基于ANSYS Workbench的大型风力发电机组塔架静态分析

针对大型风力发电机组塔架事故发生率高的问题,以酒泉风电基地瓜州风电场某大型1．5MW风力发电机组塔架（锥筒式）为研究对象,利用ANSYS Workbench软件建立大型风力发电机组塔架的三维有限元模型,进行静态强度分析和剐度分析,准确计算出塔架在各种荷载下的应力及塔顶位移。计算结果表明：被分析的1．5MW风力发电机组塔架（锥筒式）整体结构满足强度和刚度要求,为塔架的优化设计提供了依据。     

基于粒子群优化算法的风力机塔架结构优化设计

为了降低风力机塔架成本以及提高塔架的结构性能,编制粒子群优化算法程序,在算法程序中嵌入有限元方法,选取塔架壁厚、塔底直径及塔顶直径为设计变量,以强度、刚度、振动性能及稳定性为约束条件,建立了以质量最轻为目标函数的塔架优化数学模型,对某1.5 MW风力机塔架结构进行了优化设计。结果表明,优化后塔架的结构性能得到了改善,塔架变形对壁厚变化较为敏感,塔架质量减少了16.3%,说明了计算模型的有效性,可为同类塔架的设计提供参考。     

地震对风力发电机组塔架设计的影响

以国内典型的82m风轮直径、70m轮毂高度的1.5MW风力发电机组为例,介绍了Ⅷ级烈度地震载荷的计算方法,通过有限元法(FEA)建模计算了风力发电机组塔架的自然模态位移和地震载荷,并利用得出的计算结果确定地震对塔架设计的影响。实例应用结果表明,Ⅷ级烈度地震引起的载荷叠加值小于塔架的设计极限载荷,塔架设计能满足安装在烈度Ⅰ～Ⅷ地震地区的安全要求。     

组合式风力发电塔架静力学有限元分析

为解决常规的锥型风力发电塔筒在大型风电机组中的制作、加工和施工运输成本大幅上升的问题,提出了新型组合式风力发电塔架结构以及在组合式塔架连接处采用过渡段连接的改进方案。分析了组合式塔架的静力学特点和最佳过渡段设计方案,并与常规锥台型塔筒的力学性能进行了对比。结果表明,组合式塔架在额定工况和暴风工况下均满足强度和刚度要求;过渡段最佳厚度为255mm、高度为25m,改进后的塔架提高了组合式塔架的力学性能;暴风工况下,改进后的组合式塔架塔顶位移比锥台型塔筒约小17%,且总体上组合式塔架的用钢量明显小于锥台型塔筒,具有良好的经济适用性能。     

MW级风电机组塔架在不同偏航角度下的强度非线性分析

针对MW级风电机组塔架在不能满足强度要求的条件下而发生的倒塌现象,运用有限元法对塔架进行强度分析,得到在两种不同工况下的应力变化规律。在动力响应过程中,提取了典型的振型图,得到相应的振动特性。考虑在不同偏航角度过程中,进行塔架质心的合位移非线性分析,结果表明,顶部质心的位移偏移量呈非线性增长,当偏航角度为0°时,合位移的最大值为0.05 m,随着应力的增大,合位移非线性增大。该结果为MW级风电机组塔架在运行过程中强度分析提供一定的参考,在一定程度上避免了塔架的倒塌现象。     

柴油机增压后机体的改进设计

利用有限元分析技术对某机型柴油机增压后的机体、缸盖、曲轴、主轴承盖、缸套等柴油机主要零部件的组合部件进行了结构强度和刚度分析。根据分析结果对薄弱部位作了改进设计,并对改进后的设计进行了效果评估,结果表明,改进后的机体取得了预期的效果。     

风电机组塔架台风条件下的初步设计研究

根据某风电场台风的特点确定风机设计等级,以塔架概念设计各阶段的基本尺寸,建立基本物理模型。基于有限元法并根据风电设备的设计规范对抗台风风力发电机组塔架进行了初步分析,主要包括塔架的低级频率和极限强度计算,初步确定该塔架的固有频率和极限强度均满足风电机组的设计规范要求。建议在对抗台风风力发电机组塔架进行详细设计阶段必须进一步优化设计,在强调够用的情况下减小尺寸,降低制造和运输成本。     

大型风力发电机组塔架优化设计

鉴于塔架对风力发电机组的承载能力、使用寿命与安全的影响,因此对塔架进行科学、合理的设计尤为重要。提出了风力发电机组塔架的设计思路,总结了静强度、屈曲稳定及模态分析等理论基础的特点,通过整合这些理论基础给出了优化设计步骤,并以湘潭电机股份有限公司某大型风机为例,采用Matlab对塔架进行了优化设计。结果表明,采用基础理论对塔架进行优化设计是简单有效的方法之一,且在满足各项安全指标的前提下,有效地控制了塔架重量,适合推广应用。     

水平轴风力机锥形塔筒的静动态特性研究

根据叶素动量理论,考虑三维紊流风场、Beddoes-Leishman动态失速模型、惯性载荷及重力载荷计算了风力机的整机载荷,进而得到塔架动态载荷的极限工况,针对塔架的结构特点,再应用有限元理论,对水平轴风力发电机组塔架的静态(强度)、动态(屈曲、模态)特性进行了研究。以一台1.5MW水平轴风力发电机组为例,计算了塔架在不同极限工况下的载荷,并对塔筒进行了强度、屈曲和模态分析,得到了具有较大工程实用价值的塔筒静动态分析方法。     

基于正交试验的风电机组塔架结构参数的优化设计

本文采用正交试验设计方法设计正交试验模型,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对正交试验模型进行静强度、疲劳强度、模态和屈曲分析,运用数据统计分析软件进行多元线性回归分析,建立优化数学模型,再应用MATLAB优化工具箱对模型进行求解,得到了塔架结构优化结果。     

风电场风电机组的接地设计

较系统地介绍了风电场风电机组对接地电阻的要求、接地设计思路及方法,并提供实际工程中接地网布置图实例作为参考。     

风 风能 风力发电——21世纪新型清洁能源

一风的一般属性１风的形成风是人们非常熟悉的一种自然现象，人人都能感觉到它的存在。春风和煦，给万物带来生机；夏风吹拂，使人心旷神怡；秋风送爽，带来丰收的喜悦；冬风呼啸，迎来漫天飞雪。那么风是怎样形成的呢？众所周知，人类生活的地球表面被大气所包围，来自太阳的辐射不断传送到地球表面，因太阳辐射受热情况不同，地球表面各处的气温不同。在影响气压高低的因素中，气温起着最重要的作用。温度高的地区空气受热上升，气压减小；温度低的地方，空气下降，气压增大，于是产生了气压差。和水往低处流一样，空气也从气压高处向气压…     

Evaluation of wind farm efficiency and wind turbine wakes at the Nysted offshore wind farm

Here, we quantify relationships between wind farm efficiency and wind speed, direction, turbulence and atmospheric stability using power output from the large offshore wind farm at Nysted in Denmark. Wake losses are, as expected, most strongly related to wind speed variations through the turbine thrust coefficient; with direction, atmospheric stability and turbulence as important second order effects. While the wind farm efficiency is highly dependent on the distribution of wind speeds and wind direction, it is shown that the impact of turbine spacing on wake losses and turbine efficiency can be quantified, albeit with relatively large uncertainty due to stochastic effects in the data. There is evidence of the ‘deep array effect’ in that wake losses in the centre of the wind farm are under‐estimated by the wind farm model WAsP, although overall efficiency of the wind farm is well predicted due to compensating edge effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某风电场风力发电机组故障诊断

为了准确判断风电机组的运行状态及故障,提出了基于常规分析—振动幅值分析—波形频谱分析的故障诊断流程,阐述了针对风电机组的幅值分析方法和波形频谱分析方法,并通过对某机组异响的根源探究实例,准确地诊断出机组异响来源于齿轮箱太阳轮,可为风电机组故障诊断技术提供依据。     

Characterization of wind speed data according to wind direction

Knowledge of the wind speed distribution and the most frequent wind directions is important when choosing wind turbines and when locating them. For this reason wind evaluation and characterization are important when forecasting output power. The data used here were collected from eleven meteorological stations distributed in Navarre, Spain. We obtained data for the period extending from 1992 to 1995, with each datum encompassing 10 minutes of time. Wind speed data of each station were gathered in eight directional sectors, each one extended over 45 degrees according to the direction from which the wind blows. The stations were grouped in two blocks: those under the influence of the Ebro valley and those in mountainous areas. For each group the Weibull parameters were estimated, (according to the Weibull probability paper because the Weibull distribution gives the best fit in this region). Kurtosis and skewness coefficients were estimated as well. The Weibull parameters, especially the scale parameter c, depend strongly on the direction considered, and both Weibull parameters show an increasing trend as the direction considered moves to the more dominant direction, while both kurtosis and skewness show a corresponding decreasing trend.     

A new formulation for rotor equivalent wind speed for wind resource assessment and wind power forecasting

The spurt of growth in the wind energy industry has led to the development of many new technologies to study this energy resource and improve the efficiency of wind turbines. One of the key factors in wind farm characterization is the prediction of power output of the wind farm that is a strong function of the turbulence in the wind speed and direction. A new formulation for calculating the expected power from a wind turbine in the presence of wind shear, turbulence, directional shear and direction fluctuations is presented. It is observed that wind shear, directional shear and direction fluctuations reduce the power producing capability, while turbulent intensity increases it. However, there is a complicated superposition of these effects that alters the characteristics of the power estimate that indicates the need for the new formulation. Data from two field experiments is used to estimate the wind power using the new formulation, and results are compared to previous formulations. Comparison of the estimates of available power from the new formulation is not compared to actual power outputs and will be a subject of future work. © 2015 The Authors. Wind Energy published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic wind estimation based control for small wind turbines

We introduce a novel scheme for small wind turbines that gives dynamic estimation of wind speed from rotor angular velocity measurements. The estimation proceeds in two different dynamic observers, one giving a valid estimate for higher Tip Speed Ratios (TSRs) and which we call the Upper Wind Estimator (UWE) and the other called the Lower Wind Estimator (LWE) valid for lower TSRs. The meaning of “higher” and “lower”, and the precise regions of validity, are quantified. We further propose a coordinated control scheme using the UWE. Simulations are presented showing closed-loop performance of the turbine and the estimators both in the optimal TSR regulation condition, and the dynamic power-shedding condition caused by a wind gust. An analytic analysis of closed-loop stability and of the convergence and bias properties of the estimator is provided. Empirical data showing performance on a real turbine is also presented.     

分散式风力发电机组的电压控制

风电的分散式开发不同于大规模开发和分布式开发,由于分散风电靠近负荷中心,直接接入配电网,且不加装无功补偿调节装置SVC,配网中较大的电压波动给分散风电的并网运行带来影响。文章讨论了配网对分散风电的电压控制特点和要求,结合风电机组无功控制能力,并推导出满足配网电压调节要求的风电机组无功控制范围和对机组设备的要求。     

Simulation of hourly wind speed and array wind power

Statistical summaries of wind speed are sufficient to compute many characteristics of turbine-generated power, such as the mean, variance and reliability of various power levels. However, a wind speed time series is necessary to produce a sequence of power values as used for investigating load matching and storage requirements. Since a long historical record of wind speed may not be available at a wind turbine candidate site, it is desirable to be able to generate a simulated numerical sequence of hourly wind speed values. Two such approximate procedures are developed in this paper. One procedure generates sequential wind speed values at a site based on the Weibull parameters of hourly wind speed and the lag-one autocorrelation of hourly wind speed values. Comparison with historical data at a site is made. The second procedure generates sequential hourly wind power values for a regional array of wind turbines. It utilizes the typical site wind characteristics, the spatial and lag-one cross correlation and autocorrelation of hourly wind speed values and an equivalent linearized relationship between array average wind speed and array power. Comparison with results for six different wind turbines in three different regional arrays indicates good agreement for wind power histograms, autocorrelation function and mean persistence.     

Optimal placement of wind turbines within a wind farm considering multi-directional wind speed using two-stage genetic algorithm

Most wind turbines within wind farms are set up to face a pre-determined wind direction. However, wind directions are intermittent in nature, leading to less electricity production capacity. This paper proposes an algorithm to solve the wind farm layout optimization problem considering multi-angular (MA) wind direction with the aim of maximizing the total power generated on wind farms and minimizing the cost of installation. A two-stage genetic algorithm (GA) equipped with complementary sampling and uniform crossover is used to evolve a MA layout that will yield optimal output regardless of the wind direction. In the first stage, the optimal wind turbine layouts for 8 different major wind directions were determined while the second stage allows each of the previously determined layouts to compete and inter-breed so as to evolve an optimal MA wind farm layout. The proposed MA wind farm layout is thereafter compared to other layouts whose turbines have focused site specific wind turbine orientation. The results reveal that the proposed wind farm layout improves wind power production capacity with minimum cost of installation compared to the layouts with site specific wind turbine layouts. This paper will find application at the planning stage of wind farm.