structure of the emulsions, their electrical resistances were measured. Moreover, components of the liquids separating from the emulsions were analyzed. The results indicated that one emulsion was a W/O type emulsion, while the other was an O/W type. Finally, adaptability of the two emulsions to ice storage was discussed, it was concluded that a high performance ice slurry could be formed by the W/O type emulsion.