可调谐三维超材料管的研究

该文主要介绍了可调谐超材料传感器的原理和应用,以及三维太赫兹超材料管的形成。表征并分析了2D开口谐振环在卷起过程中传感器的谐振响应,并介绍3D超材料在食物传感器上的应用,验证了传感器监测食物成熟度原理的正确性。     

基于投影栅格扫描的无线传感器网络三维定位算法

针对现有无线传感器网络(WSN)三维定位算法在精度和复杂度方面的不足,提出了一种改进的三维空间定位算法。利用栅格扫描分别求解邻居锚节点在两个坐标平面的投影交域,得出未知节点在两坐标平面的对应位置,最终实现三维位置估计。仿真结果表明：在100m×100m×100m的空间里,随机投放200个传感器节点,锚节点数为45时,其覆盖率达到了99.1%,相对定位误差仅为0.5533。且平面投影的引入,有效地降低了算法复杂度。     

微型折叠式三维电场传感器

提出一种基于柔性衬底和三维组装方法的新型三维电场传感器.利用柔性衬底的折叠,构建一种互相垂直的新型三维电场传感器,研究了测量空间电场时的耦合,提出解耦算法,标定灵敏度矩阵,实现了空间电场三个方向分量的准确测量;通过一系列的温湿度实验研究了三维结构的形变,证明了三维电场传感器结构稳定可靠.实验结果表明:所研制的三维电场传感器不仅能消除耦合干扰,实现空间电场分量的准确测量,测量误差在3.61％以内;而且通过新的三维组装方法,大大减少了三维电场传感器的质量、体积,折叠工艺简化了三维传感器的组装,有利于批量化生产.     

双目视觉测量传感器研究

研究了按照激光三角测量原理由 1个线激光器及 2个CCD摄像机组成的双目视觉测量传感器。探讨了 2个CCD摄像机的摆放位置及其对测量精度的影响,确定了其几何参数。在此基础上,论述了其工作过程,包括其标定方法、标定过程、扫描图像采集、特征提取、特征匹配及三维数据生成。该双目视觉测量传感器配合扫描机构(如三坐标测量机 )即可对物体进行非接触式三维激光扫描测量,其测量速度快,精度比较高,可以应用于逆向工程领域。     

解调三维叶尖间隙的分组对称光纤传感器设计与分析

为简化航空发动机三维叶尖间隙的测量和解调,设计了一种分组对称光纤传感器,并对其工作原理进行了深入分析研究。首先设计了光纤传感器探头内的光纤束排布方式,建立了传感器数学模型,并推导了三维叶尖间隙的分组对称解调方程。其次仿真分析了光纤数值孔径、纤芯半径对传感器性能的影响并确定了对应的参数值。最后,对传感器解调偏差进行了线性修正方法研究。仿真结果表明传感器径向间隙解调最大偏差为0.025mm,均方偏差为0.012mm,两个转角最大解调偏差为0.136°,均方偏差为0.052°,达到了较高的解调精度。     

一种结构解耦的新型应变式三维力传感器研究

维间耦合一直是制约多维力传感器精度提高的重要因素,结构解耦也一直是多维力传感器追求的目标。提出了一种新型三维力传感器,可用于Fx、Fz、My3个维度广义力的测量,其敏感原理是结构解耦的,因此可具有更高的精度。介绍了这种新型三维力传感器的结构并分析其敏感原理。采用有限单元法对应变式三维力传感器进行结构静力仿真,利用ANSYS后处理器提供的路径映射技术,精确地获得了应变片的贴片区域。仿真结果表明,该新型传感器与目前的应变式多维力传感器相比,维间耦合误差有明显改善,维间干扰由传统结构的3.56%降低至0.40%。     

三维力传感器的设计和静态解耦算法研究

针对三维力传感器在获取大量程空间三维力时存在精度低、维间耦合的问题,从机械解耦角度进行改进,弹性体采用十字梁型结构,竖梁两侧开设通槽,并将电阻应变片粘贴于竖梁和横梁两侧,通过电阻应变片组桥方式连接。利用万能试验机对传感器进行标定加载分析,基于最小二乘理论对经多次测量筛选出的数据进行拟合,得出该传感器输入载荷与输出电压之间解耦矩阵。采用研制出的三维力传感器进行论证实验,通过对传感器标定并结合弹性体本身机械结构解耦。实验结果表明,所研制的大量程三维力传感器的Ⅰ类误差和Ⅱ类误差分别为2.36%和2.1%,能够较好地抑制各维间的耦合,并达到了该传感器的预期精度要求。     

三维磁敏传感器的设计及误差分析

采用三维磁敏传感器有助于降低磁场测量系统的复杂性和提高磁场测量速度.介绍了基于霍尔元件的三维磁敏传感器的设计方法,分析了霍尔元件的粘贴角度偏差、传感器的体积对测量精度的影响,并对传感器的总体误差进行了估算,其分析结果对三维集成磁敏传感器的设计具有指导意义.     

一种柔性三维力触觉传感器阵列的实现方法

介绍了一种可安装在曲面上,对三维力进行检测的柔性三维力触觉传感器阵列的实现方法.首先采用MEMS技术制备三维力触觉传感器阵列,再将多个三维力触觉传感器单元分别通过倒装焊技术集成在已加工好的柔性电路板基底上,实现了传感器与信号处理电路的互连和传感器阵列(4×4)的柔性化.采用信号选通的多路信号采集方法简化了传感器阵列的信号处理电路.测试结果表明,柔性触觉传感器阵列可弯曲变形90°以上,检测三维力的分辨率达到0.1 N.     

面向管道系统的无线传感器网络三维节点部署算法

管道系统是事关国民经济发展的基础设施,而节点的三维部署问题是基于无线传感器网络的管道监控系统的基础性技术问题.首先把三维管道结构映射为XY和XZ 2个二维平面结构,分别对其进行传感器节点部署优化分析.然后在此基础上,设计了面向管道系统的三维传感器节点的部署算法.最后对算法进行了覆盖性能、连通性能以及能耗性能的评价,结果表明,该算法能有效解决管道系统节点三维部署问题,为超长油气管道、城市自来水管网及污水管网监测提供理论指导和实践依据.     

小型三维力传感器的设计和解耦测试研究

研制了一种小型电阻应变式3维力传感器,采用一种新型弹性体结构,其自上而下开有多层槽孔,4个电阻应变片贴于弹性体侧面,用于检测空间3维力。采用弹性体的位移变化量转化成应变片的应变量,运用有限元仿真分析力作用与应变关系,判定了具有该弹性体结构的传感器力解耦性能。针对实际3维力传感器进行静态标定和解耦计算,得到3维力解耦矩阵。3维力实验测试表明,所研制的传感器具有较高的精度,较好地消除了3维间的耦合性,能够满足小量程微小型机器人力反馈控制需求。     

PVDF力觉传感器的研究

提出了一种利用有机压电材料PVDF制作机器人腕力传感器的新方法。它利用弹性体的变形及PVDF的拉伸-电特性,使力传感器直接输出六路电荷信号对应传感器的三向受力。这种传感器应用于动态测力时,响应速度快,无时漂,长期使用不用重新标定。     

Design and fabrication of a flexible three-axial tactile sensor array based on polyimide micromachining

This paper describes the design and fabrication of a flexible three-axial tactile sensor array using advanced polyimide micromachining technologies. The tactile sensor array is comprised of sixteen micro force sensors and it measures 13 mm × 18 mm. Each micro force sensor has a square membrane and four strain gauges, and its force capacity is 0.6 N in the three-axial directions. The optimal positions of the strain gauges are determined by the strain distribution obtained form finite element analysis (FEA). The normal and shear forces are detected by combining responses from four thin-film metal strain gauges embedded in a polyimide membrane. In order to acquire force signals from individual micro force sensors, we fabricated a PCB based on a multiplexer, operational amplifier and microprocessor with CAN network function. The sensor array is tested from the evaluation system with a three-component load cell. The developed sensor array can be applied in robots’ fingertips, as well as to other electronic applications with three-axial force measurement and flexibility keyword requirements.     

六维力传感器的结构设计分析

为了改善现有六维力传感器的动态性能，提出了一种新型的六维力传感器弹性体结构。建立了结构模型，并采用有限元方法进行了静力学分析以及模态分析，分析了该传感器弹性体在各工况下的应变分布特征；随后对弹性体的关键尺寸参数进行了详细的设计，基于响应面分析法对数值计算结果进行拟合，建立了各工况下响应值与弹性体关键尺寸的回归方程。分析结果表明，该传感器具有良好的动态性能，其一阶固有频率高达3196.3 Hz，各个力分量的灵敏度均有提高，其中x方向力的灵敏度提高了26.09%。通过实验验证了该设计方案的可行性，该传感器的研制为高速作业机器人用多维力传感器的发展奠定了基础。     

A Polymer-Based Flexible Tactile Sensor for Both Normal and Shear Load Detections and Its Application for Robotics

This paper proposes and demonstrates a novel flexible tactile sensor for both normal and shear load detections. For the realization of the sensor, polyimide and polydimethylsiloxane are used as a substrate, which makes it flexible. Thin metal strain gauges, which are incorporated into the polymer, are used for measuring normal and shear loads. The salient feature of this tactile sensor is that it has no diaphragm-like structures. The unit tactile cell characteristics are evaluated against normal and shear loads. The fabricated tactile sensor can measure normal loads of up to 4 N, and the sensor output signals are saturated against loads of more than 4 N. Shear loads can be detected by different voltage drops in strain gauges. The device has no fragile structures; therefore, it can be used as a ground reaction force (GRF) sensor for balance control in humanoid robots. Four tactile unit sensors are assembled and placed in the four corners of the robots sole. By increasing bump dimensions, the tactile unit sensor can measure loads of up to 2 kgf. When loads are exerted on the sole, the GRF can be measured by these four sensors. The measured forces can be used in the balance control of biped locomotion systems.     

Detection and prevention of slip using sensors with different properties embedded in elastic artificial skin on the basis of previous experience

In dexterous robotic manipulation, it is essential to control the force exerted by the robot hands while grasping. This paper describes a method by which robot hands can be controlled on the basis of previous experience of slippage of objects held by the hand. We developed an anthropomorphic human scale robot hand equipped with an elastic skin in which two types of sensor are randomly embedded. One of these sensors is a piezoelectric polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) film which can be used for the detection of pressure changes. The other is a strain gauge which can measure static pressure. In our system, PVDF films are used to detect slipping, and strain gauges to measure stresses which are caused by normal and shear forces. The stress measured by the strain gauges is used as input data to a neural network which controls the actuators of the robot. Once slip is detected, the neural network is updated to prevent it. We show that this system can control the grasp force of the robot hand and adapt it to the weight of the object. By using this method, it was shown that robots can hold objects safely.     

机器人腕力传感器应变片组桥方式的改进

本文对弹性体为十字梁形的六维腕传感器提出一种新的应变片组桥方式.这种方式减少了所需应变片的数量,降低了腕力传感器的生产工艺难度和生产成本,从而可以设计制造出更为小巧和可靠的腕力传感器.     

A novel six-component force sensor of good measurement isotropy and sensitivities

In this work, a novel six-component force sensor with its force-sensing member in the form of four identical T-shaped bars is presented. The force-sensing member is subjected to finite element analysis in conjunction with a design optimization for high measurement sensitivities. Although significant measurement couplings exist in this six-component force sensor, however, they distribute only in a few sparse places in the calibration matrix, making the calculations for the force components relatively easy and quick. The condition number under the full rated loading conditions for this sensor is 1.543, which represents a rather good measurement isotropy, as compared to approximately 2–4 for a Maltese crossbar sensor under similar conditions. In addition, only 20 strain gauges are required in the design, which is less than that used in a Maltese crossbar type sensor, in which at least 24 strain gauges are used.     

微形变腕力传感器

介绍了一种新型机器人六维腕力传感器.采用了激光干涉法测量由外力施加在弹性元件上产生的由微形变产生的微位移测量原理,使得弹性梁的设计空间更大.特别是传感器动态特性得到了提高.本文详细讨论了弹性元件的设计,包括通过有限元方法对这种弹性元件的定量计算.对于弹性元件形变的检测也是本文的讨论重点.通过激光干涉的方法,传感器的灵敏度得到提高,同时,本文还详细讨论了六维力分别施加于弹性元件时对激光干涉的作用.     

基于八角环二维力传感器抓取力控制研究

设计了一种小型八角环二维力传感器,利用ANSYS仿真软件对传感器进行了有限元和应变节点分析,通过传感器静态标定实验得到了标定解耦矩阵,解决了由于加工误差和应变计粘贴误差带来的力矩耦合问题.设计了二指平行手爪,搭建了基于力外环控制的夹持器系统.运用手爪测量了不同材料之间的最大静摩擦系数.实际的抓取实验验证了基于力比例控制的稳定抓取具有良好效果.