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1.
The alumina-titania catalysts were prepared from various alumina and titania sources by sol-gel method, which were metal alkoxide and metal alkoxide modified with organic groups. Specific surface area, pore size distribution, solid acidity and catalytic activity of NO reduction for the alumina-titania catalysts depended on the alumina and titania sources. The alumina-titania catalyst prepared from metal alkoxide for alumina source and metal alkoxide modified with organic groups for titania source exhibited higher activity of NO reduction than the other alumina-titania catalysts. Catalytic activity of NO reduction for the alumina-titania catalysts depended on specific surface area and solid acidity. It was suggested that solid acidity of the alumina-titania catalysts depended on the coordination structure of Al atoms and the homogeneity of alumina and titania components.  相似文献   

2.
The one-step spray-drying method was applied in the preparation of liposomes containing drug and cyclodextrin (CD). Spray-dried lecithin liposomes, entrapping metronidazole or verapamil alone or together with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), were characterized for morphology, size distribution, and drug entrapment efficiency. The main factor influencing the liposomal size was the volume of aqueous medium used for hydration of the spray-dried product. No differences in size or entrapment between liposomes prepared by immediate hydration of dried powder or by hydration after 1 year of powder storage at 4°C were observed. All liposomes were tested for their serum stability. The most stable liposomes (still retaining about 10% of the originally entrapped drug even after 24 hr incubation with serum) were liposomes prepared by the direct spray-drying of the mixture of lipid, drug, and HPβCD.  相似文献   

3.
The design of new catalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells must be guided by two equally important fundamental principles: optimization of their catalytic behaviour as well as the long-term stability of the metal catalysts and supports in hostile electrochemical environments. The methods used to improve catalytic activity are diverse, ranging from the alloying and de-alloying of platinum to the synthesis of platinum core-shell catalysts. However, methods to improve the stability of the carbon supports and catalyst nanoparticles are limited, especially during shutdown (when hydrogen is purged from the anode by air) and startup (when air is purged from the anode by hydrogen) conditions when the cathode potential can be pushed up to 1.5 V (ref. 11). Under the latter conditions, stability of the cathode materials is strongly affected (carbon oxidation reaction) by the undesired oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the anode side. This emphasizes the importance of designing selective anode catalysts that can efficiently suppress the ORR while fully preserving the Pt-like activity for the hydrogen oxidation reaction. Here, we demonstrate that chemically modified platinum with a self-assembled monolayer of calix[4]arene molecules meets this challenging requirement.  相似文献   

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We prepared carbon-supported PtCo bimetallic nanoparticles (PtCo/C) as electrode catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathodes in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEFCs) by an electron-beam irradiation reduction method (EBIRM). An EBIRM allows nanoparticles to be easily prepared by the reduction of precursor ions in an aqueous solution irradiated with a high-energy electron beam. The structures of PtCo/C were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and the techniques of X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption near edge structure. It found for the first time that both PtCo alloy and Co oxide were prepared simultaneously on the carbon support by an EBIRM. The catalytic activity and durability of PtCo/C were evaluated by linear-sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. The addition of Co to Pt/C not only enhanced the catalytic activity for the ORR but also improved the catalytic durability. As the Co concentration increased, both behaviors became pronounced. These improvements are explained by the effects of both PtCo alloy and Co oxide. We demonstrated that an EBIRM can not only synthesize the alloy and oxide simultaneously on the carbon support but also mass-produce the electrode catalysts for PEFC cathodes.  相似文献   

8.
Spherical nickel powders with the very smooth surface and the uniform size of 300 nm have been manufactured by the chemical reduction and post-treatment technique. The adsorption isotherms of various water-soluble polymers on nickel powders were measured, and their effects on the dispersion stability were investigated. The adsorption amounts of polymers such as PVP (polyvinyl pyrrolidone), PMAA (polymethacrylic acid), and PAAm (polyacrylamide) on nickel powders could be successfully determined by the UV-absorbance analysis technique. Simultaneously, the dispersion stability of nickel powders in the polymer solution was evaluated in terms of the sedimentation behavior and relative coagulation rate. These results showed that the polymers such as PAAm and PVP (Mwt. 1,300,000) were found to be very effective for stabilizing the aqueous nickel dispersion system, and consequently, the coagulation rate of nickel powders in the PAAm solution was almost 100 times slower than that in pure water.  相似文献   

9.
A new method of chemical deposition consisting of the formation of thin films of a substance at the interface of a solution and a gas was used to form thin films of semiconducting and photoconducting CdS. The structural, electrical and optical properties of these films were studied. A special feature is the cubic zinc-blende structure of the films. A possible explanation for the optical and electrical properties of these films is given.  相似文献   

10.
A versatile one-step pyrolysis method is successfully employed to fabricate hollow carbon nanospheres (HCNs, ca. 60 nm in diameter) supported with metallic nanoparticle catalyst. The resultant catalyst hybrid was characterized by using TEM, FTIR, TGA measurements. It is confirmed that, as the carbon precursor and hollow core/shell structure template, hollow chitosan nanospheres provide the important adsorption sites for the metallic precursor. The one-step pyrolysis process at 750 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere results in the simultaneous decomposition of the chitosan nanospheres to HCNs and the adsorbed metal salt complex to metallic nanoparticles. It is found that metallic nanoparticles with an average diameter of ca. 4 nm highly dispersed in the carbon shell of HCNs, and no aggregation phenomenon occurs under the high deposition temperature. As a demonstration, the HCNs-supported Pt catalyst for the electrochemical methanol oxidation was studied.  相似文献   

11.
Platinum nanoparticles and nanowires have been synthesized inside zeolite mordenite using a solid-state reduction method. Tetrammine platinum nitrate was introduced into the pores via incipient wetness impregnation and it was reduced using powder sodium borohydride. With this method it was possible to obtain single crystal nanowires along the edges of the zeolite particle. The molar ratio of the reducing agent to platinum atoms was a critical parameter for the formation of either uniform nanoparticles or nanowires. Using a regular aqueous sodium borohydride solution reduction it was not possible to obtain nanowires in this zeolite. To the best of the author's knowledge this is the first time sodium borohydride in its solid form is used as a reducing agent to form nanostructures and this is also the first time a solid-state method is used to form nanostructures in a zeolite.  相似文献   

12.
The influence of the deposition conditions on the structural features and electrochromic properties of nickel oxide (NiO) films prepared by chemical vapor deposition has been investigated. NiO films have been prepared on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates from nickel-acetylacetonate precursor and their electrochromic properties have been studied by cyclic voltammetry in a 0.1 M KOH solution at room temperature. Films exhibiting only the NiO phase were obtained at deposition temperatures higher than 450 degrees C in a wide range of reactor pressures (0.13 to 66.6 kPa). Particularly, NiO films prepared at 500-550 degrees C from 0.13 to 53.3 kPa are transparent in nature and exhibit a crystallite size varying from 10 to 60 nm. An appreciable anodic electrochromic change from transparent to black coloured resulted from a very porous surface morphology and film thickness of about 3.5 microm. The electrochromic change was maintained over 3000 switching cycles. Nanostructured 3.5 microm-thick NiO films showed a maximum difference in optical transmittance of about 40% in the near-infrared region. These results make the nanostructured NiO films comparables with those prepared by other deposition techniques.  相似文献   

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A novel approach for synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles is reported by separation of nucleation and growth. The nano-material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analyses. Optical analysis of mono-dispersed nanostructure copper oxide by UV–Vis diffused reflectance spectroscopy showed the band gap value of 1.47 eV with a blue-shift in the optical band gap due to quantum confinement effect. The dynamic light scattering and zeta potential results showed fairly narrow size distribution and colloidal stability. The results showed that nano-particles were mono-dispersed spheres of 8 nm with no aggregation. Cell viability of treated murine fibroblast cell line (L-929) treated by different concentrations of nanoparticles showed significant viability up to 96% at concentrations 15 and 30 μg ml?1. The nanoparticles exhibited outstanding and stable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 at 30 µg ml?1. The viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the L-929 cell line indicated that the nanoparticles were not toxic at the concentrations which were effective on bacteria. ROS analysis using DCFH-DA probe on L-929 were exposed to 7.5–60 μg ml?1 of copper oxide nanoparticles in 6 h revealed ROS generation was decreased dramatically compare to the untreated cells and positive control.  相似文献   

15.
Improvement of proton conductivity of solid electrolyte films needs to form three-dimensional proton conduction paths by controlling the pore size and the pore structure between particles in particle films. A particle assemble method using electrophoretic deposition technique is useful for speedy and mass production assembly. In the electrophoretic deposition method, structure of particle array can be controlled by the electric field.As a result, the proton conductivity of the film showed a higher value for the regularly-arranged particle film and it is increased with a decrease in particle diameter. The proton conductivity of the film with the particles of diameter 50 nm had the highest value. The particle film with the well-controlled structure may enable the fuel cell to be operated in the middle temperature range.  相似文献   

16.
Three different agitator geometries for a dry stirred media mill with a horizontal drum were studied experimentally and by DEM (discrete element method) simulation. Two optimized models, model A with stirring arms oriented in the same direction and model B with inclined stirring arms, achieved more rapid grinding with the lower adhesion of particles to the mill than the conventional stirring arms. Model A achieved the finest grinding with sharpest particle distribution.DEM simulation results suggested that rapid mixing, large collision energy, and a large number of collisions result in rapid grinding. DEM simulations of model A confirmed that the particle collision energy in this model was the highest of the models tested and resulted in the largest energy consumption and the largest temperature increase. In model B, DEM simulation results suggested that collision energy increased locally at the wall and resulted in a local temperature increase at the shaft. The high number of collisions in model B also resulted in rapid grinding but with a broad particle distribution. The decrease of the particle adhesion in models A and B was caused by a decrease in the collision energy between particles and the wall in the normal direction.  相似文献   

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Montmorillonite (MMT)/organo-soluble polyimide (PI) hybrids were prepared using a one-step approach. The organo-modified MMT was dispersed in a solution of diphenylether-3, 34,4-tetracarboxylic dianhydride and 4,4-diamino-3,3-dimethyldiphenylmethane. The solution polycondensation followed by a direct solution imidization at 180 °C resulted in MMT/PI hybrid solutions. From wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results, the MMT is basically exfoliated in the hybrid films cast from the solutions when the MMT content is below 5 wt%. Further increase in the MMT content leads to severe aggregation. The properties of a MMT/PI hybrid are significantly dependent upon the MMT content. When the MMT content is below 6 wt%, the introduction of the MMT leads to strengthening and toughening to the PI matrix at the same time. The introduction of the MMT also results in improved thermal stability, marked decrease in coefficient of thermal expansion, slight increase in glass transition temperature and increase in modulus.  相似文献   

18.
With the aim of applying to a soft magnetic underlayer of the double-layered perpendicular magnetic recording media, an Fe74.9B17.5Si2.5Nb5.1 alloy thin film was fabricated on Si substrate by a pulsed laser deposition method. The Fe-based alloy thin film of 200 nm in thickness was confirmed as a glassy structure. The thermal properties of the thin film have similar features to those for the melt-spun glassy alloy ribbon. The glassy alloy thin film exhibits good soft magnetic properties, i.e., high Bs of 1.2 T and in-plane low Hc of 134 A/m. The Fe-B-Si-Nb glassy alloy thin film is expected to be suitable for the soft magnetic underlayer material in the double-layered perpendicular magnetic recording media.  相似文献   

19.
With the objective to prepare electrocatalysts with high efficiency, the Pt-Ru@PPy-MWNT catalysts were prepared by different approaches. First, the polypyrrole (PPy) as anchoring materials was coated on the surface of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) by in situ polymerization. Subsequently, Pt-Ru nanoparticles were deposited onto PPy-MWNT composite by different methods like the reduction of metal ions by gamma-irradiation and chemical reduction using formaldehyde as reducing agent assisted with stirring of magnetic bar, and assisted with microwave irradiation, and assisted with ultrasonic irradiation, in order to prepare electrocatalyst for fuel cell. The catalytic efficiency of Pt-Ru@PPy-MWNT catalyst was examined for CO stripping.  相似文献   

20.
电化学制备Ba1-xSrxWO4薄膜的工艺研究及分析表征   总被引:6,自引:4,他引:6  
采用恒电流技术直接在金属钨片上制备了白钨矿结构的Ba1-xSrxWO4晶态薄膜;讨论了电流密度、酸度、温度、电解液浓度等工艺条件对薄膜形成的影响。采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析了薄膜的晶相;扫描电镜(SEM)研究了薄膜的表面形貌;X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了薄膜的成分与价态。研究结果表明,通过控制上述工艺条件可以控制沉积薄膜的质量;在室温附近、较低的电流密度、pH值在12~13范围内时,能够制备出结晶良好、表面均匀的Ba1-xSrxWO4固溶体薄膜。  相似文献   

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