耦合ORC的热电联产系统优化与评价研究进展

分别针对3种不同热源种类驱动下的有机朗肯循环热电联供系统进行分析,归纳总结了SolarORC,Biomass-ORC和CCHP-ORC联供系统的典型技术架构。在此基础上,调研、分析3种耦合系统在优化、评价方面的研究进展,提出现有研究的不足和发展趋势,为耦合ORC的热电联产系统相关研究提供借鉴和参考。     

浅析我省农业生物质能热电联产综合利用

加快我省农业生物质能热电联产综合利用,既缓解了能源紧张,还可提高农民收入,又能对环境做出贡献,可谓一举数得。     

我国热电联产集中供热的发展现状、问题与建议

热电联产集中供热是一种公认的节能环保技术,目前我国的热电联产规模已经位居世界第二位。在回顾分析我国的热电联产集中供热相关政策的基础上,本文研究了我国热电联产集中供热的市场发展现状,并分析了我国热电联产集中供热的市场潜力。分析结果表明,大力发展热电联产集中供热将可在"十一五"期末形成1亿tce以上的节能能力,从而为推动实现我国的节能减排目标做出更大贡献。文章进一步分析了挖掘热电联产集中供热节能潜力面临的主要障碍,并提出了促进我国热电联产集中供热发展的政策建议。     

热电联产技术与管理

本书全面系统地探讨了热电联产技术的发展和现状,阐述了热电联产的技术特征。全书突破了传统意义上的热电联产概念,不仅介绍了以蒸汽轮机为主的热电联产形式,还介绍了以燃气轮机为主、以往复式内燃机为主、以微型燃气轮机为主、以燃料电池为主的热电联产形式。本书分析了它们的经济性、可靠性、环保性能,分析了选型特征以及运行维护,还从管理的角度介绍了热电联产的节能分析、环保分析、热负荷分析等。     

我国热电联产集中供热能发展现状、问题与建议

热电联产集中供热是一种公认的节能环保技术,目前我国的热电联产规模已经位居世界第二位。在回顾分析我国的热电联产集中供热相关政策的基础上,本文研究了我国热电联产集中供热的市场发展现状,并分析了我国热电联产集中供热的市场潜力。分析结果表明,大力发展热电联产集中供热将可在“十一五”期末形成1亿tce以上的节能能力,从而为推动实现我国的节能减排目标做出更大贡献。文章进一步分析了挖掘热电联产集中供热节能潜力面临的主要障碍,并提出了促进我国热电联产集中供热发展的政策建议。     

浅谈热电联产技术经济分析

本文结合热电联产的生产实际,提出了评价热电联产的几个主要技术经济指标及其计算方法,分析了热电联产系统节能的潜力所在。     

日本分布式热电联产系统的应用现状及未来展望

从应用布局和技术分布角度阐述了日本分布式热电联产系统的应用现状。医院是民用分布式热电联产系统的主要应用领域,而石化、制药行业则占据工业用热电联产的主导地位。就技术角度而言,燃气内燃机装机数量较大,燃气轮机贡献了主要容量,燃料电池则是未来重点发展方向。此外,从能源梯级利用的深度和广度两个层面,探讨了今后分布式热电联产系统集成的可能方案。     

评估热电联产经济性指数的推导及其应用

本文推导了个评估热电联产经济性的指数,讨论了提高热电联产经济性的各种措施.并以一由燃气透平和余热锅炉组成的区域供热、供冷热电联产为例分析了各种因素的变化,对热电联产经济性的影响,说明导得的指数不仅可方便地评估热电联产的经济可行性,而且也可评估下列经济和技术因素对经济性的影响:①提高电和热的售价,②降低燃料成本,③降低热电联产建设费用及其固定成本,④提高装机容量利用系数,     

中国电力改革进程中热电联产亟待解决的问题研究

本文论述了中国热电联产事业现状,分析了当前热电联产的规则、外商投资热电联产、热电联产立法等亟待解决的问题,提出了进一步促进热电联产事业发展的政策建议,包括区域电力市场建立过程中热电联产的地位、立法、绿色电价机制推广等。     

热电联产发展的经验与教训

对热电联产的发展作了分析 ,肯定了热电联产的节能及环境效益 ;但对不同情况下的热电联产进行分析后 ,认为有些热电联产难以取得较好的经济和环境效益。对此提出了几点建议作为发展热电联产的参考。     

Development of small-scale and micro-scale biomass-fuelled CHP systems – A literature review

A review is carried out on the development of small- and micro-scale biomass-fuelled combined heat and power (CHP) systems. Discussions have been concentrated on the current application of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) in small- and micro-scale biomass-fuelled CHP systems. Comparisons have been made between ORC and other technologies such as biomass gasification and micro-turbine based biomass-fuelled CHP systems. The advantages and disadvantages of each technology have been discussed. Recommendations have been made on the future development of small- and micro-scale biomass-fuelled CHP.     

National energy policies: Obstructing the reduction of global CO2 emissions? An analysis of Swedish energy policies for the district heating sector

The effect of national energy policies on a local Swedish district heating (DH) system has been studied, regarding the profitability of new investments and the potential for climate change mitigation. The DH system has been optimised regarding three investments: biomass-fuelled CHP (bio CHP), natural gas-fuelled combined cycle CHP (NGCC CHP) and biomass-fuelled heat-only boiler (bio HOB) in two scenarios (with or without national taxes and policy instruments). In both scenarios EU’s tradable CO₂ emission permits are included. Results from the study show that when national policies are included, the most cost-effective investment option is the bio CHP technology. However, when national taxes and policy instruments are excluded, the DH system containing the NGCC CHP plant has 30% lower system cost than the bio CHP system. Regardless of the scenario and when coal condensing is considered as marginal electricity production, the NGCC CHP has the largest global CO₂ reduction potential, about 300 ktonne CO₂. However, the CO₂ reduction potential is highly dependent on the marginal electricity production. Demonstrated here is that national policies such as tradable green certificates can, when applied to DH systems, contribute to investments that will not fully utilise the DH systems’ potential for global CO₂ emissions reductions.     

A techno-economic analysis of small-scale, biomass-fuelled combined heat and power for community housing

This paper presents the results of a techno-economic study into the feasibility of a number of biomass-fuelled CHP (BCHP) systems when operated in a community housing/mixed use context. Six systems comprising differing technologies have been analysed, with the assumption that the systems operate within an ESCO (energy services company) supply scenario. Actual demand data was obtained for a representative community housing scheme, along with technical performance and cost data on the various biomass CHP systems. Subsequently, an economic modelling tool was developed and a number of operational scenarios were analysed to determine the viability of specific systems and the sensitivity of the results to a range of technical and economic parameters. The impact of thermal storage was also considered in order to optimise heat usage as far as possible. The results indicate that within specific realistic ESCO operating scenarios, biomass CHP can demonstrate positive net present values without the need for capital subsidies. Optimal system design and implementation is critical for profitable operation and it is found that the best economic performance occurs for high load factors when the maximum quantity of both electricity and heat sold on-site is maximised. The results are also found to be very sensitive to a number of the model inputs.     

Technological learning in bioenergy systems

The main goal of this article is to determine whether cost reductions in different bioenergy systems can be quantified using the experience curve approach, and how specific issues (arising from the complexity of biomass energy systems) can be addressed. This is pursued by case studies on biofuelled combined heat and power (CHP) plants in Sweden, global development of fluidized bed boilers and Danish biogas plants. As secondary goal, the aim is to identify learning mechanisms behind technology development and cost reduction for the biomass energy systems investigated. The case studies reveal large difficulties to devise empirical experience curves for investment costs of biomass-fuelled power plants. To some extent, this is due to lack of (detailed) data. The main reason, however, are varying plant costs due to differences in scale, fuel type, plant layout, region etc. For fluidized bed boiler plants built on a global level, progress ratios (PRs) for the price of entire plants lies approximately between 90–93% (which is typical for large plant-like technologies). The costs for the boiler section alone was found to decline much faster. The experience curve approach delivers better results, when the production costs of the final energy carrier are analyzed. Electricity from biofuelled CHP-plants yields PRs of 91–92%, i.e. an 8–9% reduction of electricity production costs with each cumulative doubling of electricity production. The experience curve for biogas production displays a PR of 85% from 1984 to the beginning of 1990, and then levels to approximately 100% until 2002. For technologies developed on a local level (e.g. biogas plants), learning-by-using and learning-by-interacting are important learning mechanism, while for CHP plants utilizing fluidized bed boilers, upscaling is probably one of the main mechanisms behind cost reductions.     

Analysis of cooling,heating, and power systems based on site energy consumption

Feasibility of cooling, heating, and power systems frequently is based on economic considerations such as energy prices. However, a most adequate feasibility of CHP systems must be based on energy consumption followed by economic considerations. CHP systems designs must yield economical savings, but more importantly must yield real energy savings based on the best energy performance. For CHP systems, energy savings is related to primary energy and not to site energy. This paper presents a mathematical analysis demonstrating that CHP systems increase the site energy consumption (SEC). Increasing the SEC could yield misleading results in the economic feasibility of CHP systems. Three different operation modes are evaluated: (a) cooling, heating, and power; (b) heating and power; and (c) cooling and power, to represent the operation of the system throughout the year. Results show that CHP systems increase site energy consumption; therefore primary energy consumption (PEC) should be used instead of SEC when designing CHP systems.     

A review on theory and application of chemical heat pump in thermal energy storage

化学热泵是高效,环保的新型能源技术,在余热回收,储热,可再生能源等领域具有广泛的应用前景.本文综述了化学热泵系统的一般理论和在储热技术中的应用,介绍了化学热泵系统技术在反应与工质对选择,传热强化以及工业研究与应用等方面的发展.     

Cogeneration plant in an olive sludge industry

Spain is the world’s main producer of olive oil, with an annual production approaching 1 million tons. A great amount of wet residues are generated – mainly sludge, thus favouring the development of energy plants for their treatment and/or elimination. Such installations require a simultaneous electric and thermal energy demand, and combined heat and power (CHP) systems might be the most adequate in certain cases. The economic viability of a CHP system in a sludge processing plant (sludge obtained from olive oil extraction industry) is analysed in the present work. Special attention is paid to the analysis and discussion of energy savings and environmental benefits.     

Life cycle assessment of domestic fuel cell micro combined heat and power generation: Exploring influential factors

Residential Fuel Cell micro combined heat and power (FC-μCHP) systems can help decarburizing the energy system. In the European ene.field project, the environmental performance of FC-μCHP under different conditions was therefore evaluated by means of a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Important influential factors were explored, i.e. heating demands, full load hours (FLHs) and electricity replacement mixes (ERMs). The systems were compared with a stand-alone Gas Condensing Boiler (GCB) and a heat pump (HP, only in single family homes, SFHs). For the initially assumed FLHs and the current ENTSO-E ERM, relevant environmental impacts including climate change are generally smaller for the FC-μCHPs than for the HP and the stand-alone GCB. In the setting “existing SFHs in central climate” with the highest deployment potential, GHG emission savings are higher the more carbon-intensive the ERM is and/or higher the net electricity export into the grid is. The results are discussed and put into perspective. Further research demands as well as product development opportunities are outlined. The importance of a green hydrogen economy is emphasized.     

Energy and economic evaluation of cooling,heating, and power systems based on primary energy

Cooling, Heating, and Power (CHP) systems have the potential to make better use of fuels than other technologies because of their ability to increase the overall thermal energy efficiency. Feasibility of CHP systems is generally driven by economic savings. In addition, economic evaluation of CHP systems is based on site energy use and cost, which could lead to misleading conclusions about energy savings. Since energy savings from CHP systems only occurs in primary energy, the objective of this investigation is to demonstrate that feasibility of CHP systems should be performed based on primary energy savings followed by economic considerations. This paper also evaluates the effect of the power generation unit (PGU) efficiency over the primary energy reduction when a CHP system is utilized. The advantages of operating CHP systems under a primary energy operational strategy, such as the proposed Building Primary Energy Ratio (BPER) strategy, are also discussed. Results show that for some cases economic savings are attained without the corresponding primary energy savings. However, the use of the BPER operational strategy guarantees better energy performance regardless of economic savings. Regarding to the PGU efficiency, an increase of the efficiency reduces the primary energy use more than proportionally. For example, increasing the PGU efficiency from 0.25 to 0.35 (increase of 40%) can reduce the primary energy use from 5.4% to 16% (increase of 200%).     

Performance analysis of CCHP and CHP systems operating following the thermal and electric load

Heating and cooling energy requirements for buildings are usually supplied by separated systems such as furnaces or boilers for heating, and vapor compression systems for cooling. For these types of buildings, the use of combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems or combined heating and power (CHP) systems are an alternative for energy savings. Different researchers have claimed that the use of CCHP and CHP systems reduces the energy consumption related to transmission and distribution of energy. However, most of these analyses are based on reduction of operating cost without measuring the actual energy use and emissions reduction. The objective of this study is to analyze the performance of CCHP and CHP systems operating following the electric load (FEL) and operating following the thermal load (FTL), based on primary energy consumption (PEC), operation cost, and carbon dioxide emissions (CDE) for different climate conditions. Results show that CCHP and CHP systems operated FTL reduce the PEC for all the evaluated cities. On the other hand, CHP systems operated FEL always increases the PEC. The only operation mode that reduces PEC and CDE while reducing the cost is CHP‐FTL. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.