多步热处理对GH4742合金组织性能的影响

采用多步热处理,研究了不同固溶温度和高温时效温度对GH4742高温合金组织性能的影响。结果表明,固溶温度显著改变晶粒尺寸和一次γ′相形态。固溶温度为1090 ℃时,基体中存在大量未溶的一次γ′相,可以有效阻止晶粒长大,同时这种粗大γ′相以及后续时效过程中形成的细小γ′相共存的组织使得合金具有良好的综合力学性能。高温时效处理对组织形貌影响较小,但可以改变γ′相的尺寸,显著影响晶界碳化物的形态,通过Mo置换一次碳化物MC中的Nb、Ti,使晶界连续分布的碳化物发生溶解形成颗粒状的碳化物,显著降低了GH4742高温合金的高温持久性能。     

热处理对定向镍基高温合金DZ951γ′相的影响

采用光学显微镜和SEM研究了热处理对定向镍基高温合金DZ951组织的影响。结果表明：选择合适的热处理工艺，能使铸态合金中较大的错配度减小甚至消失。固溶温度越高，γ′相的尺寸越大。在1200℃其以上温度固溶处理时，γ′才能完全固溶于基体。固溶温度相同时，随着保温时间的延长，γ′相的尺寸增大。在1220℃固溶后进行时效处理，随着时效温度的升高，析出γ′相的尺寸增大。时效温度越高，γ′相的长大趋势越明显。合金经固溶处理和二级时效处理后，可获得两种尺寸的γ′相。     

热处理对Ni基高硼合金组织的影响

研究了一种含硼量为0.11%的高温高强合金的相变,以及热处理对其组织的影响。结果表明,合金的铸态组织主要由γ相、二次γ′相、γ/γ′共晶和硼化物组成。固溶处理时,方块状二次γ′相和硼化物发生固溶,且随着固溶温度的升高,二次γ′相和硼化物尺寸减小;时效过程中,从过饱和的γ相中重新析出细小的三次γ′相,且数量随固溶温度的升高而增加。经过1120℃×4 h,AC+900℃×10 h,AC的固溶时效处理后,合金可以获得细小弥散分布的硼化物、以及二次和三次γ′相综合强化的理想组织,合金在800℃的抗拉强度可达1030 MPa,并兼具良好的塑性。     

K447A合金的热处理组织和拉伸性能研究

通过对K447A合金在不同热处理状态下的显微组织观察和拉伸性能测试,研究了合金显微组织的演变规律及其对拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,合金铸态组织主要包括γ基体、γ′相、碳化物及γ/γ′共晶,碳化物多分布于晶内枝晶干和晶界。固溶处理后,γ′相由大、小两种尺寸的组成,碳化物发生"碎化",且由γ′相包覆,同时枝晶间处析出了细小的MC型碳化物。高温(1100℃)时效热处理使γ′相长大,同时再次析出细小γ′相;低温(870℃)时效热处理则使γ′相形貌接近长方形。拉伸性能结果表明,合金经固溶热处理和时效热处理后的抗拉强度相近,但时效热处理后的伸长率有所增加。     

镍基单晶合金热处理的组织演化与有限元分析

通过对一种含Re单晶镍基高温合金热处理期间及不同时效温度组织形貌的观察,结合有限元分析,研究合金中γ′相在热处理期间及蠕变期间的组织演化规律。结果表明,在固溶热处理期间,γ′相以蝶形组合从基体中析出;一次时效期间,γ′相长大为立方体形貌;二次时效期间,γ′相略有长大,排列更加规则。经不同温度的一次时效后γ′相尺寸逐渐长大,立方度增加。最后确定出该合金合理的热处理工艺。     

热处理过程中DD6单晶高温合金的组织演化规律与力学性能

研究了DD6单晶高温合金在热处理过程中的显微组织演化规律以及初熔组织的生成机理。通过研究不同固溶时效处理对γ′相形貌、尺寸分布和体积分数的影响且分析了完全热处理后合金的显微硬度和拉伸性能,从而确定了合金最佳的热处理工艺。结果表明,通过差热分析法和金相观察法确定合金的初熔温度在1300~1310 ℃。在1315 ℃固溶处理4 h,枝晶间/枝晶干γ′相尺寸趋于一致,呈立方状均匀排列。在固溶处理过程中,γ/γ′共晶组织熔化生成了不规则初熔组织。在不同的一次时效工艺下,1120 ℃时效4 h空冷后,γ′相立方度更好,尺寸分布更均匀。合金最佳的热处理工艺为1290 ℃×1 h+1300 ℃×2 h+1315 ℃×4 h, AC+1120 ℃×4 h, AC+870 ℃×32 h, AC。合金在完全热处理后,随拉伸温度从室温升高至850 ℃时,强度达到峰值,温度继续升高,强度下降;在760 ℃拉伸时塑性最差,随着拉伸温度从760 ℃升高到950 ℃,塑性提高。     

固溶时效热处理对A286合金组织演变规律的影响

对A286铁基高温合金进行固溶温度+时效两段式热处理工艺优化研究。采用固溶热处理制度为930~1020℃/4 h/WC,固溶时间为0~4 h。合金时效研究采用640~790℃/4 h/AC热处理;在时效温度730℃条件下,研究0~16 h时效时间对合金组织及性能的影响。结果表明:随着固溶温度上升和时间延长,合金晶粒尺寸有一定程度长大,但硬度逐渐下降;随着时效温度提高及时间延长,合金的硬度先升高而后降低;在固溶热处理过程中,合金随着固溶处理温度提高及时间的延长,γ'相回溶入基体;当固溶后的时效温度提高至700℃才析出γ'强化相;随着时效时间延长,析出的γ'强化相发生粗化;合金时效γ'强化相粗化过程符合Ostwald熟化长大规律,计算值与实际值相关系数大于97%;同时,确定了最佳的热处理工艺制度。     

镍基高温合金端淬梯度冷却过程中γ′相演化规律

研究热处理过程中不同冷却速率对镍基高温合金中γ′相析出的影响;采用Thermal-calc热力学计算、差热分析技术,确定新型镍基高温合金的γ′相完全固溶温度;采用有限元模拟、扫描电镜分析等方法,研究端淬梯度冷却过程中合金的温度场分布及γ′相析出和演化规律。结果表明:该合金γ′相完全固溶温度为1140℃,在端淬梯度冷却过程中,距离喷水端越远,冷却速度越低;随着冷却速度的逐渐减小,γ′析出相的体积分数逐渐增加,γ′析出相的形貌由球形向方形逐渐转变,平均尺寸逐渐增大;时效后合金中析出大量细小三次γ′相,合金硬度增加。     

先进单晶高温合金均匀化-固溶热处理的设计（英文）

为设计更适用于先进单晶高温合金的均匀化-固溶热处理制度,研究了不同热处理温度和时间对一种先进单晶高温合金组织的影响。通过研究合金组织和元素分布发现,当温度直接升至γ′相溶解的实际起始温度1338℃时,合金不会发生初熔;当温度直接升至γ′相溶解的外推初始温度1350℃时,合金中出现了明显初熔,但初熔组织随着保温时间的延长逐渐减少;在1328℃固溶时,合金中虽然没有发生初熔,但均匀化效率明显降低。对实验结果进行了热力学和动力学计算与分析。结果表明,单晶高温合金的均匀化-固溶热处理窗口是一个动态的窗口,γ′相完全溶解温度和初熔温度均随着合金均匀化程度的提高而提高;高代单晶高温合金在均匀化-固溶热处理中,不须要将温度始终保持在铸态合金的初熔温度以下,只要保证温度低于合金所在均匀化状态对应的初熔温度即可;均匀化-固溶热处理中,提高每一台阶的温度可以得到的均匀化-固溶效果远优于延长热处理时间可达到的效果。根据实验及分析结果提出了一种适用于先进单晶高温合金的均匀化-固溶热处理制度设计方法,使合金在较短时间内得到了理想的合金组织和均匀化效果。     

热处理工艺对激光熔化沉积制造JBK-75合金组织及性能的影响

采用激光熔化沉积技术制备JBK-75合金,选取750℃直接时效和1180℃高温固溶+750℃时效两种不同热处理工艺路线,分析了其沉积态的显微结构,对比两种不同热处理态的组织和力学性能。结果表明,沉积态JBK-75合金组织表现为各向异性,存在柱状晶、胞状组织和Ti元素偏聚。直接时效处理JBK-75合金打印组织未发生溶解,打印组织对强化相(γ′相)的析出行为几乎没有影响,但是Ti元素的偏聚促进了晶界有害相(η相)的生成。高温固溶+时效处理JBK-75合金打印组织消失,获得细小均匀的γ晶粒且在晶界未发现η相。高温固溶+时效处理激光熔化沉积JBK-75合金表现出最佳的强塑性配比,抗拉强度为1055 MPa、屈服强度为679 MPa、断后伸长率为29%,达到锻件JBK-75合金热处理态力学性能水平。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。