AP-CMDB 推进剂稳态燃烧性能计算研究

建立了一个ＡＰ－ＣＭＤＢ推进剂稳态燃烧模型。该模型可用于ＡＰ－ＣＭＤＢ推进剂和经典双基推进剂燃速特性的模拟计算，其计算结果与文献值相符合，说明该模型是合理、可行的。ＡＰ－ＣＭＤＢ推进剂计算结果表明，ＡＰ粒径减小，ＡＰ含量增加，推进剂燃速升高；而含能粘结剂——ＤＢ母体的含能程度越高，即ＮＧ含量增加，或ＮＣ的硝化度加大，都有利于提高推进剂的燃速。     

含1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)的钝感微烟推进剂能量参数和燃烧特性

研究了1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)与改性双基推进剂主要组分的相容性以及含FOX-7的钝感微烟推进剂的能量参数和燃烧特性。结果表明,FOX-7与改性双基推进剂的主要组分具有良好的相容性;用FOX-7逐渐取代等质量比的NC和TMETN,钝感微烟推进剂的理论比冲提高,再用部分RDX取代FOX-7,推进剂的能量还可提高;含FOX-7的钝感微烟推进剂压力指数较高,某些铅盐催化剂可提高该类推进剂的燃速,但能否降低压力指数,与所用催化剂的品种密切相关。     

含相稳定硝酸铵CMDB推进剂的机械感度和燃烧性能

通过测试撞击感度、摩擦感度和燃速,研究了含相稳定硝酸铵(PSAN)的改性双基(CMDB)推进剂的燃烧性能和机械感度。结果表明,PSAN可改善CMDB推进剂的机械感度;用PSAN作氧化剂,其推进剂的燃速低于RDX作氧化剂的燃速,压强指数高于后者的压强指数;1～5MPa压力范围内随PSAN在配方中含量的增加,推进剂的燃速降低,压强指数升高。     

燃烧催化剂对含CL-20无烟NEPE推进剂燃烧性能的影响

采用靶线法测试了2~15MPa下含CL-20无烟NEPE推进剂的燃速,通过调节不同种类燃烧催化剂(铅盐、铜盐和炭黑)及其复配催化剂,研究了催化剂对含CL-20无烟NEPE推进剂燃烧性能的影响。分析了含CL-20和催化剂的无烟NEPE推进剂的催化作用机理。结果表明,随着CL-20含量的增加,推进剂的燃速明显增大,当CL-20质量分数为30%时,15 MPa下推进剂的燃速可提高68%。与单组分催化剂和多组分催化剂相比,复配后的双组分燃烧催化剂对推进剂燃速的催化效果最明显,含NTO-Pb/AD-Cu复配催化剂的推进剂在15MPa下的燃速增至25.66mm/s。φ-Pb/乙炔炭黑燃烧催化剂使推进剂在10~15MPa出现平台燃烧,燃速压强指数降至0.22,在2~15MPa下降至0.52。     

双基系推进剂用生态安全的含铋催化剂

综述了生态安全的含铋催化剂对双基和ＲＤＸ－ＣＭＤＢ推进剂燃烧性能的影响,分析比较了铋化物和铅化物的催化作用。分析结果表明,粒度小、分散性好的铋化物能够取代生态安全性差的含铅燃速催化剂用于双基系推进剂中。     

ACP对无烟改性双基推进剂能量和燃烧性能的影响

含ACP的无烟改性双基推进剂能量特性理论计算表明,ACP对推进剂的能量影响较小。研究了不同工艺对含ACP无烟改性双基推进剂燃烧性能的影响。实验结果表明,ACP对压伸工艺制备的推进剂燃速没有显著提高,但能大幅度地提高浇铸无烟改性双基推进剂的燃速。分析了ACP提高无烟改性双基推进剂燃速的作用机理,认为ACP可增加燃烧表面积和热量向燃烧表面积的反馈,使推进剂的燃速大增。     

氧化剂粒度和含量变化对NEPE推进剂燃速和压力指数的影响

研究了氧化剂粒度和含量变化对ＮＥＰＥ推进剂燃速和压力指数的影响。实验结果表明ＮＥＰＥ的燃烧行为类似于ＡＰ－ＨＭＸ－ＣＭＤＢ推进剂。采用细粒度ＡＰ或进行粒度级配是改善ＮＥＰＥ燃烧性能，提高燃速，降低压力指数的重要措施。观察到ＨＭＸ粒度变化对ＮＥＰＥ的燃速无明显作用。在配方中增加ＡＰ含量，也可起到提高燃速的作用，并且随着压力的不断增高，燃速增加的效果越明显。     

化学结构对平台推进剂催化燃烧性能影响的理论分析

利用建立的以准一维气相反应流为基础的推进剂稳态燃烧模型,计算了推进剂配方组成对催化燃烧性能的影响,从化学结构的角度分析了平台燃烧的影响因素。由此解释了平台燃烧全过程的化学本质和推进剂燃速压强指数的化学本质,提出了平台推进剂配方和燃速优化设计的原则,为燃速和燃速压强指数的调节提供了理论依据,其结论与国内外实践结果相一致。     

催化剂对浇铸RDX-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能影响的研究

针对浇铸中能无烟ＲＤＸ－ＣＭＤＢ推进剂配方，进行了催化剂对燃烧性能影响的研究。对几种不同催化剂进行研究之后，选择了Ｃｔ－３催化剂。研究结果表明，在推进剂中加入适量的Ｃｔ－３，在１５ＭＰａ压力下，推进剂的燃速由基础配方的１９．６０ｍｍ／ｓ提高到２６￣２７ｍｍ／ｓ，１３￣２０ＭＰａ下压力指数０．９以上降低到０．２左右。     

新型致密型多孔燃烧固体推进剂

阐述了过去致密型多孔燃烧高燃速、超高燃速固体推进剂（简称致密型多孔燃烧固体推进剂）的设想及随后发现的国内外与之类似的有关实验现象。分析了这种推进剂能提高燃速的机理。指出致密型多孔燃烧固体推进剂具有常规和多孔推进剂的几乎所有优点，是一种具有强生命力的新型推进剂。     

Combustion Effects of Nitrofulleropyrrolidine on RDX‐CMDB Propellants

The effect of N‐methyl‐2‐(3‐nitrophenyl)pyrrolidino[3′,4′:1,2]fullerene (mNPF) on the decomposition characteristics of hexogen (RDX) was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that mNPF can accelerate the decomposition of RDX, the peak temperature (T_p) of the exothermal decomposition is reduced by 6.4 K, and the corresponding apparent activation energy (E_a) is decreased by 8.7 kJ mol⁻¹. N‐methyl‐2‐(3‐nitrophenyl)pyrrolidino[3′,4′:1,2]fullerene (mNPF), carbon black (CB), and C₆₀ were used as combustion catalysts to improve the combustion performance of a composite modified double‐base propellant containing RDX (RDX‐CMDB). The burning rate experimental results show that mNPF has a stronger catalytic effect than C₆₀ and CB. The magnitude of the effect of the three carbon substances on the enhancement of the burning rate is as follows: mNPF>C₆₀>CB. The catalytic effects of different contents of mNPF on the burning rates of RDX‐CMDB propellants were also studied, and the results show that the burning rates of RDX‐CMDB propellants are improved with increasing mNPF content. The plateau burning rate of a RDX‐CMDB propellant can be increased to 19.6 mm s⁻¹ when 1.0 % mNPF is added, and the corresponding plateau combustion region occurs at 8–22 MPa.     

Ammonium perchlorate-based composite solid propellant formulations with plateau burning rate trends

This paper presents burning rates as a function of pressure of several propellant formulations based on ammonium perchlorate (AP) and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene cured by isophorone diisocyanate, many of which exhibit significantly low (nearly zero or negative) values of the pressure exponent of the burning rate in distinct pressure ranges, termed as plateau burning rate trends. The propellants contain a bimodal distribution of AP particles with the size of the coarse and fine particles within narrow ranges whose mean values are widely separated. Two mean sizes of fine particles were considered for the propellant formulations in the present work, namely, 5 and 20 μm. These choices are based on the mid-pressure extinction behavior exhibited by the matrix of fine AP and binder contained in the propellants but when tested alone over a wide range of fine AP size and pressure. The propellants that include the fine AP/binder matrixes exhibiting a mid-pressure extinction, in turn, exhibit the plateau burning rate trends within the corresponding pressure ranges. A plateau is also observed at elevated pressures in the burning rates of some formulations, which is related to the diminishing relative importance of the near-surface leading-edge region of the oxidizer/fuel diffusion flame in the gas-phase combustion zone. The choice of the coarse AP size influences the exact pressure range within the mid-pressure extinction domain of the matrix where the propellant exhibits the plateau burning rate trends. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 73–81, July–August, 2007.     

纳米催化剂对双基系推进剂燃烧性能的影响

研究了10种不同纳米催化剂对双基或RDX—CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响,发现经表面处理的纳米复合物(n—TPCC)是一种非常有效的纳米催化剂,它使得双基推进剂在6～10MPa呈现麦撤燃烧特征,8～IOMPa的压力指数为-0．867;改进n—TPCC加入方法后,可显著提高n—TPCC在低压下的催化效率;在RDX—CMDB推进剂中,n—TPCC与碳黑复合后,其催化效率进一步提高,且使推进剂在12-22MPa出现了一个宽压力范围的平台区,燃速压力指数小于0．3。     

Effect of Voids inside AP Particles on Burning Rate of AP/HTPB Composite Propellant

Bubble contamination in an ammonium perchlorate (AP)‐based composite propellant has a positive effect on the burning rate. However, the quantitative effect of the bubble contamination on the burning rate has never been revealed. In order to clarify the relationship between the increase in the burning rate and the void fraction of the propellant, propellants were prepared with fine porous AP particles (PoAP) or fine hollow AP particles (HoAPs), and their burning rate characteristics were investigated. The voids inside AP particles have the effect of increasing the burning rate. The increase in the burning rate is enhanced linearly as the void fraction increases. The effect of the void fraction on the burning rate for a propellant containing PoAP is not identical with that for a propellant containing HoAP. It was found that the effect of the void fraction on the burning rate could be estimated by the void fraction when the bubble contamination is uniform in size and shape.     

碳物质在固体推进剂中的功能及其作用机理

综述了碳黑（CB）、富勒烯烟炱（FS）、C60（Buckmister Fuller）、碳纤维（CF）及碳纳米管（CNTs）在固体推进剂催化燃烧中的作用、作用规律及作用机理。在双基系推进剂中加入碳黑和C60可富集催化剂,阻滞催化剂凝聚,使双基推进剂产生平台或麦撒效应,推进剂压力指数降低,低压下的燃速大幅度提高。碳纤维改善了推进剂燃烧表面的导热,增加了推进剂基体强度,可提高其燃速,预防复合推进剂的破裂。推进剂中的碳纤维、碳纳米管能加速含能材料的分解,提高推进剂的燃速。展望了固体推进剂中碳物质的发展方向。     

Burning Behavior of Composite Propellant Containing Fine Porous Ammonium Perchlorate

A fine porous ammonium perchlorate (FPAP) was prepared by the spray-drying method. The burning behavior of a propellant containing FPAP was investigated and compared with that of a propellant containing a fine ammonium perchlorate without porosity (FAP), of which the mean diameter was almost the same as that of FPAP. The results are as follows: (1) The burning rate of the propellant containing FPAP increases with increasing FPAP content. (2) When the propellants containing FPAP or FAP have the same composition, the burning rate of the propellant containing FPAP is larger than that of the propellant containing FAP at various pressures. (3) The temperature sensitivity of a propellant containing FAP is relatively constant at various pressures. However the temperature sensitivity of the propellant containing FPAP decreases with increasing pressure. (4) It was found that the differences in the burning behavior of the propellant containing FPAP and the propellant containing FAP are caused by the porosity of FPAP.     

纳米镍粉对Al-CMDB和CL-20-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响

为了研究粒径为50nm的纳米镍粉(nano-Ni)对含Al改性双基(Al-CMDB)推进剂、含六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)改性双基(CL-20-CMDB)推进剂燃烧性能的影响,通过吸收-压延的方法制备了推进剂样品,用靶线法测试了推进剂的燃速,并计算了压强指数。通过电镜扫描、火焰照片、燃烧波、熄火表面形貌及元素分析和DSC分析了纳米镍粉对Al-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能影响的原因。结果表明,在Al-CMDB推进剂中加入nano-Ni可大幅度提高推进剂燃速,降低推进剂的压强指数;当加入质量分数0.7%的nano-Ni时推进剂10MPa的燃速达到35.59mm/s,8~20MPa压强指数从0.43降低至0.17,15~20MPa出现麦撒效应。在CL-20-CMDB推进剂中加入质量分数0.5%的nano-Ni能明显提高推进剂的中低压(4~10MPa)燃速,8~20MPa压强指数约为0.01,15~20MPa出现麦撒效应。     

变燃速发射药的研究进展

综述了变燃速发射药的种类、性能及应用研究现状,指出发射药钝感包覆技术中表面钝感剂与包覆层的分布及迁移控制问题是该技术的关键。管状变燃速发射药由于制备工艺易于实现、能量性能较优而被广泛使用。分析了国内在变燃速发射药的种类、制备工艺及应用等方面存在的差距,并提出了建议。     

含能复合催化剂对微烟推进剂燃烧性能的影响

为研究含能催化剂对微烟推进剂燃烧性能的影响,制备了多种含复合含能催化剂的RDX-CMDB推进剂,利用靶线法测定了推进剂在不同压力下的燃速,并对测试结果进行了线性回归.结果表明,在研究的含能催化剂中,2HDNPPb/2HDNPCu和4HDNPPb/2HDNPCu复合催化剂对推进剂有更好的催化效率和降低压力指数的能力.将含能复合催化剂与单一含能催化剂的催化作用进行比较得出,当催化剂加入量一定时,羟基吡啶铅盐、铜盐复合使用比单一的铅盐或铜盐有更好的催化效果.