精馏塔顶温度与塔顶产品组成关系探讨

理论上,对于连续稳定的精馏操作,塔顶温度与气液组成存在一定的对应关系。实验发现:对于不同的操作状况,即使塔顶温度相同,塔顶产品组成却不一定相同;而当塔顶温度不同时,塔顶产品组成却可能相同;但不论何种情况,只要塔顶温度升高,则塔顶产品组成必定下降。文章对实验数据进行了分析,并指出由于实际操作与理论模型存在一定的差距,仅仅根据精馏塔顶温度判断塔顶产品组成并不可靠,因此文章对于实际生产操作具有一定的借鉴作用。     

常压塔顶压力高原因分析及应对措施研究

常压塔是炼油厂常压装置中的关键装置,由于石油等原料中含有杂质,这些杂质沉积或者携带到后续工序中,加上常压塔长期处于低负荷运行状态,造成常压塔顶出现压力高问题。为解决常压塔顶压力高这一问题,概述了常压塔顶压力高带来的影响,从塔顶冷却效果降低等方面分析了常压塔顶压力高的原因,提出了改善塔顶冷却环境等措施,以期为相关人员提供参考。     

间歇精馏分离杂醇溶液的实验研究

通过间歇精馏分离杂醇溶液,得到浓度≥99%的异丁醇和正丁醇产品,并对分离过程中塔顶浓度随时间的变化趋势,塔顶、塔釜温度随时间的变化趋势进行了实验研究及数据分析。结果表明:随着精馏过程的进行,塔顶产品浓度、塔顶温度、塔釜温度呈现逐渐上升的趋势,但在合格产品采出阶段,塔顶产品浓度、塔釜温度、塔顶温度比较稳定,为工业生产回收异丁醇和正丁醇提供了有效的操作依据。     

无返混动态累积分批精馏过程

动态累积操作是提高分批精馏效率的一种有效方法 ,但在塔顶累积罐内存在的液相返混限制了分离效率的进一步提高。本文提出了塔顶累积罐无返混动态累积操作过程。研究了塔板和塔顶存液量对分离效率的影响。模拟计算和实验结果均表明 ,降低塔顶返混可显著提高动态累积操作的分离效率     

如何正确选用及布置塔顶吊柱

介绍了选用及布置塔顶吊柱的步骤和应考虑的各种因素,引导设计者正确选用塔顶吊柱。     

多元精馏中组分在塔顶、塔底预分配关系的计算机计算

提出了多组分精馏中塔顶、塔底产品预分配的计算机计算方法。由Chao—seadex汽液平衡模型计算组分相平衡常数,并确定塔顶、塔底温度。由亨斯特别克法计算塔顶、塔底产品量。给出了程序框图及应用实例。     

聚酯工艺塔顶余热发电技术浅析

简介了聚酯工艺塔顶余热利用现状。通过分析塔顶余热特点,结合低温余热发电技术发展,重点讨论了利用工艺塔顶余热发电的技术方案。结果表明,对于大型聚酯装置工艺塔余热,采用卡琳娜循环发电技术的余热利用效果优于有机朗肯发电技术。     

焦炭塔顶油气管嘴破坏原因分析与处理

文章介绍了焦炭塔顶油气管嘴破坏原因分析与处理。通过对焦炭塔顶油气管嘴破坏原因分析,对其进行处理,不仅可有效防止焦炭塔顶油气管嘴产生裂纹,同时提高了焦化装置的整体安全性,避免了焦化装置在正常运行过程中,装置停车带来的经济损失。     

二元非均相恒沸蒸馏的图解法

本文主要讨论了塔顶或塔顶分层器进料时的图解法。     

催化裂化稳定塔技术改造

针对中原油田石化总厂催化裂化稳定塔塔顶冷却负荷不足等问题，对稳定塔塔顶压力控制方案进行了改造，用干气代替液化气作为热旁路介质，提高了稳定塔塔顶冷却负荷。     

COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY IN LIQUID EXTRACTION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS FROM GASOLINE

Quantum and molecular mechanics methods were used to guide the development of a liquid extraction process for the removal of sulfur compounds from gasoline using an aqueous solvent containing n-butylamine (NBA). The calculational results suggest that the extraction mechanism was via forming micelles of NBA around single sulfur compounds. That is, micelles containing 6 to 192 molecules of NBA yielded negative formation energies. With increasing NBA amounts over the same range, total sulfur removal increased in extraction experiments. However, not all sulfur compounds were extracted simultaneously. Extraction selectivities were correlated to calculated formation energies between individual sulfur compounds and a single molecule of NBA. This suggests that extraction selectivity depended on attraction of each sulfur compound out of the gasoline to the NBA micelle wall. To provide sufficient extraction time, the number of extraction stages was investigated. The results predicted that about 10 theoretical stages would be required to achieve equal extractions of all sulfur compound types and 99⁺% total sulfur removal.     

COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY IN LIQUID EXTRACTION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS FROM GASOLINE

Quantum and molecular mechanics methods were used to guide the development of a liquid extraction process for the removal of sulfur compounds from gasoline using an aqueous solvent containing n-butylamine (NBA). The calculational results suggest that the extraction mechanism was via forming micelles of NBA around single sulfur compounds. That is, micelles containing 6 to 192 molecules of NBA yielded negative formation energies. With increasing NBA amounts over the same range, total sulfur removal increased in extraction experiments. However, not all sulfur compounds were extracted simultaneously. Extraction selectivities were correlated to calculated formation energies between individual sulfur compounds and a single molecule of NBA. This suggests that extraction selectivity depended on attraction of each sulfur compound out of the gasoline to the NBA micelle wall. To provide sufficient extraction time, the number of extraction stages was investigated. The results predicted that about 10 theoretical stages would be required to achieve equal extractions of all sulfur compound types and 99⁺% total sulfur removal.     

连续重整进料硫含量超高事故分析

简述了连续重整装置重整反应部分硫中毒的现象,通过分析得出罐区来的精制石脑油所带溶解氧与预加氢反应产生的硫化氢在汽提塔内生成单质硫,是引起硫含量偏高的原因。切断罐区来精制石脑油进汽提塔后,重整进料硫含量恢复正常。     

丝瓜络耦合硫铁复合填料强化处理硝酸盐的特性

为强化污水处理厂尾水的深度脱氮,研究丝瓜络、硫和铁不同质量比和不同水力停留时间(HRT)下丝瓜络耦合硫铁复合填料反硝化滤池的脱氮效率,并对比分析丝瓜络反硝化滤柱和丝瓜络耦合硫铁复合填料反硝化滤柱的脱氮性能。结果表明,120 g丝瓜络∶380 g硫铁复合填料系统(Fe∶S∶水泥=5∶2∶3)脱氮性能最佳,NO3--N去除率稳定,最高可达100%,NO3--N平均去除率约为90.4%,TN平均去除率约为83.1%,系统最佳运行HRT为8 h。丝瓜络耦合硫铁复合填料反硝化滤柱更耐冲击负荷,脱氮性能更好。通过高通量测序结果可知,丝瓜络耦合硫铁复合填料反硝化滤柱中自养反硝化菌增长了219.2%,异养反硝化菌增长了33.0%,添加硫铁复合硫铁填料强化了异养联合自养反硝化作用。可见,丝瓜络耦合硫铁复合填料反硝化滤柱在一定条件下具有高效脱氮能力,适用于城市污水厂尾水的深度脱氮处理。     

煤焦油精制软沥青中硫的分布及热稳定性

以高温煤焦油为原料,经蒸馏、溶剂萃取沉降制得煤精制软沥青,再经溶剂索氏法提取制备族组成;通过元素分析来分析杂原子硫的分布和热稳定性,采用IR和点位滴定法鉴别不稳定性硫基团的结构。     

FCC汽油萃取脱硫过程萃取剂筛选

分别考察了4种萃取剂在单一或复配条件下,对3种模拟汽油中单一含硫化合物及FCC汽油70～160 ℃切割馏分的萃取脱硫效果,效果皆佳的萃取剂为环丁砜。考察了操作温度、剂油比、环丁砜和四甘醇复配对脱硫率的影响。结果表明：温度对萃取脱硫率的影响较小。适宜的萃取条件为温度35 ℃,剂油比3∶1。环丁砜单一溶剂萃取脱硫效果较优。     

PA6萃取塔的技术改造

介绍了聚己内酰胺(PA6)萃取工序的应用技术;分析了φ1 600mm PA6萃取塔的运行现状及存在的弊端,提出了技术改造措施。改造前φ1600 mm PA6萃取塔内部温度梯度不合理,切片质量不稳定。通过调整萃取塔内部菱形导向装置之间的间隙,去除预萃取装置,同时在萃取塔上部设置冷水封,萃取塔上部温度提高约10℃,萃取时间缩短5.2 h,萃取产量提高了2 t/d,切片质量稳定,萃取效果提高。     

汽油中硫化物分析方法的研究

采用气相色谱-硫化学发光检测器联用技术,建立了催化裂化汽油和焦化汽油中各种硫化物类型分布的分析方法,并考察了色谱条件对不同汽油中各种硫化物分离的影响,对汽油中80余种硫化物进行了定性。该方法具有很好的重复性和准确度,同时对实际样品进行了分析,认为该方法切实可用。     

Extraction conditions for removal of oxidized sulfur compounds in gas oil

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the extraction of oxidized sulfur compounds from gas oil. Solvents used for this purpose included acetone, acetonitrile, methanol and propanol. The effect of solvent concentration, solvent to gas oil ratio, temperature, time and number of stages was studied. To select the best solvent and conditions for extraction, two criteria were considered: high desulfurization and more hydrocarbon recovery. Results showed that extraction time and temperature have no significant effect. Methanol for low ability of extraction of oxidized sulfur compounds and propanol for low hydrocarbon recovery were excluded from further experiments. After the tests, the optimum conditions for extraction were determined to be 85% acetone, solvent/feed ratio of 1, two stages extraction in ambient temperature and enough time for mixing. In this condition 85% of sulfur compounds of gas oil containing 1,670 ppmw S were separated and 95% of gas oil was recovered.     

重整反应苛刻度低原因分析及处理措施

针对金陵石化I重整装置2016年2月出现的脱庚烷塔底物料中非芳含量上升、抽提原料中非芳含量上升、反应总温降下降以及单位产氢量下降等反应苛刻度低的问题进行详细分析,总结出可能引起反应苛刻度低的四个方面条件:I重整进出物料换热器内漏、原料性质、操作条件及催化剂性质,并分别对四个方面的条件进行详细的数据对比分析,最后得出本次I重整装置反应苛刻的低的主要原因为增加了S含量高达(4~6)×10-6的II加氢裂化装置重石掺炼量,致使重整催化剂出现轻微的S中毒,加快了催化剂积碳速率,且因I重整装置扩容改造后未增加催化剂再生能力,再生能力不足直接导致待生催化剂中C含量高达6.66%,从而使重整催化剂金属活性降低,直接降低了催化剂烷烃脱氢环化性能,使I重整反应苛刻度下降,脱庚烷塔底C8+物料及抽提进料中非芳含量明显升高。