Correction to Shirom.

Reports an error in the original article by Shirom (Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol 67(1) Feb 1982, 45-52). a percentage was incorrectly reported. On page 45, the fourth line from the bottom of the abstract, the value 21% should read 12%. In addition, one of the values in Table 2 (page 50) was incorrectly labeled significant. The asterisk for the value .21 (the adjusted mean for R2) should be deleted. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1982-10870-001.) Management perceptions of advantageous settlements of strikes were predicted by the extent to which the struck plant was kept in operation, the extent to which a mediator was involved, frequency of strikes in the plant in the past, duration of the strike and its breadth. Data from 51 chief management negotiators show that past frequency, duration, and a mediator's involvement were not significant as predictors. The management's perception of strike settlement as advantageous was found to be positively affected either by large breadth of the strike or by the management's success in keeping the plant in operation during the strike. Results indicate that management's power to resist strikes by operating the struck plant is a significant predictor. Findings cast doubt on the notion that unions are successful in identifying as strike targets employers who are vulnerable to the costs imposed by a strike. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predatory strike behavior of the rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis oreganus..

Identified, in 2 experiments, how proximate factors of the rapid rattlesnake strike affect predatory behavior and the resulting envenomation and capture of the prey. Results indicate that the larger the snake, the more likely it was to hold, rather than quickly release, prey. Snakes possessed a ready reserve of venom sufficient to envenomate up to 4 mice in close succession without loss of killing effectiveness. The head/thorax site on mice was the region most frequently struck and also the site of venom injection that led to the fastest prey death. Small mice were more often retained in the jaws rather than released and occasionally evoked no envenomation at all. A retaliatory bite to the head or body of an attacking snake encouraged a quick release of the prey. Retention of mice following the strike enhanced the severity of envenomation. Poor envenomation on the 1st strike led to a 2nd or even a 3rd follow-up strike. Unlike defensive strikes, offensive (predatory) strikes resulted in no dry bites. This suggests that jaw mechanics may be disrupted during defensive strikes or that the snake can actually control its expenditure of venom. Artificial reduction of venom reserved by milking the venom glands resulted in poor envenomation but stimulated no change in the basic hold/release behavior. (49 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Third-party support for strike action.

Labor strikes are often seen as battles for public support. Members of the public are asked to show respect for a strike by refusing to cross the picket line or by joining strikers on the picket line. Such public support may affect the morale of strikers and influence the strike's duration. Despite the perceived importance of the public in labor disputes, members of third parties have not been considered in previous strike research. In 2 studies, the authors show that a new measure of third-party strike support is unidimensional and highly reliable. In both cases, union attitudes and perceptions of distributive justice were significant predictors of support for strike action. Those who are more supportive of unions in general and believe that the contract offered to the strikers was unfair were more likely to support the strike by engaging in such actions as conversing with strikers, writing letters, and refusing to cross the picket line. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Experiential modification of defensive behaviors in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis).

Modification of defensive behavior of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) was examined. In Exp 1, 56 juvenile snakes from 7 litters were divided into 3 groups and exposed to either regular harassment with a predator model, gentle handling, or no treatment. Behavioral tests showed significant group differences in the number of strikes directed at the predator model and evidence of a Litter?×?Treatment Condition interaction. In Exp 2, 45 of the animals from Exp 1 were given a 2nd series of treatments in a within-subjects design. The results (1) replicated the 1st experiment, (2) indicated that the elevated strike scores found in Exp 1 were relatively long-lasting, and (3) showed that increased strike scores were not due to ontogenetic changes in reacting to stimuli. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nursing practitioners'' perception of inpatients'' anxiety, self-esteem, purpose-in-life and health locus of control

Our aim was to investigate the effect of isradipine, a second-generation calcium channel blocker, on spontaneous and oxytocin- and carbachol-stimulated contractions of myometrium isolated from nonpregnant and pregnant rats. Amplitude, frequency, duration and integrated area of spontaneous and oxytocin- and carbachol-stimulated contractions of nonpregnant and pregnant rat myometrium were compared before and after the treatment with isradipine (10(-6) to 10(-4) mol/l). Isradipine inhibited contractions of myometrial strips isolated from nonpregnant and pregnant rats in a concentration-dependent manner, with a significant effect on the amplitude (10(-5) to 10(-4) mol/l) and integrated area (3 x 10(-6) to 10(-4) mol/l) of spontaneous and oxytocin- and carbachol-stimulated contractions. Isradipine induced similar concentration-dependent effects on the frequency and duration of spontaneous and carbachol-stimulated contractions at higher concentrations (3 x 10(-5) to 10(-4) mol/l) but had no effect on frequency and duration of oxytocin-stimulated contractions. Isradipine appears to be an effective relaxant in rat myometrium. This effect of isradipine may become therapeutically advantageous in clinical application for preterm labor.     

Growth differences of Capnocytophaga canimorsus strains and some other fastidious organisms on various Columbia-based blood agar media

It is a little-known fact that lightning casualties often involve travel or transportation. López and colleagues, in their studies on the epidemiology of lightning injuries, have reported that 10% of lightning injuries are categorized under transportation. In the majority of their cases, victims were struck while standing outside or near their vehicles during a thunderstorm. During my review of the neurologic complications of lightning injuries, I was impressed by the number of case reports in which the victim was struck while either in or near a vehicle, airplane or vessel. In this article, I shall put forth information on four aspects of lightning that relate to the danger to people traveling in vehicles, boats, and airplanes. First, I shall deal with lightning safety on ships and boats. People who enjoy recreational sailing, including the "weekend sailor" and those who enjoy fishing from a boat, should be fortified with knowledge about lightning protection. Second, I shall consider the matter of lightning strikes to aircraft. In the third section, I shall discuss the question of lightning safety in automobiles. Fourth, I shall review those cases found in my literature review in which the victim was struck while in or near a vehicle, boat, or airplane.     

Temporal lobe epilepsy and neuro-ophthalmology. Ophthalmological findings in 74 temporal lobe resected patients

A survey is presented of the ophthalmological findings in 74 patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy, who underwent unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy 1960-1969 at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen. At follow-up, 1970-1971, one to ten years following the operation, 81% of the patients had no or only few seizures. Preoperatively 11% of the patients suffered from strabismus as compared to an expected frequency of 5%, but this trend just falls short of statistical significance. The visual acuity remained unchanged in all patients following the operation. Preoperatively a visual field defect was observed in 2 patients. At follow-up 51 patients had homonymous hemianopias, in 38 of them this was limited to the upper quadrants, and in 13 patients also included the lower quandrants, but was characterized as a total homonymous hemianopia in only 6 patients. The presence and extent of the visual field defects were correlated to surgical results, age at onset of epilepsy, age at operation, preoperative duration of epilepsy, presence of grand mal, preoperative complications, and neuropathological findings, but without observing any statistically significant conclusions. On the other hand, the extent of the postoperative visual field defect was significantly influenced by the side of the operation, with more and larger defects following right-sided lobectomies. In the 51 patients with postoperative hemianopias, this defect was either unobserved by the patient or regarded as a considerably less important handicap than the frequent and socially invalidating preoperative seizures...     

Speaking-rate-induced variability in F2 trajectories

This study examined speaking-rate-induced spectral and temporal variability of F2 formant trajectories for target words produced in a carrier phrase at speaking rates ranging from fast to slow. F2 onset frequency measured at the first glottal pulse following the stop consonant release in target words was used to quantify the extent to which adjacent consonantal and vocalic gestures overlapped; F2 target frequency was operationally defined as the first occurrence of a frequency minimum or maximum following F2 onset frequency. Regression analyses indicated 70% of functions relating F2 onset and vowel duration were statistically significant. The strength of the effect was variable, however, and the direction of significant functions often differed from that predicted by a simple model of overlapping, sliding gestures. Results of a partial correlation analysis examining interrelationships among F2 onset, F2 target frequency, and vowel duration across the speaking rate range indicated that covariation of F2 target with vowel duration may obscure the relationship between F2 onset and vowel duration across rate. The results further suggested that a sliding based model of acoustic variability associated with speaking rate change only partially accounts for the present data, and that such a view accounts for some speakers' data better than others.     

沸腾焙烧炉罗茨鼓风机故障分析及防治措施

介绍了我厂关键设备氧化铝沸腾焙烧炉罗茨鼓风机的功能，及自1997年11月投产以来先后发生四次事故的情况，重点分析了由于高压气体回流冲击而使同步齿轮与轴配合面产生相对滑移的可能，通过定量分析计算高压气体回流冲吉时对主动转子产生冲量使其停止或反转的临界时间，同时提出了预措施。     

Some correlates of attitudes on the 1956 steel strike.

Biographical data collected in interviews were correlated with scores on a scale measuring attitudes toward the steel strike, for a sample of 122 strikers. "… individuals most favorable to the strike tended to be married, to have children, to have had past strike experience, and to have had less than two years of high school. Variables not significantly related with strike attitude were opinion on how long the strike would last, buying appliances or automobile on installment, and age of the striker." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Temporal generalization.

In 6 experiments, responses of 26 rats were reinforced following a signal of a certain duration, which led to a positive temporal generalization gradient with a maximum at the reinforced duration in 6 experiments. The location of the maximum and breadth of the gradient increased with the duration of the reinforced signal. Reduction of reinforcement, either by partial reinforcement or reduction in the probability of a positive signal, led to a decrease in the height of the generalization gradient. There were large, reliable individual differences in the height and breadth of the gradient. When the conditions of reinforcement were reversed (responses reinforced following all signals longer or shorter than a single nonreinforced duration), 8 additional Ss had a negative generalization gradient with a minimum at a signal duration shorter than the single nonreinforced duration. A scalar timing theory is described that provides a quantitative fit of the data. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stimulus control of defensive behaviors of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis): Effects of eye spots and movement.

The purpose of these experiments was to examine the effects of eye spots and stimulus movement as mediators of antipredator responses in garter snakes. In Experiment 1, 13 Eastern garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) at 6–8 weeks of age were confronted with a series of threatening models that varied in the configuration of the eyes (artificial glass eyes, circular black spots, elongated black bars, or no eyespots). There were significant differences in the number of strikes elicited by the models, and the model with realistic glass eyes elicited the most strikes. In Experiment 2, we examined the effects of erratic and consistent stimulus movement on defensive behavior in 12 garter snakes at 12–26 weeks of age. The snakes delivered significantly more strikes to an erratically moving model than to a model oscillated at a regular rate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Animal mind and the argument from design.

The argument from design has played an important role in the history of philosophy and biology. Paley, the 19th-century theologian, was struck by the bodily complexity and adaptive fit of animals to their environments; he used the argument from design to prove the existence of God. Darwin, however, provided the natural evolutionary mechanisms that eliminated the need for positing a divine creator to explain the structure of animals; he was thus able to treat the historical problem of organic evolution by providing a historical solution. Today, some students of behavior are similarly struck by the complexity of animals' actions and their adaptive fit to the environment. Like Paley, they use the argument from design, but to prove the existence of a conscious designer inside the head of the animal—the mind. This mentalistic approach suffers from many of the philosophical and empirical problems that plagued similar efforts in the past. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Data Consolidation from Hydroelectric Plants

This paper presents a sequence of procedures for data analysis and correction from hydroelectric plants. The procedures are based on variable data recorded by the plant. Therefore, they do not require additional financial investment in instrumentation for measurements. The proposed methodology makes use of a data manager, a queries builder, a generator of the overall efficiency function and an electronic spreadsheet. It has been applied to the data from a large Brazilian hydroelectric plant whose operation is under the coordination of the Electric System National Operator (ONS). The benefits of the data correction are analyzed using a simulator of the hydroelectric plants operation. This simulator is used to reproduce the past operation of the plant, once with official data and the next with adjusted data. The results show significant improvements in terms of quality of the data, contributing to the efficiency and reliability of the computational models in use by the energy sector in the operation planning.     

Power and affiliation motivation, stress, and abuse in intimate relationships.

The associations among n Power, n Affiliation, inhibition, stressful life events, and infliction and receipt of psychological and physical abuse in intimate relationships were investigated in a sample of 48 male and 107 female college undergraduates. Results indicated that life events that were perceived as being negative were associated with both the infliction and the receipt of abuse for women but not for men. High n Power was significantly associated with the infliction of physical abuse on their partners by men. For women, n Affiliation and activity inhibition moderated the effect that stress has on the infliction of abuse. Highly stressed women with high n Affiliation and low activity inhibition were the most likely to inflict abuse. Length and status of relationship were related to abuse, with abuse occurring most often between more committed couples. Receipt of abuse was highly correlated with infliction of abuse for women but not for men, suggesting that when women strike out they are struck in return. (49 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Strike-induced chemosensory searching by ingestively naive garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis).

Neonatal, previously unfed garter snakes exposed to aqueous chemical cues from earthworms tongue flicked at higher rates during the 5 min after withdrawal of the stimulus than after aqueous control trials. If snakes struck at but did not touch the worm stimulus, they showed a much greater increase over control trials in postexposure tongue flicking than when they did not strike, and the increased rate persisted longer. These results demonstrate strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) by ingestively naive snakes. It is highly probable that other squamate reptiles show a similar well-integrated suite of sequential foraging behaviors at birth or hatching. Differences among species in SICS may be related to details of sequential prey capture tactics in reconstruction of phylogenetic patterns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The relationship between membership decline and union commitment: A field study of local unions in crisis.

In this field study, I examined relationships between membership decline in 20 locals affiliated with a large industrial union and commitment as measured by a short-form version of the Union Commitment Scale (L. Friedman and R. J. Harvey; see record 1986-28952-001). Commitment level was positively related to percentage of decline, with members in locals with more severe membership losses reporting higher commitment than members in locals with less severe or no losses. Also examined was the influence of decline on satisfaction with company and with union, as well as attitudes toward past and future strike activity. Satisfaction results were partially consistent with union–management climate influences on dual commitment. Results on strike attitudes were generally consistent with results on decline and commitment. Findings are interpreted as illustrating predictable adjustments made by union members in support of local activity under crisis conditions. The need for further field studies to explore the impact of prolonged crisis on union–management relations is stressed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Beta-adrenoceptors in the tree shrew brain. I. Distribution and characterization of [125I]iodocyanopindolol binding sites

Extracellular, single unit recording techniques were used to measure the responses of posterior lateral line nerve fibers to a 50-Hz dipole source that slowly changed its location along the length of the fish. The flow-field equations for a dipole source were used to model the pressure gradient pattern and thus, the expected excitation pattern along a linear array of lateral line receptor organs for different source locations. Finally, excitation patterns were similarly modeled along the left and right side of the fish's head for actual steps taken by sculpin in approach pathways to the 50-Hz dipole source. Spatial histograms of posterior lateral line nerve fiber responses to different locations of the dipole source could be predicted from pressure gradient patterns modeled from the flow-field equations, confirming that the modeling approach applied to behavioral results was a good predictor of excitation patterns likely to be encoded by the lateral line periphery. An examination of how modeled excitation patterns changed from one position to the next in typical approach pathways and how patterns differed between positions from which successful and unsuccessful strikes were launched suggests that approach and strike strategies can indeed be explained by the information available in excitation patterns. In particular, changes in the spatial distribution of pressure gradient directions (polarities), available only when the source is lateral (as opposed to directly in front of the fish), appear to enhance the ability of sculpin to determine source distance. Without such information, misses are more likely to occur and successful strikes are more likely to be launched from short distances only.     

Immediate and delayed effects of word frequency and word length on eye movements in reading: A reversed delayed effect of word length.

Three experiments examined the effects in sentence reading of varying the frequency and length of an adjective on (a) fixations on the adjective and (b) fixations on the following noun. The gaze duration on the adjective was longer for low frequency than for high frequency adjectives and longer for long adjectives than for short adjectives. This contrasted with the spillover effects: Gaze durations on the noun were longer when adjectives were low frequency but were actually shorter when the adjectives were long. The latter effect, which seems anomalous, can be explained by three mechanisms: (a) Fixations on the noun are less optimal after short adjectives because of less optimal targeting; (b) shorter adjectives are more difficult to process because they have more neighbors; and (c) prior fixations before skips are less advantageous places to extract parafoveal information. The viability of these hypotheses as explanations of this reverse length effect on the noun was examined in simulations using an updated version of the E-Z Reader model (A. Pollatsek, K. Reichle, & E. D. Rayner, 2006c; E. D. Reichle, A. Pollatsek, D. L. Fisher, & K. Rayner, 1998). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

关于滑差调速改变变频调速的可行性研究

章从滑差调速与变频调速的原理入手,阐述两在调速方式上的差异,通过对两种调速方式的比较,得出使用变频调速在节能方面具有更大的优越性,同时还可以增加设备运行的可靠性,减少各种费用的支出。