Discharge occurring at a grounded electrode located in a charged particle cloud

Electrical discharge phenomena from a grounded electrode located in a charged particle cloud have been investigated. Soil conditioning particles charged by corona charging were blown to form a space charge cloud. A grounded sphere electrode was placed at the center of the charged cloud to produce an electrical discharge. A positive pulse discharge extended from the sphere electrode toward the charged cloud with a strong luminescence. A brushlike streamer with a maximum length of 170 mm appeared at an interval of 30 ms. The maximum pulse height of the discharge was 2.4 A. The distribution of the electric field around the sphere electrode was obtained from field analysis using a concentric spherical model. It was found that the magnitude of the discharge depends on the radius of the grounded electrode and the size and charge density of the clouds. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(4): 7–14, 2001     

离子风对静电除尘器中颗粒物脱除的影响机制研究

静电除尘器中电晕放电产生的离子风是影响颗粒迁移和沉积的重要因素,通过建立多过程耦合的静电除尘器数值模型,研究了不同极配型式静电除尘器的电场分布特性及离子风对空间流场和颗粒物脱除的影响规律。结果表明,针刺电极电场强度和离子电荷密度的最高值均略高于芒刺电极,但是芒刺电极的静电场分布更加均匀。在外加电压为60k V时,针刺电极和芒刺电极的离子风最高流速分别可达7.91m/s和4.62m/s,离子风会促进荷电颗粒向收尘极板运动,同时也会形成近壁高速区造成堆积颗粒的不均匀分布并导致二次扬尘。由此,针对不同形式静电除尘器提出了合理调整放电电极结构方法,进行离子风调控以强化颗粒物脱除。     

Pilot-plant testing of a novel electrostatic collector for submicrometer particles

A novel electrostatic collector CAROLA (Corona Aerosol Abscheider) for gas cleaning from submicrometer particles is described. The CAROLA concept is based on particle charging by corona discharge and subsequent particle removal in the grounded part of the collector. CAROLA collectors for fine oil mists and for fly ash were tested. The influence of the operation conditions on corona discharge was studied. It is shown that the CAROLA electrostatic collectors have high fractional removal efficiencies (>98% for particles >1 /spl mu/m and 95%-98% for particles with sizes 0.3-1 /spl mu/m), low operating voltages (10-20 kV), and low pressure drop (<200 Pa). The collection of charged particles without external electric field and the compact design provide a cost-effective solution for the removal of submicrometer particles from industrial off gases.     

空间介质颗粒对交流导线电晕特性影响规律

为了研究空间介质颗粒对导线交流电晕特性的影响,基于小电晕笼,应用Fi Lin?6紫外成像仪记录存在介质颗粒时模拟导线交流电晕放电发生、发展的过程,实验结果表明:空间介质颗粒会对导线交流电晕发生、发展过程产生影响,球径越大、距离导线越近则导线的起晕电压越低;存在多球时,由于颗粒间的相互影响,导线的起晕电压和放电过程会受到影响,其中垂直排列的颗粒之间对放电发展过程和起晕电压影响相对较大。将偏心偶极子模型应用到存在介质颗粒时电场计算中,结合模拟电荷法对导线周围存在颗粒时空间电场分布进行分析,仿真结果表明:导线表面的最大场强以及导线和颗粒间场强的均值随着颗粒尺寸的增大、颗粒导线距离的降低和颗粒相对介电常数的增大而增大;空间存在多个颗粒时,由于球间的相互影响使导线表面场强进一步增大,其中球间连线和电场方向一致时的影响更大。     

Capture of fine particles on charged moving spheres: a newelectrostatic precipitator

It was verified experimentally that electrostatic cleanup of fly ash dust is possible using the scrubbing action of charged copper particles with diameters 10-100 times the size of the dust particles. Results show that target efficiencies in excess of unity (up to 1.8) are possible as a result of the induced charge on the target particles. Power consumption to the precipitator was confirmed to be very small (~5×10^-4 W). Values of the total collection efficiency of 0.65 (65%) were obtained for a precipitator zone length of 1.2 cm (in the direction of air flow) at air velocities of about 3 cm/s. This value decreased with increasing air flow rate. Collection efficiencies up to 0.99 (99%) are projected with a longer test section of at least 5.3 cm in length for low air velocities of about 3 cm/s, an electric field strength of 10.91 kV/cm, and 114.5 μm copper particles     

The effect of electric field strength on the induction charge of freely levitating particles

Many industrial processes such as electrostatic separation, fluidization, and coating rely upon induction charging of fine particles. This paper considers the effects of electric field strength on the magnitude of the induction charge on freely levitating particles. The charging time and charge on a freely levitating particle depend on a number of properties, mainly the electric field strength, particle size, density, and resistivity. A charging model showing the dependence upon the electric field strength is presented and analyzed, along with a model of the levitation process. A high-speed digital imaging system was used to measure individual particle motion during levitation. Using these data along with the developed models, it was possible to determine the charge on the particle. Semiconductive particles with a mass mean diameter (MMD) of 156 /spl mu/m were used in these experiments and tested at electric fields of 6.8, 8.5, 15, and 21 kV/cm, respectively. In addition, some experiments using particles 97-/spl mu/m and 412-/spl mu/m MMD at an electric field of 15 kV/cm were carried out to confirm the results obtained for the 156-/spl mu/m particles. It was found that the particle charge was dependent upon both the charging time and electric field strength. In particular, for high electric fields the particle did not achieve its saturation charge before liftoff occurred. This shows that higher electric field strength is not necessarily the optimum condition for levitation of semiconductive particles.     

Corona discharge from a grounded needle electrode inserted into a charged droplet cloud

The discharge occurring in a space-charge cloud was investigated by using a cloud of charged droplets. To produce a charged cloud with a definite space charge density and to cause a reproducible discharge, droplets ejected from an airless nozzle were induction charged and transported by air flow. The transportation of charged droplets by air flow was found to be quite effective in increasing the charge on the droplets and the charge density. Corona discharge was observed at a grounded needle electrode inserted into a charged droplet cloud with a charge density not exceeding 13 μC/m³. In negatively charged droplets, positive streamer coronas occurred. As the charge density of the cloud increased, the time interval of streamer pulses decreased and the discharge shifted to a glow corona. In positively charged droplets, the height and frequency of negative corona pulses increased with the charge density and the velocity of the charged droplet cloud. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Electr Eng Jpn, 122(4): 1–7, 1998     

Adhesion of charged powders to a metal surface in the powdercoating process

Substrate-particle adhesion of electrostatically charged, nonconducting particles deposited on electrically grounded substrates is discussed. Glass microspheres of diameters ranging from 25.5-74.1 μm, charged by corona and tribe-charging, were deposited in a monolayer on conducting stannic-oxide coated surfaces of glass plates (NESA). The total force of adhesion due to electrostatic, van der Waals, and gravitational forces was measured by observing the removal of particles by applying a known electric field between the particle coated surface and a clean surface of a second NESA glass, placed parallel to it at a distance of 0.013 m. The adhesive force was measured as a function of particle size and charge. The net average charge on the particles was measured using a Faraday cup. The experimental values agree well with the calculated force of adhesion for a single layer deposition. The charge decay of the particles was studied using a noncontact electrostatic voltmeter. The charge relaxation time of the deposited powder was found to increase with time. A physical model of the adhesion of charged powder paints deposited on a grounded metal substrate is presented. The role of the forces acting on a spherical polymer particle deposited on the surface of a uniform coating of powder paint is investigated as a function of particle diameter and charge. The particles are assumed to be unipolarly charged and deposited uniformly on the substrate. The relative magnitudes of the electrostatic attractive and repulsive forces are analyzed as functions of powder film thickness and particle size     

Bipolar Spray Charging for Leaf-Tip Corona Reduction by Space-Charge Control

Previous studies in the development of electrostatic crop-spraying technology have confirmed a process limitation due to gaseous discharges induced to flow from earthed plants under action of intensely charged pesticide spray clouds. This paper reports the development and evaluation of a bipolar spray-charging strategy introduced in an effort to further increase the electrodeposition efficiency of charged airborne spray droplets by minimizing corona discharge at prominent leaf tips of such target plants. It was hypothesized that a properly constituted bipolar spray cloud would eliminate this detrimental corona neutralization of the approaching spray by reducing to below threshold the space-charge electric field imposed at the periphery of the target-plant canopy, while still maintaining an adequate local space-charge field within the electrically shielded plant canopy to enhance droplet deposition. Veriable-frequency bipolar square-wave functions ranging from 12 to 36 Hz were input to an induction-charging nozzle to produce spray clouds having the desired space-charge characteristics. Results of experimental charge-and mass-transfer analyses document that the bipolar strategy successfully eliminated induced target-corona but failed to provide any electrodeposition benefit within shielded target zones. As compared with uncharged sprays, however, unipolar-charging enhanced the droplet deposition within similar targets by factors of 1.3- and 1.5-fold for corona and noncorona target conditions, respectively.     

±800kV云广线换流站母线电晕特性试验研究

为实现±800kV直流换流站母线电晕特性影响换流站管母线的优化设计和经济运行,对不同对地高度的φ250和φ300管母线的起晕电压、无线电干扰、可听噪声和地面合成场强进行了实验室试验。试验表明,φ250、300管母线施加±800kV直流电压时,管母线在高度10m和12m时起晕电压>±1200kV;管母线下地面合成场强<30kV/m,可听噪声<55dB,无线电干扰<60dB。φ250和φ300管母线电晕特性均满足±800kV换流站控制指标的要求。考虑到±800kV云广直流输电工程换流站的海拔高度影响,建议送端站选择φ300管母,受端站选择φ250管母,且其对地高度≥12m。     

Sparks in a small gap between HV spherical metal electrode andcorona-charged organic film

Sparks between a spherical metal electrode and corona-charged organic film were studied in air at room temperature. dc and impulse high voltages (HV) were applied to the spherical metal electrode, the polarity of which was opposite to that of the charge on the film. The maximum surface voltage of the corona-charged film was ±2 kV. The gap length was studied in the range 0.2 to 2.5 mm. Films of PTFE, PP, PS and PET of thickness 30 to 50 μm, were tested. In the case of negatively charged films, the electric field strength depended on the film material; the spark field strength decreased in the following order: PTFE⩾PP>PS⩾PET. The dependence of spark field strength on the material of negatively charged film was observed under both dc and impulse voltage applications. In the case of the positively charged films, the spark field strength showed less dependence on the film material. The experimental results are explained in terms of the degree of electron emission from negatively charged PTFE being higher than that from negatively charged PET     

Electrostatic devices for particle microhandling

Devices for handling microparticles using an AC electric field are proposed and experimentally validated. With the application of balanced multiphase high voltages in the 0.2 kV_p-p-2 kV_p-p range to a series of encased parallel electrodes with a typical center-to-center pitch width of 400 μm, particles on a thin protecting and insulating film become charged and are conveyed by the created traveling field. Devices with various novel transportation and manipulation features, utilizing multiphase AC electric fields that instantly generate particle driving forces, have been designed and produced. Their features include newly developed methods for particle conveyance, smoothing, grouping and sorting, as well as two-dimensional handling. Traced particle conveyance characteristics have been studied under application of three and six-phase voltages with three different voltage wave profiles and also in diverse environments. Various particle materials with a 5-400 μm diameter range have been experimentally examined; Fe, Al, glass and plastic spheres showed the best performances     

Agglomeration of particles by ac corona discharge

Improving the collection efficiency for particles smaller than 1 μm on every precipitator is important. We sought to improve the collection of these particles on an ESP due to particle agglomeration. Particles are charged by ac corona discharge in a precharger and agglomerated by a dc electric field in an agglomerator downstream of the precharger. Diesel exhaust particles were used as particulate matter for the experiments. The distribution of particle size was measured using a particle counter and a scanning electron microscope. By these methods, particles as small as 0.01 μm could be counted. Results showed the agglomeration between particles at ac corona discharge operating mode. The concentration of particles smaller than approximately 0.35 μm decreases, and that of particles larger than approximately 0.35 μm increases in the agglomerator. The agglomeration rate increases with increasing applied voltage, then saturates. These results may be due to the size distribution and to decrease of concentration by agglomeration. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(1): 30–37, 2000     

1000kV变电站围墙外的电场模拟试验研究

变电站围墙外的电场是变电站建设时要考虑的主要电磁环境参数之一,对于新建的1000kV级变电站,其围墙外的电场强度是工程环境评价的主要因子。了解1000kV AIS围墙外场强,根据麦克斯韦方程,利用相似理论,采用15:1的缩小尺寸模型进行了相关试验研究。结果表明:1000kV AIS变电站,其围墙外的电场水平<4kV/m,基本与500kV变电站围墙外的电场水平相当;1000kV AIS变电站地面电场最严重的母线和间隔布置情况,考虑电场的影响,变电站围墙与居民间的防护距离应保持5m。     

550kV交流滤波器断路器灭弧室电场计算

交流滤波器小组断路器爆炸事故会给电网的安全稳定运行造成了极大的威胁,有必要通过对断路器的仿真计算来分析影响灭弧室内绝缘的因素以判断断路器的故障产生的原因。考虑到设备结构对称性,利用Solidworks软件建立了550 k V双断口瓷柱式断路器的单断口三维计算模型,包括动静弧触头、瓷套、SF6和空气包等,并采用有限元计算软件ANSYS开展三维静电场的仿真计算。通过对正常开断、瓷套壁有金属微粒、弧触头间有金属微粒、弧触头上有金属微粒和瓷套加宽等5种工况的计算,发现最大电场强度出现在断路器熄弧后7.5 ms时刻,弧触头上存在金属微粒将使最大场强值显著增加。适当提高灭弧室SF6气压并采取金属微粒吸附措施将有利于减少断路器内绝缘故障。     

Electrostatic painting of nonconductive surfaces with water-basepaints

Electrostatic corona painting on nonconductive surfaces normally requires a ground-connected conductive precoating of the surface in order to dissipate the continuously incoming ionic charge from the corona gun. If the surface charge does not flow to ground, the resulting surface electric field will repel a substantial amount of the incoming paint. The authors present a new painting method consisting of generating ultrasonically atomized electrically charged water particles behind the nonconductive surface to be painted. The paint spraying is carried out with a mechanical spray gun maintained at ground potential. The water base paint becomes charged by induction under the influence of the space charge behind the nonconductive surface to be painted. As the resulting charge on the water base paint particles is of opposite polarity to that of the ultrasonically atomized electrically charged water particles cloud, all propelling electric fields converge toward the surface to be painted. The results show excellent transfer efficiencies     

Mathematical modeling of powder paint particle trajectories inelectrostatic painting

The trajectories of charged powder particles in an electrostatic powder coating system were modeled considering electrical and fluid forces. The mathematical model employed an iterative technique wherein the charge simulation method was used to compute the electric field strength and the method of characteristics was used to compute the charge density in the gun-to-target region. The fluid flow between the electrostatic gun and the target was modeled using interpolated experimental data assuming stagnation point flow. Particle trajectories were simulated for size range 10-40 μm and charge-to-mass ratios of -0.1 to -1 μC/g. The simulation results showed good agreement with experimental data (charge and mass measurements) at several collection points on the painting target and provided valuable information concerning particle deposition     

Influence of charged droplet cloud on flashover of air gaps for lightning impulse voltage

Transmission lines passing through a mountainous region often are struck by winter lightning. As a result, numerous double-circuit faults occur. Space charge might be responsible for this phenomena. Several investigations on flashover characteristics have been performed focusing on reduction of flashover voltage due to ionic space charge formed by corona discharge. In this paper, flashover characteristics of an air gap within a charged droplet cloud ejected from an airless nozzle using an induction charging method are discussed. The droplets are charged in the range -200 to 200 μC/kg, forming the space-charge density of approximately 13 μC/m³. The flashover voltage and the time lag to flashover were measured when 1.2 × 50 μs lightning impulse voltage applied to a rod-sphere gap is placed within the charged cloud. Flashover voltage for a positive rod increased markedly within a positive charged cloud by increasing the charge-to-mass ratio. The increase of flashover voltage was up to 80 percent in comparison with uncharged droplets. Flashover voltage for the negative rod decreased about 20 percent in the cloud of either polarity. The results show that the presence of charged droplets in the air gaps affects the discharge process significantly.     

Bi-Ionized Space Charges Generated by Means of Corona

Due to the extensive usage of unipolar corona in electrostatic precipitators, electrostatic painting, mineral ore separation, and other applications, most of the past studies of particle charging and electric fields in space-charge regions have focused on the unipolar corona. As such, while the basic equations for particle charging in bi-ionized fields are known, relatively little experimental work may be found in the literature. A test chamber and a wire probe assembly have been constructed allowing the investigation of electric fields in the bi-ionized space between parallel wire coronas for various gas mixtures, pressures, and spacings. Results are presented for experiments in air, CO2, and CO2-nitrogen mixtures, and they seem to indicate that a substantial amount of recombination of positive and negative ions occurs. The resulting average electric field intensity over a large section of the bi-ionized space between the corona wires was found to be uniform.     

云广±800 kV直流换流站管母线电晕特性及优化研究

直流母线电晕特性是换流站选择母线的主要考虑因素。本文通过建立换流站母线表面电场、地面合成场强、无线电干扰和可听噪声的计算模型,计算分析了±800 kV换流站管母线的起晕电位梯度、起晕电压、合成场强、无线电干扰和可听噪声水平,并结合计算结果和相关标准,确定了±800 kV换流站管母线电晕特性参数的控制指标。以控制指标为依据,评价了不同母线型式和布置情况下的电晕特性参数,获得了±800 kV云广直流换流站管母线规格和布置高度。推荐的管母线规格为：送端站选择φ300 mm管母,受端站选择φ250 mm管母,管母线对地高度不小于12 m。