浮放花瓶动力反应机理与振动台试验研究

浮放非结构构件在地震作用下遭到破坏的案例时常发生。浮放花瓶是一种常见的馆藏文物及装饰摆件,在动力作用下,浮放花瓶理论的基础运动模式有4种,即相对静止、相对滑移、摇摆、摇摆伴随滑移。这四种运动模式的产生与浮放非结构构件自身属性(高宽比、重心位置等)、接触面摩擦系数以及地震动特性(波形峰值、频率等)等因素密切相关。该文针对浮放在大理石地面的花瓶,采用慢速推拉的方法测得了花瓶底部与大理石表面间的摩擦系数。选取了4条具有代表意义的波形,即2条天然波和2条人工波开展振动台试验。试验结果表明:花瓶的运动模式与输入加速度峰值和接触面摩擦系数有密切的关系,加速度峰值越高,地震反应越大;并且,在人工波作用下花瓶的地震反应比El Centro波作用下的大。从试验中注意到,花瓶运动时重心处加速度与重力加速度的比值和动摩擦系数相等,试验结果与理论分析结果基本吻合。     

滚动碰撞式调制质量阻尼器力学模型及参数分析

滚动碰撞式调制质量阻尼器(PTRMD)由调谐质量阻尼器及颗粒阻尼器发展而来,其在土木工程减振控制领域中的研究仍处于初步分析与探索阶段,阻尼器自身参数及外部激励条件对其减振性能的影响尚不明确。在考虑颗粒与主体结构碰撞和摩擦效应的基础上,建立PTRMD力学模型,并将颗粒和结构的振动过程划分为非碰撞过程、碰撞过程及黏滞振动过程;建立PTRMD-单自由度结构运动微分方程并分别对其进行求解;基于数值仿真分析方法,分别对碰撞间隙比、颗粒运动频率比、滚动摩擦因数、碰撞恢复系数、颗粒质量与简谐激励强度及频率等参数对PTRMD减振性能的影响进行研究。结果表明:颗粒运动频率比较小时,PTRMD减振效果随碰撞间隙比的增加而基本成线性增加,且受激励幅值的影响较小;当颗粒运动频率比较大时,其减振效果随碰撞间距比的增加先增大后减小,且受激励幅值影响较大。     

基于指数摩擦力模型滑移隔震结构的动力特性

基于指数摩擦力模型,本文利用预估校正的数值积分方法计算滑移隔震结构的动力响应,分析了地面谐运动下结构的加速度传递率及基底滑移率随频率比的变化规律,并发现滑移隔振结构的振动有振幅跳跃、基底爬行等非线性动力特征。     

基础摩擦滑移隔震结构起滑加速度研究EI北大核心CSCD

起滑条件是影响滑移隔震结构动力响应特性的重要参数,也是滑移隔震结构性能化设计研究的理论基础。采用两自由度模型模拟滑移隔震结构,基于动力时程分析方法,分析了隔震结构参数(包括自振周期、质量比和摩擦系数)和地震动参数(包括反应谱特征周期和近断层地震动脉冲)对隔震结构起滑加速度的影响。结果表明:结构参数比地震动参数对起滑加速度的影响更明显。隔震结构的起滑加速度-自振周期曲线分为下降、水平、上升和先上升后水平4段。所选地震动集激励下,当自振周期小于1.4 s时,相同自振周期结构的起滑加速度随质量比的增大而减小;大于7.8 s时,起滑加速度随质量比的增大而增大。起滑加速度随摩擦系数的增加而等比例增大。基于分析结果,采用分段拟合方法建立了起滑加速度计算公式,公式计算结果和多自由度结构算例的时程分析结果吻合良好。研究成果可为滑移隔震结构的起滑条件研究和结构设计提供参考。     

On the rocking-uplifting motion of a rigid block in free and forced motion: influence of sliding and bouncing

Summary The problem of rocking response of a rigid block in free and forced motion has been studied for a number of technical reasons. Apart from the technical interests, the problem of rigid block rocking is intrinsically of interest from a theoretical point of view. In fact, the problem is highly nonlinear in nature.Aim of this paper is to study the contact-impact problem of a rigid block colliding on a frictional base, by means of a numerical simulation, and to compare numerical results with analytical responses known from the literature.The influence of sliding and bouncing on the orbit type and stability is analyzed by a 3-DOF model of the system and by a new refined model of the contact forces between block and base. Furthermore, attention has been paid to two-dimensional free motion of the block with three degrees of freedom. Refined analytical stress-strain relations in either normal and tangential directions with respect to the contact surfaces are formulated which allow to account for (i) up-lifting and hysteretic damping in normal direction, (ii) coupling between shear strength and compression force, friction dissipation and cumulating damage in tangential direction.     

地震作用下刚体滑动位移的计算与比较——基于Coulomb摩擦模型

首先对滑动干摩擦模型的研究现状进行了系统的论述。推导了基于Coulomb摩擦模型时刚体在简谐地面运动时滑动位移的解析方程;讨论了滑动状态与粘结状态过渡时刻的求解精度对刚体与地面相对位移的影响;对基于摩擦力－位移模型和基于Coulomb摩擦模型下刚体在简谐地面运动作用下滑动位移的差异进行了对比。然后采用Newmark线性加速度法推导了基于Coulomb摩擦模型刚体在任一地震加速度作用下滑动位移的数值求解方法;对比了基于摩擦力－位移模型和基于Coulomb摩擦模型下刚体在任一地面运动作用下滑动位移的差异。     

低频大摆幅基础运动对滑动轴承-转子系统动力学特性的影响

考虑了低频大摆幅基础运动及转子在轴瓦内倾斜而产生的非线性油膜力矩等因素,基于拉格朗日方程建立了滑动轴承-转子系统的动力学模型。采用数值方法研究了基础运动对该系统非线性动力学特性的影响。结果表明:转子系统第一次失稳后其动力学分岔特性出现复杂的上下两支拟周期运动,并且第二次出现失稳的转速有所提高;在转子转速较高时,转子的振幅急剧增大,且在拟周期阶段就已经碰触轴瓦内壁而未能过渡到混沌状态。最后讨论了基础运动的摆动频率和幅值变化对系统动力学特性的影响。上述结论有助于认识低频大摆幅基础运动下滑动轴承-转子系统的运动规律。     

风电齿轮箱两级行星齿轮传动系统的非线性动力学特性

考虑风电齿轮箱两级行星轮系传动系统各齿轮副的时变啮合刚度、综合啮合误差和齿侧间隙等非线性因素的基础上,建立了广义坐标下增速齿轮箱两级行星齿轮传动系统的动力学模型,采用变步长Gill积分法对该模型进行求解;采用分岔图、相图、FFT频谱图、poincaré截面图及最大Lyapunov指数图分析了激励频率和啮合阻尼比对系统振动响应及分岔特性的影响。结果表明:系统在多种非线性因素的耦合作用下会表现出丰富的非线性动力学行为,随着激励频率的增大,系统在混沌运动、拟周期运动和倍周期运动之间切换和变化,且退出混沌的方式多为倒分岔;在保证系统传动效率的前提下适当提高系统的啮合阻尼比,能够明显弱化和抑制系统的混沌运动,减小其振动幅度,对提高系统的稳定性具有一定的作用。     

浮放运输货物在冲击载荷下倾覆风险研究

目的 对浮放运输货物在车辆冲击载荷下摇摆特性进行分析和其倾覆风险评价。方法 将浮放运输的货物或包装件简化为刚性质量块,载运车辆建模为具有一定水平加速度载荷的刚性支座,推导出刚性质量块在加速度载荷下的摇摆运动控制方程,通过试验设计测取车辆减速制动工况下冲击载荷波形,建立冲击载荷波数学表达式,采用理论分析方法在近似线性化范围内分析冲击载荷下刚性质量块的动态摇摆特性与倾覆风险。结果 刚性质量块在正向加速度载荷下进入摇摆,响应初始摇摆角度小于0并且倾覆是发生在自由振动状态下;绘制了刚性质量块在半正弦波冲击载荷下最小倾覆加速度频谱,存在一条边界线将频谱划分为安全区和倾覆区;刚性质量块的宽高比和稳定性呈正相关。结论 通过转变为刚性质量块摇摆响应系统问题线性近似研究了浮放运输货物的摇摆特性和倾覆风险。     

Stiff and soft active control of friction by vibrations and their energy efficiency

The present paper builds upon the results of two recent theoretical studies on the influence of friction by normal and sideways oscillations. The findings are in part rewritten to a more compact and dimensionless form so as to present the results for both oscillation modes side by side in a consistent manner. Thereby, it is shown that for the considered system the macroscopic coefficient of friction is only a function of a dimensionless sliding velocity and a dimensionless oscillation amplitude. Furthermore, the energy efficiency is characterized for both modes for the first time by comparing the total energy needed for a sliding motion which includes the superimposed oscillations with the energy needed for the same sliding motion without the additional oscillations. It is shown that this ratio is also only a function of the two dimensionless system parameters. We consider a simple one-spring model in a displacement-controlled setting. Any system-dynamical feedback is neglected. The lower end of the spring either slides, sticks or jumps on a rigid plane. In the case of normal oscillations, the macroscopic coefficient of friction can be reduced only when the contact point undergoes a stick-slip motion (“stiff control of friction”) whereas with sideways oscillations the macroscopic coefficient of friction can be reduced also when the contact point is continuously sliding (“soft control of friction”). It is found that the motion with superimposed sideways oscillations requires more energy for any combination of system parameters, than the corresponding motion without the oscillations. For the case of normal oscillations however, there are combinations of system parameters for which the motion with the superimposed oscillations requires less, the same, or more energy than for the reference case without the oscillations.     

破碎波冲击作用下沉箱式防波堤振动—摇摆运动分析

文中建立了沉箱式防波堤弹性振动－摇摆运动分析模型,可对破碎冲击作用下防波堤的弹性振动－摇摆运动过程进行数值模拟。研究了摇摆运动对防波堤位移、转角、滑移力和倾覆力距的影响。结果表明,当倾覆力距大于防波堤的稳定力矩时,防波堤并不一定发生倾倒破坏;只有当防波堤摇摆运动转角大于倾倒的临界角时,防波堤才会发生倾倒破坏。而且摇摆运动可有效减小防波堤的滑移力和倾覆力矩。故在极限设计破碎波浪条件下可考虑允许防波堤出现摇摆运动,以实现更为经济的结构设计。     

Characterization of two friction interfaces for use in seismic damper applications

This paper describes an experimental research program on the friction interface characteristics for a new type of friction damper for use in seismic building applications. Two friction interface types (leaded-bronze against stainless steel and leaded-bronze against alloy cast steel) are subjected to a series of triangular and sinusoidal displacement loading waveforms. The test parameters include the loading frequency, displacement amplitude, number of cycles, and normal force applied on the friction interface. The experiments show that the dampers can provide predictable and consistent levels of energy dissipation that is largely independent of excitation displacement, frequency, and velocity for the ranges expected to occur during an earthquake. The results are used to determine the coefficient of friction for the dampers and to verify an analytical model for friction-damped precast concrete frame buildings.     

Rocking instability of a pulled suitcase with two wheels

Summary Rocking motions of a two-wheeled suitcase are considered. The suitcase is pulled on a horizontal ground and may rock back and forth, first with one wheel in contact with the ground, then the other, and so on. When a wheel impacts the ground, some energy is lost. It is assumed that the puller's walking motion induces a periodic force or moment on the handle of the suitcase. In addition, the puller may apply an additional restoring moment in an attempt to suppress the rocking motion. Under certain conditions, the motion may grow until the suitcase overturns. The effects of the excitation frequency and the coefficient of the restoring moment on the critical excitation amplitude are examined for the special case in which yaw and pitch motions are neglected and the suitcase is pulled in a straight line. Due to the nonlinearities of the problem, the results exhibit some irregular behavior.     

Investigation of the atomic-scale friction and energy dissipation in diamond using molecular dynamics

We have used molecular dynamics simulations to examine friction when two diamond (111) surfaces are placed in sliding contact. The essence of atomic-scale friction was shown to be the mechanical excitation (in the form of vibrational and rotational energy) of the interface lattice layers upon sliding. This excitation was propagated to the rest of the lattice, and eventually dissipated as heat. In general, this excitation increases with increasing applied load; therefore, the atomic-scale friction also increases with load. Flexible hydrocarbon species, chemically bound to the diamond surface, can lead to a significant reduction of mechanical excitation upon sliding at high loads, leading to lower friction. In addition to clarifying the effects of chemically-bound hydrocarbon groups on atomic-scale friction at diamond interfaces, these simulations might also yield insight into more complicated systems, e.g. Langmuir-Blodgett films, and aid in the design of low-friction coatings.     

温度场中简谐激励斜梁的1/3次亚谐共振分析

以温度场中简谐激励斜梁的非线性振动方程为研究对象,应用多尺度法,求得非线性振动系统1/3次亚谐共振的一次近似解。对该解进行数值计算,分析温度、激励、几何尺寸等参数对1/3次亚谐共振幅频响应曲线的影响。随着初始温度和激励幅值的增加,1/3次亚谐共振的振幅和共振区增大。随着温度影响系数和长高比的增加,1/3 亚谐共振的振幅和共振区减小。     

一类无足自驱动系统的运动特性分析

建立了一类简谐激励作用下、两自由度含干摩擦无足自驱动系统的力学模型,描述并分析了系统的运动特性,得到了系统参数选择的最佳范围。研究发现:在低频区,随着激励频率ω的减小,擦边分岔诱导系统碰撞次数逐渐增加,直至颤振序列;在高频区,系统存在混沌运动。在一个完整周期内,基体的运动由黏滞、正向驱进和负向驱进三种中的一种或多种组成;系统平均驱进速度■对激励频率ω和质量比μ_m的变化较敏感,摩擦比f、间隙δ、刚度比μ_k对系统的影响相对较小,质量比μ_m的最佳选择范围为[0.4,0.8];系统正向和负向驱进的最大平均速度出现在低频区和质量比较小时;在高频区,基体趋于黏滞状态。该研究结果和方法,可为无足自驱动系统的设计及参数优化提供相应的理论依据。     

浸没式参数激励摆波能转换装置能量俘获特性研究

引入参数激励摆的非线性机制,应用于波浪能发电装置,并根据实际波浪低频、低幅值激励特性,提出浸没式单摆波能转换装置,研究其在规则波中的能量俘获情况。基于势流理论,针对垂荡运动,建立非线性运动方程,进行数值求解,分析摆球质量比、激励频率、幅值和系统阻尼对能量俘获效率的影响,并与空气中单摆的能量俘获效率进行对比。结果表明:合理选取质量比,可降低浸没式参数激励摆固有频率;与空气中单摆相比,浸没式参数激励摆在低频、小振幅的波浪激励环境下,俘获能量频谱带宽更宽,发电功率更高。     

Nonlinear dynamics of a sliding beam on two supports under sinusoidal excitation

This study deals with the nonlinear dynamics associated with large deformation of abeam sliding on two-knife edge supports under external excitation. The beam is referred to as a Gospodnetic-Frisch-Fay beam, after the researchers who reported its static deformation in closed form. The freedom of the beam to slide on its supports imparts a nonlinear characteristic to the force-deflection response. The restoring elastic force of the beam possesses characteristics similar to those of the roll-restoring moment of ships. The Gospodnetic-Frisch-Fay exact solution is given in terms of elliptic functions. A curve fit of the exact solution up to eleventhorder is constructed to establish the governing equation of motion under external excitation. The dynamic stability of the unperturbed beam is examined for the damped and undamped cases. The undamped case reveals periodic orbits and one homoclinic orbit depending on the value of the initial conditions. The response to a sinusoidal excitation at a frequency below the linear natural frequency is numerically estimated for different excitation amplitude and different values of initial conditions covered by the area of the homoclinic orbit. The safe basins of attraction are plotted for different values of excitation amplitude. It is found that the safe region of operation is reduced as the excitation amplitude increases This paper is dedicated to Prof R N Iyengar of the Indian Institute of Science on the occasion of his formal retirement.     

Effects of sliding kinematics and normal load on the tribological behavior of metal/polymer contact

Wear and friction simulator with metal cylinder on flat polymer was developed to analyze the tribological behavior of tibial insert used in Total Knee Replacement (TKR). For the kinematics, flexion/extension motion (F/E) was applied to the metal cylinder and anterior/posterior translation (A/P) was applied to the flat polymer. Tests were first carried out with polymethylmethacrylate polymer (PMMA) for which the tribological behavior has been well developed. High density polyethylene (HDPE) was also characterized. In fact HDPE has been firstly used in the tibial insert before the use of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Sinusoidal motions were considered for the F/E and A/P with 8.185 and 5 mm amplitude respectively. F/E and A/P motions were generated separately under a constant applied normal load and 1 Hz frequency. For each test condition, the damage of polymer surfaces was analyzed by following the evolution with the cycle numbers of the friction coefficient, the surface roughness and the micrograph of the wear scar. Whatever the sliding kinematics is, the initial average value of the friction coefficient measured is 0.3 for the steel/PMMA contact and 0.07 for the steel/HDPE contact. These values are similar to those presented in the literature. Specific tribological behavior, which present direct dependence on the sliding kinematics, was identified for each steel/polymer contact.     

基础简谐激励下匀速旋转运动电流变夹层梁的振动稳定性

摘 要：建立了基础激励和定轴转动联合作用时电流变夹层梁的运动微分方程,着重研究了基础简谐激励和匀速旋转运动作用时电流变夹层梁的振动稳定性。采用多尺度法获得了梁的一次近似解析解和参激振动失稳的条件。通过对电流变夹层梁在不同激励参数、控制电场和旋转角速度时的振动响应时间历程曲线和对应相图的数值分析,探讨了电场作用下电流变夹层梁的参激振动稳定性。仿真结果表明,在一定的条件下,可以通过控制作用于电流变夹层梁的电场强度来改变系统出现运动不稳定的临界激励幅值,提高结构的动力稳定性。