考虑粘结层滑移效应的组合梁弯曲

针对粘结型组合梁,在粘结层仅沿轴向剪切变形的假定下,给出了组合梁大挠度弯曲的一般非线性控制方程,指出仅在一阶近似下,组合梁子梁的轴线挠度相等.其次,在Euler-Bernoulli 梁变形的条件下,通过线性化方法,由上述非线性控制方程得到以挠度和轴向位移为基本未知量的组合梁线性弯曲耦合控制方程,该耦合方程组可分别退化为经典组合梁和叠梁的控制方程.最后,分析了悬臂组合梁在端部集中力作用下的线性弯曲,得到了问题的解析解,给出了不同梁长下组合梁自由端挠度、粘结层滑移位移和剪切应力等随粘结层剪切模量和厚度的变化曲线,进行了参数分析,结果表明:粘结层厚度和剪切模量对组合梁挠度和粘结层滑移有较为显著的影响,而对粘结层剪力影响很小.     

Deflection of thick beams of multimodular materials

A transfer-matrix analysis is presented for determining the static behaviour of thick beams of ‘multimodular materials’ (i.e. materials which have different elastic behaviour in tension and compression, with nonlinear stress–strain curves approximated as piecewise linear, with four or more segments). To validate the transfer-matrix method results, a closed-form solution is also presented for cases in which the neutral-surface location is constant along the beam axis. Numerical results for axial displacement, transverse deflection, bending slope, bending moment, transverse shear, axial force and location of neutral surface are presented for multimodular and bimodular models of unidirectional aramid cordrubber. The transfer-matrix method results agree very well with the closed-form solutions.     

考虑水平摩阻效应的土工格室加筋体受力分析

视土工格室加筋体为置于Winkler弹性地基上的连续有限长梁,考虑荷载作用下格室体与其上下表面土体之间摩阻力影响,基于传统的弹性地基梁理论,建立出相应的格室加筋体挠曲变形控制微分方程。引入Galerkin法,导出具有对称荷载作用下格室加筋体的挠曲变形、转角、剪力及弯矩的非线性解析解。进而进一步分析探讨了格室体与土体之间的摩阻效应对土工格室加筋体内力及位移的影响。结果表明:水平摩阻效应对土工格室加筋体内力及位移有一定程度的影响。     

剪切可变形梁热过屈曲解析解

该文导出了面内热载荷作用下,梁过屈曲问题的精确解。首先基于非线性一阶剪切变形梁理论,推导了控制轴向和横向变形的基本方程。然后,将3 个非线性方程化简为一个关于横向挠度的四阶非线性积分-微分方程。该方程与相应的边界条件构成了微分特征值问题。直接求解该问题,得到了热过屈曲构形的闭合解,这个解是外加热载荷的函数。利用精确解,得到了临界屈曲载荷的一阶结果与经典结果的解析关系。为考察热载荷、横向剪切变形以及边界条件的影响,根据得到的精确解给出了两端固定、两端简支以及一端固定一端简支边界条件下的具体数值算例,讨论了梁在面内热载荷作用下的过屈曲行为,并与经典结果进行了比较。该文得到的精确解可以用于验证或改进各类近似理论和数值方法。     

Influence of surface effects on the pull-in instability of NEMS electrostatic switches

The influence of surface effects, including residual surface stress and surface elasticity, on the pull-in instability of electrostatic switches in nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) is studied using an Euler-Bernoulli beam model. This model is inherently nonlinear due to the driving electrostatic force and Casimir force which become dominant at the nanoscale. Since no exact solutions are available for the resulting nonlinear differential equation, He's homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is used to get the approximate analytical solutions to the static bending of NEMS switches, which are validated by numerical solutions of the finite difference method (FDM). The results demonstrate that surface effects play a significant role in the selection of basic design parameters of NEMS switches, such as static deflection, pull-in voltage and detachment length. Surface effects on low-voltage actuation windows are also characterized for these switches. The present study is envisaged to provide useful insights for the design of NEMS switches.     

On approximate solutions for the deformation of plane anisotropic beams

Plane deformation of anisotropic beams with narrow rectangular cross sections exhibits coupling of stretching, bending and transverse shearing. For anisotropic cantilever beams with a stiff end-cap under end forces and an end couple, assessments were made for approximate solutions by comparing these with numerically exact finite element (FE) solutions. Specific attention is given to point-wise or approximate satisfaction of the end-fixity conditions. As approximate methodologies, (i) the elementary polynomial form of Airy's stress function for the plane stress problem in a rectangular region, (ii) a Timoshenko-type beam theory, and (iii) the Bernoulli-Euler beam theory were selected. Among these, only the polynomial form of Airy's stress function violates the point-wise end-fixity conditions. Both the polynomial Airy stress function and the Timoshenko-type beam theory successfully model the effects of transverse shear deformation and the coupling of stretching and transverse deflection. Analytical solutions demonstrate that the normal shear coupling effect increases linearly with the thickness-to-span ratios in axial normal stress and axial displacement, while the coupling manifests quadratically in transverse displacement. The comparison of end displacements with the numerically exact FE solutions indicates that the polynomial form of Airy's stress function is no better than the Timoshenko-type beam theory. Similar conclusions were reached for the problem of uniformly loaded cantilever beams. It has been found that the accurate prediction of the deformation of thick anisotropic beams with significant normal-shear coupling requires the use of higher order theories.     

Analytical solutions for coupled tension-bending of nanobeam-columns considering nonlocal size effects

Considering nanoscale size effects and based on the nonlocal elastic stress theory, this paper presents an analytical analysis with closed-form solutions for coupled tension and bending of nanobeam-columns subject to transverse loads and an axial force. Unlike previous studies where many nanomechanical models do not yield analytical solutions and hence the size effects are studied by molecular dynamics simulation or other numerical means, the nonlocal nanoscale effects at molecular level unavailable in classical mechanics are investigated analytically here and first-known closed-form analytical solutions are presented. New higher-order differential governing equations in both transverse and axial directions and the corresponding higher-order nonlocal boundary conditions for bending and tension of nanobeam-columns are derived based on the variational principle approach. Closed-form analytical solutions for deformation and tension are presented and their physical significance examined. Examples conclude that the nonlocal stress tends to significantly increase the stiffness of a nanobeam-column, which are contradictory to the current belief using the nonlocal analysis that structural stiffness should be reduced but consistent with many non-nonlocal analyses including the strain gradient and couple stress theories that stiffness should be enhanced. The relationship between bending deflection, axial tension and nanoscale is presented, and also its significance on stiffness enhancement with respect to the design of nanoelectromechanical systems.     

几何参数表达的压杆挠曲线方程的解析与应用

几何参数表达的压杆挠曲线方程可以由二力杆弯曲平衡的欧拉曲线与二力杆的直线平衡状态下的变形表达式叠加而成。与挠曲线的叠加相对应,压杆的荷载也可以分解为分别作用在二力杆上的轴力与弯矩的组合及轴力与剪力的组合。将上述解析原理及压杆挠曲线方程应用到几何非线性分析和屈曲问题中,定义为解析方法,是对几何非线性问题提出的一种新解法。该文给出了解析方法的应用实例,说明无剪力条件下可以获得简洁公式。     

平行导线间轴向运动导电梁主-内联合共振EI北大核心CSCD

研究轴向运动导电梁在平行导线产生的磁场环境中的主-内联合共振问题。基于电磁场基本理论和哈密顿原理,导出轴向运动梁在外激励和磁场共同作用下的非线性振动方程。针对一端夹支一端铰支的导电梁,采用多尺度法求解方程,得到非线性方程的近似解析解和幅频响应方程,并对稳态解的稳定性进行了分析。通过算例,得到系统前两阶幅值随频率调谐参数、外激励力、轴向速度、电流强度等参数的变化规律。结果表明:系统发生主-内联合共振时一阶和二阶响应都被激发,且存在不同的多解区域;一阶和二阶幅值的稳态解个数在几个多解区域同步变化,其个数取决于外激励力、运动速度和电流强度值。     

解析型弹性地基Timoshenko梁单元

采用双参数弹性地基模型和Timoshenko深梁模型,建立了弹性地基一般梁挠度控制方程,求解得到了挠度方程解析通解,构建了双参数弹性地基深梁的挠度、截面弯曲转角及剪切角的解析位移形函数。建立了梁模型、梁基模型等两种势能泛函,利用最小势能原理,构造了两个双参数弹性地基深梁单元,给出了单元列式。分析表明:梁模型单元在均布荷载作用下误差为0.221%,非均布荷载作用下误差为0;梁基模型单元在均布荷载作用下误差为0,在两端集中力作用下误差为6.597%,在跨中集中力作用下误差为102.716%;同时,该文提出的双参数Timoshenko梁模型单元不存在剪切闭锁的问题。     

Post-buckling analysis of composite beams: A simple intuitive formulation

Post-buckling analysis of composite beams with axially immovable ends is investigated using an Intuitive formulation. Intuitive formulation uses two parameters namely critical buckling load and axial stretching force developed in the post-buckled domain of composite beam. Geometric nonlinearity of von-Karman type is taken into consideration which accounts for membrane stretching action of the beam. Axial stretching force developed in post-buckled domain of composite beam is evaluated by using an axial governing equation and is expressed either in terms of lateral displacement function as an integrated value, or as a function of both axial and lateral displacement functions at any discrete location of the beam. The available expressions of critical buckling load and derived expressions of axial stretching force developed in the beam are used for obtaining an approximate closed-form expressions for the post-buckling loads of various beam boundary conditions. Numerical accuracy of the proposed analytical closed-form expressions obtained from the intuitive formulation are compared to the available finite element solutions for symmetric and asymmetric lay-up schemes of laminated composite beam. Effect of central amplitude ratio and lay-up orientation on post-buckling load variation is briefly discussed for various beam boundary conditions considered in this study.     

热过屈曲梁振动的解析解

该文导出了面内热载荷作用下, 梁在其过屈曲构形附近微幅振动的解析解。首先基于经典梁理论, 推导了控制轴向和横向变形的基本方程。然后, 将2 个非线性方程化为一个关于横向挠度的四阶非线性积分-微分方程。假设梁的振幅以及由此引起的附加应变为无限小, 另设其响应为谐振, 则该非线性积分-微分方程将化为两组耦合的微分方程:一组控制非线性静态响应;另一组就是叠加于梁屈曲构形之上的线性振动方程。直接求解这些问题, 可以得到梁热过屈曲构形以及固有频率的解析解, 这些解是外加热载荷的函数。该文得到的精确解可以用于验证或改进各类近似理论和数值方法。     

复合材料叠层板在侧向载荷与平面载荷联合作用下的非线性弯曲

本文研究了具有任意叠层形式的复合材料矩形平板在均匀侧压与平面载荷联合作用下的非线性弯曲特性。板的基本方程归结为一对互相偶合的四阶偏微分方程,将基本变量——板的挠度函数和力函数分别表示成梁的某种振形函数的级数后,基本方程转化为非线性代数方程组。本文的研究重点是作用剪力方向与板件弯曲特性的关系,并对一系列具有不同参数的板件进行了数值计算。结果表明,作用剪力方向对叠层板的弯曲性状可产生明显的影响。     

A general method for analyzing moderately large deflections of a non-uniform beam: an infinite Bernoulli–Euler–von Kármán beam on a nonlinear elastic foundation

The present paper concerns a semi-analytical procedure for moderately large deflections of an infinite non-uniform static beam resting on a nonlinear elastic foundation. To construct the procedure, we first derive a nonlinear differential equation of a Bernoulli–Euler–von Kármán “non-uniform” beam on a “nonlinear” elastic foundation, where geometrical nonlinearities due to moderately large deflection and beam non-uniformity are effectively taken into account. The nonlinear differential equation is transformed into an equivalent system of nonlinear integral equations by a canonical representation. Based on the equivalent system, we propose a method for the moderately large deflection analysis as a general approach to an infinite non-uniform beam having a variable flexural rigidity and a variable axial rigidity. The method proposed here is a functional iterative procedure, not only fairly simple but straightforward to apply. Here, a parameter, called a base point of the method, is also newly introduced, which controls its convergence rate. An illustrative example is presented to investigate the validity of the method, which shows that just a few iterations are only demanded for a reasonable solution.     

The Simulation of Diaphragm Deflection Actuated by Shear Mode Piezoelectric Actuator in Microdroplet Ejector

A shear mode piezoelectric actuator is applied to deflect the diaphragm of pressure chamber in the droplet ejector or inkjet printhead. The deflection of the bulge-diaphragm and resulting swept volume is analyzed by analytical and numerical method. With free-body treatment of the model, the analytical exact solutions for the two free bodies of bulge-diaphragm and piezoelectric beam were obtained. Also, the numerical solution by ANSYS is obtained to verify the analytical result. Besides, the whole-model solution coupling the bulge-diaphragm and piezoelectric beam together was obtained by ANSYS to compare with the result of free-body analysis. In order to estimate the maximum actuating force and deflection of the shear mode piezoelectric actuator, the diaphragm characteristic curve is obtained in the free-body analysis, which presents the decreasing tendency of the central deflection with the increase of anti-deflection (or reaction) force under certain actuating voltage. Also, the diaphragm characteristic curve is obtained showing the central deflection in proportion to the action force. By combining both kinds of curves, the actuated central deflection of the bulge-diaphragm can be obtained under certain actuating voltage. Finally, both linear relations including diaphragm central deflection in proportion to actuating voltage and volume displacement in proportion to diaphragm central deflection are obtained.     

Multi-level residue harmonic balance solution for the nonlinear natural frequency of axially loaded beams with an internal hinge

In this article, an analytical approach, namely, multi-level residue harmonic balance is introduced and developed for the nonlinear free vibration analysis of axially loaded beams with an internal hinge. The main advantage of this method is that only one set of nonlinear algebraic equations is required to be solved for obtaining the zero level solution while the high accuracy of the higher level solutions can be obtained by solving a set of linear equations. The new approximate analytical solution method is developed for solving the governing differential equations. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are verified by a numerical method. In the comparison, the results obtained from the proposed method well agree with those from other methods. The effects of vibration amplitude, axial force, and hinge location on the fundamental frequencies of various beam cases are investigated. The optimum and worst hinge locations are also studied.     

轴向变速黏弹性Rayleigh梁非线性参数振动稳态响应

研究非线性轴向运动黏弹性Rayleigh梁因速度周期变化产生的亚谐波共振。轴向运动速度在平均速度附近做简谐周期性脉动。通过取物质导数的Kelvin本构关系描述Rayleigh梁的黏弹性。运用多尺度近似解析方法,构建轴向运动Rayleigh梁的非线性偏微分方程的可解性条件,分析参数振动稳态响应的振幅与扰动速度频率关系。并运用微分求积方法直接离散非线性Rayleigh梁的控制方程,以验证近似解析方法分析。通过数值算例,分析了系统参数对稳态响应曲线的影响。     

两平行导线间轴向运动载流梁的非线性主共振

研究轴向运动载流梁在两平行导线产生磁场中的主共振问题。给出两平行导线间载流梁处磁感应强度及所受电磁力表达式,推得轴向运动载流梁的横向振动微分方程。应用伽辽金积分法,得到轴向运动梁无量纲化的非线性振动微分方程。采用多尺度法进行求解,得到系统关于前两阶模态非线性方程的近似解析解以及主共振幅频响应方程。通过算例,得到了轴向运动载流梁共振幅值随调谐参数、载流电流密度、导线电流和位置的变化关系曲线图。结果表明,各相关物理和几何参数的改变对系统共振特征有较大影响,且非线性振动特征较为明显。     

Closed-form approximation and numerical validation of the influence of van der Waals force on electrostatic cantilevers at nano-scale separations

In this paper the two-point boundary value problem (BVP) of the cantilever deflection at nano-scale separations subjected to van der Waals and electrostatic forces is investigated using analytical and numerical methods to obtain the instability point of the beam. In the analytical treatment of the BVP, the nonlinear differential equation of the model is transformed into the integral form by using the Green's function of the cantilever beam. Then, closed-form solutions are obtained by assuming an appropriate shape function for the beam deflection to evaluate the integrals. In the numerical method, the BVP is solved with the MATLAB BVP solver, which implements a collocation method for obtaining the solution of the BVP. The large deformation theory is applied in numerical simulations to study the effect of the finite kinematics on the pull-in parameters of cantilevers. The centerline of the beam under the effect of electrostatic and van der Waals forces at small deflections and at the point of instability is obtained numerically. In computing the centerline of the beam, the axial displacement due to the transverse deformation of the beam is taken into account, using the inextensibility condition. The pull-in parameters of the beam are computed analytically and numerically under the effects of electrostatic and/or van der Waals forces. The detachment length and the minimum initial gap of freestanding cantilevers, which are the basic design parameters, are determined. The results of the analytical study are compared with the numerical solutions of the BVP. The proposed methods are validated by the results published in the literature.     

基于Green函数法的Timoshenko曲梁强迫振动分析

该文运用Green函数法求解了Timoshenko曲梁在强迫振动下的解析解,通过分析曲梁截面的力学平衡,建立了Timoshenko曲梁的振动方程。依次采用分离变量法和Laplace变换法,对不同边界的Timoshenko曲梁求解出了相应的Green函数。并且通过引入两个特征参数来考虑阻尼对强迫振动的影响。数值计算中,验证了该解析解的有效性,并对其中涉及的各种重要物理参数的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明:通过将半径R设置为无穷大,可以简化为Timoshenko直梁振动模型,在此基础上,将剪切修正因子κ设置为无穷大,可以退化为Prescott直梁振动模型,最后再把转动惯量γ设置为0,可退化为Euler-Bernoulli直梁振动模型。该文给出的数值结果验证了所得解的有效性。