Correction to Timberlake, Wahl, and King.

Reports an error in the article, "Stimulus and Response Contingencies in the Misbehavior of Rats" by William Timberlake, Glenda Wahl, and Deborah King (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 1982, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 62-85). The abscissa of Figures 1, 2, 5, and 6 were incorrectly labeled. In each case, the word DAYS should replace the word TRIALS. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1982-20408-001.) Misbehavior by rats was produced in Exps I (16 Wistar female albino rats) and II (15 Sprague-Dawley female albino rats) by pairing a ball bearing with food or by requiring contact with the ball bearing for food (Exps IV, 6 Ss, and V, 11 Ss). Misbehavior occurred before and after eating the food pellet. The frequency, complexity, and duration of prepellet misbehavior was increased by delay of food until after the ball bearing exited (or was programmed to exit) and by requiring contact with the bearing to obtain food. Alternative goal-directed behaviors occurred in Pavlovian contingencies in which food was delivered before the bearing was programmed to exit. Postpellet misbehavior tended to occur when food was delivered before the bearing was programmed to exit and before S released the bearing. Omission of food delivery on contact reduced the duration, complexity, and frequency of misbehavior, although experienced Ss continued to contact (Exp III, 15 Ss). Misbehavior was affected by both stimulus- and response-reward contingencies but showed characteristic organization and topography under both types of contingency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Delucchi.

In the article "The Use and Misuse of Chi-Square: Lewis and Burke Revisited," by Kevin L. Delucchi (Psychological Bulletin, 1983, Vol. 94, No. 1, pp. 166-176; see record 1984-00274-001), the standard error of gamma expressed in Equation 19 is incorrect. The variables under the radical should be reciprocals. The correct formula is published here. Delucchi's article reviewed the proper use of the Pearson chi-square for analyzing contingency tables. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in the record attached to the aforementioned citation): Reviews the proper use of the Pearson chi-square for analyzing contingency tables. The 1949 article by D. Lewis and C. J. Burke, who cited 9 sources of error in the use of chi-square, is updated. Since the publication of that article, statisticians have addressed the question of the minimal size of expected cell frequencies. This problem has been examined from 2 perspectives: tests of association hypotheses in contingency tables and testing goodness-of-fit hypotheses. Under certain conditions, expected cell frequencies less than 5 do not substantially alter the Type I error rate. Supplementary and alternative approaches to the chi-square, including those involving log- and log-linear models, log-likelihood ratio, partitioning, comparison of individual proportions, and analysis of ordered categories, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on techniques that are of use to the practicing researcher who often deals with qualitative ordered and unordered data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Dreger.

Reports an error in the original article by Dreger (Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Vol 90(3) Jun 1981, 242-260). On page 256, the two columns under the two middle headings in Table 6 should be interchanged. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1981-24783-001.) Describes 1st-, 2nd, and 3rd-order factor analyses of the responses of 1,278 parents to the Children's Behavioral Classification Project (CBCP) instrument. At the 1st order, 30 factors were derived, 26 of which matched factors from an earlier study with 341 Ss. At the 2nd order, 9 factors were found, and at the 3rd order, 2 forms of the well-known conduct problem and personality problem factors that could not be reduced by a 4th-order factoring were revealed. The study also demonstrated convergencies among factors derived from the CBCP instrument and the factors, syndromes, or diagnostic categories of other instruments (e.g., 16-24 DSM-III categories appear to be fair matches for the 1st- and 3rd-order factors of the CBCP). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Adler et al. (2005).

Reports an error in "The Impact of Deployment Length and Experience on the Well-Being of Male and Female Soldiers" by Amy B. Adler, Ann H. Huffman, Paul D. Bliese, and Carl Andrew Castro (Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2005, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 121-137). As stated in the original article, all service members re-deploying from the Bosnia Area of Operations were required by Department of Defense policy (tasker P 231639Z FEB 96) to complete the psychological screening survey. The screening data were collected as part of routine clinical care under the Privacy Act Regulation, and secondary analysis of these data was conducted under a protocol approved by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Human Use Review Committee. It should be noted, however, that subjects were not asked to consent to the secondary analyses of the screening data for research purposes. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 2005-03471-004.) This study examined the effects of stressor duration (deployment length) and stressor novelty (no prior deployment experience) on the psychological health of male and female military personnel returning from a peacekeeping deployment. The sample consisted of men (n = 2,114) and women (n = 1,225) surveyed for symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress. The results confirmed the hypotheses. Longer deployments and 1st-time deployments were associated with an increase in distress scores. However, the relationship between deployment length and increased distress was found only for male soldiers. The findings demonstrate the importance of considering the impact of exposure to long-term occupational stressors and confirm, in part, previous research that has demonstrated a different stress response pattern for men and women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Exploitation and inference: Mapping the damage from therapist-patient sexual involvement": Correction to Williams.

Reports an error in "Exploitation and inference: Mapping the damage from therapist-patient sexual involvement" by Martin H. Williams (American Psychologist, 1992[Mar], Vol 47[3], 412-421). On page 419, the sentence "In this case, the odds that a patient will become sexually involved with his or her psychoanalyst are 1 in 1,129 or a likelihood of 0.9%" should read "In this case, the odds that a patient will become sexually involved with his or her psychoanalyst are 1 in 1,129 or a likelihood of 0.09%." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1992-25076-001.) A growing body of evidence documents a clinical pattern of harmful effects of therapist–patient sexual involvement. In addition, surveys suggest that 1 to 12% of all therapists may have engaged in this behavior at least once in their careers. In order to develop a more comprehensive research agenda, several of these studies are reviewed in terms of inferences that may or may not be drawn. Case studies and surveys may provide for inference of clinical harm and syndrome, but they are limited in terms of generalizations about incidence in the overall population. A population approach coupled with case sampling may provide a useful tool by which to approximate a minimum level of incidence and of effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Directly perceiving Gibson: A further reply to Gyr.

In his 1972 critique of direct theories of perception, J. W. Gyr argued from the view that Gibson believes (a) that stimulus structure can determine perception and (b) that perceiving as a consequence of voluntary activity is virtually the same as perception that is not a consequence of voluntary activity. Since neither of these assumptions is found in Gibson's approach, Gyr's criticisms do not seem to apply. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Ransen.

Reports an error in the original article by David L. Ransen (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 39[1-6] Dec 1980, 1088-1100). On page 1094, the first sentence in the second paragraph is incorrect, and the corrected sentence is provide here. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1981-25574-001.) Under certain circumstances, children's intrinsic motivation (IM) to engage in an activity may be undermined as a consequence of being induced to engage in that activity in return for tangible rewards. The present study with 25 females and 20 males (4-10 yrs) attempted to identify the process(es) mediating this effect during early and middle childhood, by simultaneously testing 5 hypotheses that may plausibly be advanced to account for it. The possibility that different mediators may be operative at different age levels was also examined. IM was assessed before and after an offer and delivery of reward contingent on task engagement. Independently, predictions (templates) were derived from each hypothesis regarding the personality characteristics of an S predicted to exhibit the greatest reward-induced decrement IM. Individual differences in Ss' personalities were assessed on the California Child Q-Sorts, which were then matched with each template to predict motivation decrement. Among males, 2 hypothesized mediators in which the perception of personal control is central accounted for significant portions of the variance in motivation decrement. None of the hypotheses were supported among females. Some developmental changes in mediation were also found and discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Ocular fixation control as a function of age and exposure duration": Correction to Kosnik et al.

Reports an error in "Ocular fixation control as a function of age and exposure duration" by William Kosnik, Donald Kline, John Fikre and Robert Sekuler (Psychology and Aging, 1987[Sep], Vol 2[3], 302-305). In the aforementioned article, the following corrections should be made: 1. The title of Table 1 should be changed to Mean Bivariate Areas (min-arc2) and Mean Horizontal and Vertical Standard Deviations (min-arc) of Fixations of Older and Younger Groups. 2. The equation on page 304 should have used the natural log rather than the log base 10. The corrected equation is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-01066-001.) In previous work we reported that fixation stability did not deteriorate in older adults over relatively long viewing durations. In the present study we reanalyzed the data to examine potential aging effects on fixational control for viewing durations typically used in psychological experimentation. Monocular eye movements were recorded in 12 older and 12 younger observers using a dual Purkinje image technique, while observers fixated a stationary target. The two-dimensional scatter of eye positions was measured during nine viewing durations ranging from 100 ms to 12.8 s. Fixational control of the two groups was comparable at all of the viewing durations. Both younger and older observers were able to maintain fixation within an area several times smaller than the size of the fovea. Implications for aging studies that use briefly presented visual stimuli are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Holland and Copenhaver.

Reports an error in "Improved Bonferroni-type multiple testing procedures" by Burt S. Holland and Margaret D. Copenhaver (Psychological Bulletin, 1988[Jul], Vol 104[1], 145-149). An error was made in the author note on page 145. Correspondence should be addressed to Burt S. Holland, Department of Statistics, Temple University, Speakman Hall (006-00), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122. Margaret DiPonzio Copenhaver is now at Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-34705-001.) The Bonferroni multiple comparisons procedure is customarily used when doing several simultaneous tests of significance in relatively nonstandard situations in which other methods do not apply. We review some new and improved competitors to the Bonferroni procedure, that although constraining generalized Type I error probability to be at most α, afford increased power in exchange for increased complexity in implementation. An improvement to the weighted form of the Bonferroni procedure is also presented. Several data sets are reanalyzed with the new methods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Raju and Burke.

Reports an error in the article, "Two New Procedures for Studying Validity Generalization," by Nambury S. Raju and Michael J. Burke (Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp 382-395). The equation in Step 4 for TSA 2 in Table 1 on page 385 was incorrectly stated; the correct formula is provided. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1983-31751-001) Several Monte Carlo studies examined the accuracy of 2 new procedures in estimating population true validity mean and variance. Results indicate that 1 of the new procedures provided slightly more accurate estimates than the procedures of F. L. Schmidt and J. E. Hunter (see record 1978-11448-001) and J. C. Callender and H. G. Osburn (see record 1981-00257-001). From a practical point of view, however, the estimates from the various procedures were quite comparable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

To perceive is to know.

"Perceiving is a cognitive process involving knowing, understanding, comprehending, organizing and even cognizing… . [The] factors known in perception are properties of sets of stimuli, not properties of individual stimuli (to say nothing of the elements which make up these individual stimuli)… . [Perceiving] is an active process, 1 in which the perceiver participates fully." The experiments cited illustrate "that to perceive is to know. It is to know and comprehend the nature of a stimulus; it is to know the nature of the alternatives to a stimulus; and it is to know the structure and organization of sets of stimuli." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to King and Montgomery.

A recent article by Neville J. King and Robert B. Montgomery, "Biofeedback-Induced Control of Human Peripheral Temperature: A Critical Review of the Literature" (Psychological Bulletin, 1980, Vol. 88, No. 3, pp. 738-752; see record 1981-07368-001), briefly described two studies by A. H. Roberts and his colleagues. These studies were "Voluntary Control of Skin Temperature: Unilateral Changes Using Hypnosis and Feedback" by A. H. Roberts, D. G. Kewman, and H. MacDonald (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1973, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 163-168; see record 1974-04422-001) and "Individual Differences and Autonomic Control: Absorption, Hypnotic Susceptibility, and the Unilateral Control of Skin Temperature" by A. H. Roberts, J. Schuler, J. G. Bacon, R. L. Zimmermann, and R. Patterson (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1975, Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. 272-279; see record 1975-24689-001). At issue here is a conclusion by King and Montgomery that "The obvious problem associated with the research of Roberts and his colleagues is the confounding of hypnosis and auditory feedback. Thus it is impossible to ascertain to what extent the data [are] due to biofeedback." Although the 1973 study did confound hypnosis and biofeedback, the second study (1975) was designed to unconfound these variables. A brief explanation is published here. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Strohmer and Newman.

Reports an error in the original article by Douglas C. Strohmer and Lisa J. Newman (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1983, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 557-565; see record 1984-04824-001). The concluding sentence of the discussion was incorrect. The correct version is presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Embodied temporal perception of emotion.

The role of embodiment in the perception of the duration of emotional stimuli was investigated with a temporal bisection task. Previous research has shown that individuals overestimate the duration of emotional, compared with neutral, faces (S. Droit-Volet, S. Brunot, & P. M. Niedenthal, 2004). The authors tested a role for embodiment in this effect. Participants estimated the duration of angry, happy, and neutral faces by comparing them to 2 durations learned during a training phase. Experimental participants held a pen in their mouths so as to inhibit imitation of the faces, whereas control participants could imitate freely. Results revealed that participants overestimated the duration of emotional faces relative to the neutral faces only when imitation was possible. Implications for the role of embodiment in emotional perception are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Left to Right, Upside Down.

Comments on the D. O. Hebb article (see record 1964-01548-001), which considers theories concerned with the analysis of the complexity of the "central process" in thought and perception. The present author notes that reading of type by the printer who sets type by hand is quite different from the way Hebb describes. The printer always reads print from left to right, with the characters (letters) upside down. At the beginning of his apprenticeship, he is specifically instructed that he must never under any circumstances allow himself to read in the right-to-left, right-side-up manner that Hebb describes him as reading it. The author also argues that Hebb's error with regard to the question of how printers perceive type is not unrelated to his Jungian-like concept that the self-image is of only two parts, rather than of three parts as in the Freudian tradition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Lawson, Inglis, and Stroud.

In the article "A Laterality Index of Cognitive Impairment Derived From a Principal-Components Analysis of the WAIS-R" by J. S. Lawson, J. Inglis, and T. W. F. Stroud (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1983, Vol. 51, No. 6, pp 841-847; see record 1984-05641-001), a number of errors exist in the equations on pp. 844-845. The corrected equations are published here. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Lengthing the duration of response execution does not modulate blindness to action-compatible stimuli.

Action-compatible blindness refers to the finding that target stimuli are perceived less frequently if they are presented during the planning or execution of a compatible action (e.g., a left arrow presented during a left manual key press) than during an incompatible action (J. Müsseler and B. Hommel, 1997 a, b). We investigated the effect of lengthening the response execution phase in the action-compatible blindness paradigm by requiring subjects to tap a response key once or three times on the assumption that tapping three times would increase the duration of the execution phase of the response. Prior research (e.g., B. Stevanovski et al (2002); P. Wühr and J. Müsseler, [2001]) has shown that larger blindness effects are observed for targets presented during the execution phase of a response than after the response has been made. We investigated whether a larger blindness effect would be observed in the three-tap condition than in the one-tap condition, or whether lengthening the duration of the response would extend the time course of the blindness effect. Neither of these possibilities was supported by the data irrespective of whether the number of taps to be made was blocked or mixed within a block of trials. The results are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Child and Parent Weight Loss in Family-Based Behavior Modification Programs": Correction to Epstein et al.

Reports an error in the original article by Leonard H. Epstein, Rena R. Wing, Randi Koeske, Frank Andrasik, and Deborah J. Ossip (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1981, 49, 674-685). There are several errors in Table 3. The corrected table is provided. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1982-01694-001.) Overweight preadolescents and parents from 76 families were assigned to 1 of 3 behavioral treatment groups: parent/child target, child target, or nonspecific target. Percent overweight changes at the end of the 8-mo treatment and 13-mo follow-up were equivalent for children in the 3 treatment groups, but parents in the parent/child group lost more weight during treatment. Weight changes for parents and children increased through the 8-mo treatment. Patterns of maintenance showed that 40% of the children were within 20% of their ideal weight by the end of treatment, achieving nonobese status. 100% of the newly nonobese children in the parent/child group maintained nonobesity during follow-up, whereas only 30% in the child-alone group and 33% in the nonspecific group maintained nonobesity. In addition, weight losses for parents and children in the same family correlated positively at the end of treatment but not at follow-up. Results suggest that parental modeling may be important during treatment, but long-term results probably are due to parental reinforcement of child self-regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Schmidt, Hunter, and Pearlman.

Reports an error in the original article by Schmidt et al. (Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol. 66(2) Apr 1981, 166-185.). On page 169, Table 2 has an error. The values of the mean observed validity and mean true validity for the memory test type in job family B should be .20 and .42, respectively (not .42 and .43). (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1981-22525-001.) Two studies, with a total sample size of 400,000 Ss and with the US Department of Labor's Dictionary of Occupational Job Titles (1977), examined the traditional belief that between-job task differences cause aptitude tests to be valid for some jobs but not for others. Results indicate that aptitude tests are valid across jobs, since the moderating effect of tasks(a) is negligible even when jobs differ grossly in task makeup and (b) is probably nonexistent when task differences are less extreme. Findings have implications for validity generalization, the use of task-oriented job analysis in selection research, criterion construction, moderator research, and proper interpretation of the US's Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures. It is concluded that the belief that tasks are important moderators of test validities can be traced to behaviorist assumptions introduced into personnel psychology in the early 1960's and that, in retrospect, these assumptions are false. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)