微透镜阵列在提高OLED取光效率中的应用

有机电致发光二极管(OLED)具有寿命长、节能、绿色环保等特点, 有望成为下一代重要光源。制约OLED发展的一个重要障碍是其取光效率较低。为了提高OLED取光效率, 研究者进行了大量的研究, 其中应用微透镜阵列提高OLED取光效率是一种重要方式。文章简单分析了微透镜阵列提高OLED取光效率的原理, 综述分析了各种结构特征的微透镜阵列在提高OLED取光效率中的应用, 总结了在OLED基底表面制备微透镜阵列的方法、优缺点, 以及应用微透镜阵列提高OLED取光效率的最新进展和发展趋势。     

微透镜阵列提高LED多芯片封装取光效率的仿真

提出在LED多芯片平面封装表面添加微透镜阵列,以提高取光效率。仿真分析了微透镜阵列的半径、间距和排列方式等对取光效率的影响。分析结果表明,通过在封装平面添加微透镜阵列,可以极大地提高取光效率,微透镜的填充因子是影响取光效率大小的关键因素,填充因子越大,则其取光效率越高;微透镜的排列方式对出射光强的分布也会产生影响。     

微透镜阵列薄膜定向增强OLED耦合效率的研究

利用微透镜阵列(MLA)薄膜定向增强有机发光器件(OLED)耦合效率,采用光线追迹方法模拟了不同长短轴比的椭圆形MLA对OLED光的定向增强作用。采用数字微反射镜器件(DMD)并行光刻和热回流相结合的方法制作了MLA模版,经过电铸、压印得到MLA薄膜。理论模拟和实验结果表明,利用MLA可以定向提高OLED的出光效率,圆形MLA可提高垂直OLED基底表面方向的亮度42%;椭圆形MLA可实现OLED在长短轴方向上30°的半强度角度差,总的提取效率可提高30%以上。     

基于5630 TOP LED亚毫米级阵列式微型透镜的光学仿真

使用新型透镜提高LED取光效率是LED封装的研究热点之一。以亚毫米级阵列式微型透镜封装5630TOP LED为研究对象,利用光学仿真软件TracePro,考察了不同尺寸的阵列式圆锥透镜、半椭球透镜和半圆球透镜对LED取光效率的影响。仿真实验结果表明在优化条件下,5630TOP LED的取光效率可提高10.7%,光分布均匀。该仿真结果对下一步亚毫米级阵列式透镜的设计与制造有实际指导意义。     

锥状微结构阵列提高OLED出光效率的研究

为提高OLED出光效率,在OLED基底上设计锥状微结构阵列,通过几何光学和光线追迹方法分析了锥状微结构对OLED出光效率的影响。结果表明:锥状微结构阵列最大可以提高60%的出光效率;锥状微结构阵列的占空比、材料折射率和坡度角对出光效率有较大影响;锥状微结构阵列不会改变OLED的辐射角,且有一定的聚光作用。结果为提高OLED出光效率提供一种新的参考和方法。     

用于LED的微透镜阵列的光学性能研究

功率发光二极管(LED)的发展迫切需要提高取光效率,微透镜阵列的二次光学设计是改善其光强分布的有效途径.建立了一种大功率LED的封装结构,二次光学设计采用了微透镜阵列技术,运用光线追踪法研究了这种封装结构的光学性能.分析结果表明,利用微透镜阵列技术能显著改善LED的光学性能,改变其光束分布,将LED的照度衰减降低12%以上,从而得到更加均匀的照明系统.     

高填充因子微透镜阵列的快速制备及特性分析

微透镜阵列是一种被广泛应用于光信息处理、光传感、光计算、光通信和高灵敏度成像等领域的精密光学元器件之一。通过一些先进的制造技术已经可以制造出不同几何形状、轮廓和光学特性的微透镜阵列。然而,由于三维微制造工艺的难度,使得高填充因子微透镜阵列中的微透镜很难实现紧密排列。提出了一种快速、低成本的微流体操纵技术,用于制备高填充因子微透镜阵列,且对其制备工艺进行了初步的演示。这种易于操作的制造技术适用于微透镜阵列的大批量生产,极大地提高了生产效率。通过预先制备出的三种不同尺寸(微柱直径分别为300、500、700 μm)的微柱,实现了与其对应不同形状和尺寸的微透镜阵列的制备,并搭建了一套光学成像系统以对这些微透镜阵列进行成像性能的评估。主要对微透镜阵列的焦距、成像精度和每个微透镜阵列中各个微透镜子单元成像的均一性进行测试,利用所提出的微流体操控技术制备的微透镜阵列具有良好的成像性能,有望能够被应用到三维成像、光均匀化等诸多应用中。     

一种基于空间光调制器的微透镜阵列制备技术

提出了一种基于空间光调制器的并行光刻制备微透镜阵列的技术。采用数字微反射镜器件输入光刻图形,结合热回流技术,制作任意结构和排布的微透镜阵列。无限远校正显微微缩光学系统的长焦深保证了深纹光刻的实现,热回流法提供了良好的表面光滑度。与传统逐层并行光刻和掩模曝光技术相比,提出的技术方案更加便捷灵活,特别适合制作特征尺寸在数微米至百微米的微透镜阵列器件。得到的微透镜阵列模版经过电铸转移为金属模具,利用紫外卷对卷纳米压印技术在柔性基底上制备微透镜阵列器件,在超薄液晶显示、有机发光二极管(OLED)照明等领域有广泛应用。     

飞秒脉冲激光空间光场调控的微透镜阵列制备技术进展

作为最基本的微光学元件,微透镜在多个领域都有非常广泛的潜在应用,然而常见的面向透明硬脆材料微透镜的制备方法效率低下,且对作业环境的要求较高,极大地限制了透明硬脆材料微透镜阵列的大面积制备。空间光调制器作为一种对光场进行调制的设备,可以方便地实现多焦点或者结构化的光场,在光通讯、激光加工等领域具有重要的应用潜力。本文介绍了利用飞秒激光烧蚀结合湿法刻蚀制备硬脆材料微透镜阵列的基本方法,并系统地分析了影响所制备微透镜形貌的关键因素。通过在加工过程中对聚焦光斑的数量和位置进行精细调控,极大地提高了透明硬脆材料微透镜阵列的加工效率,且可以在加工过程中动态地调整飞秒激光烧蚀改性的形貌,从而实现不同尺寸微透镜阵列的高速制备,展现了空间光场调制技术在微光子集成芯片加工领域的应用前景。     

液晶微透镜阵列在波前传感领域的应用概述

液晶微透镜阵列是利用液晶的电控双折射特性和微电子工艺制作的微光学元件,具有焦距可调、工作电压低甚至阵列数目、透镜孔径以及形状可调的优点,应用于哈特曼波前探测技术时可以有效提升哈特曼波前传感的动态探测能力,显示出良好的竞争力。简要概述了哈特曼波前传感技术和液晶微透镜阵列制作技术的发展、现状,对不同类型的液晶微透镜阵列制作技术的优缺点进行了分析,并着重介绍了基于液晶空间光调制器的微透镜阵列在波前探测领域的应用。     

Realization of exceeding 80% external quantum efficiency in organic light-emitting diodes using high-index substrates and highly horizontal emitters

Although both high-index substrates and horizontal-dipole emitters have been shown to be facile approaches for enhancing OLED (organic light emitting diode) light extraction, the full benefits and potential of their combination for OLED optical out-coupling have not been thoroughly studied and explored. Simulation studies indicate that very high optical coupling efficiency into substrates ϕ_sub (and perhaps similarly high OLED external quantum efficiencies) of ~90% can be possibly obtained with both high-index substrates (refractive index >1.8–1.9) and highly horizontal-dipole emitters (horizontal dipole ratio >85%), together with adoption of low-index or index-matching carrier transport layers and optimization of organic layer and transparent electrode thicknesses. With these judicious device design conditions, all waveguided modes and surface plasmon modes in devices can be effectively suppressed for optimal optical out-coupling. Finally, combining the sapphire substrate having high index of n~1.78, the recently developed OLED emitters having high horizontal emitting dipole ratio of up to 87%, and simple external extraction lens, OLED devices having external quantum efficiency of over 80% was successfully realized.     

Corrugated structure through a spin-coating process for enhanced light extraction from organic light-emitting diodes

We have demonstrated a simple fabrication method for an out-coupling structure to enhance light extraction from organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Spin-coating of SiO₂ and TiO_x sol mixture solution develops corrugated film. The structural evolution of the corrugation was explained by the localization of surface tension during the solvent evaporation. The structural parameters of the corrugated structure were characterized by varying the spin-coating speed and the mixing ratio of the solution. Compared to conventional devices, OLEDs with a corrugated structure at the backside of the glass substrate showed increased external quantum efficiency without change in the electroluminescence spectrum. The light extraction enhancement is attributed to the decreased incidence angle at the interface of glass substrate and air.     

Configuring device architecture with new solution-processable host for high performance low color-temperature OLEDs with ultra-low driving voltage

After the revelation of nonvisual lighting impact on human health, the lighting engineers are more concerned about the human benign light with low cost and high efficiency. The solution-processed fabrication technique with smart device engineering for high efficacy OLED devices is being anticipated to drastically reduce the fabrication cost leading to affordable desired end product. The co-host matrix could be a potential solution to improve device performance multi-folds with suitable band-gap engineering and most effective energy transfer from mixed host to guest. Here, rationally configured device architecture with two novel host materials possessing wide energy gap, high triplet energy, and excellent thermal and morphological stability resulted in highly-efficient solution-processed green, red and low color temperature (CT) OLEDs with sub-bandgap level driving voltage of 2.1 V i.e. record lowest within its own category. Perfect triplet energy match of our newly developed host materials with commercial p-type host m-MTDATA and the common phosphors enabled efficient energy transfer with very low energy loss led to high efficiency of resulting OLED. The resultant solution-processed triplet emitter based green and red OLED devices displayed a maximum efficacy of 75.0 and 30.2 lm W⁻¹ without using light extraction out-coupling techniques, respectively. The designed blue-hazard free 2048 K low CT OLED exhibited a η_PE of 44.5 lmW⁻¹, a η_CE of 47.6 cdA^-1 and an EQE of 20.7% as the maximum value, the highest known so far within its own category. The melatonin suppression sensitivity (MSS) of the engineered low CT OLED is only 1.0% to that of the 480 nm blue light, which is much safer compared to other light sources. The impact of our design engineering was established by fabricating 1 cm × 1 cm device area prototype.     

Coupling efficiency enhancement in organic light-emitting devices using microlens array-theory and experiment

Microlens arrays are introduced on glass substrates to improve the out-coupling efficiency of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). The microlenses suppress waveguiding loss in the substrate. A theoretical model, based on electromagnetic wave propagation and geometric ray tracing, is developed to simulate the enhancement effects and optimize the structure parameters of the lens pattern. A simple soft-lithography approach is employed to fabricate the microlens array on glass substrates. With the use of an optimized lens pattern, an increase of over 85% in the coupling efficiency of the OLED is expected theoretically. An increase of 70% in the coupling efficiency is achieved experimentally, without detrimental effect to the electrical performance of the OLED.     

Solution-based nanostructure to reduce waveguide and surface plasmon losses in organic light-emitting diodes

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) typically have low out-coupling efficiency. In this paper, a solution-based nanoparticle layer is presented as a nanostructure to enhance the out-coupling efficiency of OLEDs. Silica nanoparticles (NPs) are randomly distributed on indium tin oxide by spin-coating a silica NP solution. By further spin-coating poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a hole injection layer, a randomly corrugated PEDOT:PSS layer is fabricated. A nanostructured OLED having the corrugated PEDOT:PSS layer above the NP layer shows enhanced external quantum efficiency and power efficiency because the trapped light of the waveguide and surface plasmon modes is extracted by Bragg diffraction. The nanostructured OLED shows no angular dependence due to the broad periodicities of the corrugation. The simply fabricated and cost-effective silica NP layer nanostructure, which does not require a lithography step, has potential to enhance the efficiency of both white OLED displays and lighting.     

Organic wrinkles embedded in high-index medium as planar internal scattering structures for organic light-emitting diodes

Organic wrinkle structures are investigated as an internal scattering layer for the fabrication of highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The solution-processed wrinkle structures are planarized with a high-index layer, resulting in a reduced surface roughness and optical haze simultaneously. The OLED device including the wrinkle structures achieved external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 24.2%, corresponding to a 1.24 time enhancement with respect to that of a control device having no internal scattering layer. By attaching a micro lens array (MLA) or a half ball lens (HBL) on the external surface of the substrate, the proposed device exhibits an EQE of 30.5% (1.56 time enhancement) and 41.8% (2.14 time enhancement), respectively. Randomness of the distributed wrinkle structures is shown to provide additional benefits of reduced angular spectral distortion and Lambertian-like emission properties. Trans-scale optical simulation combining wave-optics and the geometrical effect are used for the quantitative analysis of the emission characteristics of the device.     

Effect of various microlens parameters on enhancement of light outcoupling efficiency of organic light emitting diode

Since organic light emitting diode (OLED) is a multilayer device where each layer has different refractive index, total internal reflection (TIR) plays an important role in limiting the efficiency of an OLED. Due to the presence of TIR, a major portion of light is trapped within the device in various wave guiding modes. Of the total light trapped in an OLED, we address only the part that is lost due to wave guiding mode arising from refractive index mismatch at the glass-air interface. Microlens array, to improve luminance, is a method that can be externally applied to the OLEDs without altering its electrical characteristics and is easy to use. Microlens arrays ranging from 10 to 40 μm have been fabricated using an organic elastomeric material polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by mold transfer technique. Maximum improvement of 25% in outcoupling efficiency for blue OLED is reported upon using the microlens array with diameter 10 μm. For a given diameter of microlens, out-coupling efficiency of OLED increases as height to diameter (H/D) ratio of microlens array approaches 0.5 (perfect hemisphere). It is also observed that outcoupling efficiency increases with the diameter of microlens for a given H/D ratio. The best luminescence improvement was observed for blue OLED, which can be explained by the higher refractive index of PDMS at lower wavelengths.     

Efficiency analysis of organic light-emitting diodes based on optical simulation

In spite of huge progress in improving the internal quantum efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), these devices still suffer from poor light out-coupling. Loss mechanisms are for example waveguiding in the organic layers and the substrate as well as the excitation of surface plasmons at metallic electrodes. Their relative strength and the mutual dependence on the OLED structure have been studied both experimentally and by numerical simulation. Here, we consider the impact of the radiative quantum efficiency of the emitter material on predictions of light extraction from OLEDs. Competing processes resulting in non-radiative recombination of charge carriers usually reduce the emitter quantum efficiency in a real device. We show that optical simulation leads to erroneous conclusions when neglecting these competing processes. Furthermore, we demonstrate a method, which allows determining both the radiative quantum efficiency and the charge recombination factor via simulation based analysis of experimental data. This analysis of device efficiency is applied on a set of red-emitting electrophosphorescent devices.