La和Nb共掺提高BiFeO3的磁学性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法成功制备了Bi1-xLaxFe0.99Nb0.01O3(x≤0.25)纳米颗粒样品,并研究了La和Nb共掺对BiFeO3样品的晶体结构、晶粒尺寸和磁学性质的影响.根据X射线衍射及Rietveld精修结果可知,所有样品都保持R3c空间结构,且Fe-O-Fe键角随着La掺杂量的增加而减小.XPS测试结果表明,La和少量Nb共掺不会引起样品中Fe3+和Fe2+含量的明显变化.磁性测量发现剩余磁化强度强烈依赖于La掺杂量x.La掺杂影响着反向旋转的FeO5八面体结构变化,而Nb离子掺杂会导致样品晶粒细化.共掺BiFeO3的磁性增强是两种影响机制协同作用的结果.     

Nb、K共掺对BiFeO3纳米晶体结构和磁性的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Bi_(1-x)K_xFe_(1-x)Nb_xO_3(0≤x≤0.05)纳米晶体,并研究Nb、K共掺杂对BiFeO_3样品晶格结构和磁学性质的影响。根据XRD图谱和Rietveld精修可知,所有样品保持R3c相,晶格常数a、c,晶胞体积V和Fe-O-Fe发生微弱的变化。XPS测量显示,少量的Nb、K共掺杂不引起样品中Fe~(3+)和Fe~(2+)比例的变化。磁测量表明,所有掺杂样品的磁性都得到了增强。当掺杂量x=0.01时,剩余磁化强度Mr达到最大值,Mr=0.1978emu/g,相比于纯BiFeO_3增大了18倍。低掺杂时剩余磁化强度Mr增大,可能是由于掺杂样品中存在束缚磁极化子引起的。     

掺杂对BiFeO3薄膜电、磁特性影响综述

随着科技的高速发展,多铁性材料已经成为传感器、微波器件、数据存储、自旋电子学及太阳能电池等领域的研究热点,在智能材料与器件方向显示出可观的应用潜力。BiFeO_3及其衍生的一系列材料Bi_(1-x)AxFeO_3(A=La,Nd,Sm)、BiFe_x B_(1-x)O_3(B=Ni,Mn,Co)的发现使得多铁性材料获得了更迅猛的发展。这类材料属于单相钙钛矿氧化物型多铁材料,在室温以上同时具有铁电、压电、介电、电光、铁磁、光伏、磁电耦合、光催化等效应。BiFeO_3作为一种单相多铁性材料,与同类的多铁性材料相比,其具有较高的居里温度、尼尔温度以及较小的光学禁带宽度和较好的化学稳定性等特点。然而,在制备BiFeO_3的过程中,部分Fe~(3+)向Fe~(2+)转变,并且铋元素熔点较低容易挥发,产生大量的氧空位,造成漏电流较大,很难得到具有较高剩余极化强度的样品;并且BFO薄膜室温下弱的磁性等性质使其实际应用受到极大的限制。多年来国内外学者致力于改善制备条件和参数,使用更先进的制备方法,改用更合适的衬底材料及进行离子掺杂等,以制备多层复合薄膜。其中,离子掺杂对减小漏电流,提高铁电性及室温磁性方面的效果最为理想。各国研究者已经制备出比纯BiFeO_3材料性能更好的掺杂和复合BiFeO_3材料。在不同的位置掺杂多种元素较掺杂单一元素能更好地改善材料的性能。最新报道的采用溶胶-凝胶法制备的多个混合掺杂离子Bi_(0.88)Sr_(0.03)Gd_(0.09)Fe_(0.94)Mn_(0.04)Co_(0.02)O_3薄膜的剩余极化强度增加到108μC/cm~2,显著高于La、Mn、Zn等元素单掺杂得到的极化强度(69.47μC/cm2)。同时,掺杂BiFeO_3薄膜的磁化强度比纯BiFeO_3薄膜提高了3～4倍。这可能是源于:掺杂离子抑制Bi3+的挥发和Fe3+的还原,减小氧空位和缺陷浓度,从而减小漏电流,进一步改善BiFeO_3薄膜的铁电性能;掺杂离子也会导致结构的畸变而打破其螺旋磁结构,从而产生较强的室温磁性。本文首先简单介绍了BiFeO_3材料的结构及其掺杂元素的种类,然后讨论了A位、B位和AB位共掺杂离子对提高BiFeO_3薄膜弱的室温磁性以及减小漏电流、提高铁电性产生的影响,并进一步分析了产生影响的原因,最后提出了未来研究工作的方向。     

多铁材料SmFe1-xCrxO3陶瓷的介电特性及磁相变的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备SmFe_(1-x)Cr_xO_3(x=0～0.3)样品,研究Cr~(3+)掺杂对SmFeO_3的晶体结构、介电特性及磁相变温度的影响。研究表明,所有样品的主衍射峰与SmFeO_3标准图谱相吻合且具有良好的晶体结构,Cr~(3+)掺杂使其晶胞体积收缩,导致主衍射峰向衍射角(θ)较大的方向移动。SmFeO_3的介电常数(ε_r)随着掺杂量(x)的增加逐渐减小,介电损耗(tanδ)随着Cr~(3+)的增加而增大,介电常数(ε_r)随频率(f)和掺杂量(x)的增加而逐渐减小的原因是由IBLC微观机制和偶极子取向极化机制两者共同作用的结果,其介电损耗主要是电导电流产生的损耗起主导作用,并发现SmFe_(1-x)Cr_xO_3的介电损耗峰随掺杂量的增加向高频方向迁移。SmFeO_3的蜂腰状M-H随着Cr~(3+)的掺杂而消失且磁性也有所减弱,其自旋重组相变温度(T_(SR))和反铁磁相变温度(T_N)随着Cr~(3+)的增加由原来的462,687 K降低到428和536 K。这主要是Cr~(3+)掺杂使SmFeO_3晶格发生畸变,形成Fe~(3+)-O~(2-)-Cr~(3+)磁交换作用,破坏了原有Fe~(3+)-O~(2-)-Fe~(3+)反铁磁有序排列,降低了其G型反铁磁结构的稳定性,在宏观上表现为其铁磁性的减弱和磁相变温度T_(SR)和T_N的降低,进一步探讨了Cr~(3+)掺杂对SFO的介电性及铁磁性影响的微观机理,使其在自旋电子器件、磁制冷领域及磁性开关器件等方面的应用成为可能。     

多铁性材料Bi0.95R0.05(Fe0.95Mn0.05)O3(R=La,Pb)的磁性及局域结构研究

利用溶胶-凝胶法成功制备了共掺杂Bi0.95R0.05(Fe0.95 Mn0.05)O3(R=La,Pb)样品,并对样品的磁性进行了测量和研究.研究发现La掺杂的Bi(Fe0.95 Mn0.05)O3材料磁性有较大的提高,而Pb掺杂Bi(Fe0.95Mn0.05)O3样品的磁性减弱.同时,利用同步辐射实验技术对样品的局域结构进行了研究,进而分析样品磁性变化的原因.     

Nb2O5-CoO-La2O3复合掺杂的BaTiO3基粉体改性研究

采用铌、钴、镧的金属有机盐(柠檬酸-EDTA复合螯合前驱液)掺杂法实现对氧化硅掺杂的纳米晶BaTiO3粉体的掺杂改性.实验结果表明:随着Nb、Co、La掺量的增加以及Nb/C0比的增大,陶瓷烧结体的烧成收缩以及密度增加,晶粒尺寸减小.随着Nb/Co比的增大,材料的铁电弛豫特性增加.当Nb/Co=2时,随着La掺量的增加,材料的铁电弛豫特性增加.当Nb/Co＞2时,La掺量对材料的介电温度特性影响不大.当La掺量一定时随着Nb、Co复合掺量的增加,材料的铁电弛豫特性明显增强.烧结温度的升高,使杂质容易固溶进入BT中,固溶量的增大,使材料的铁电弛豫性能增加.     

稀土La元素掺杂BaTiO3的晶格调控及铁电性

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了多晶铁电Ba1-xLaxTiO3(x=0,x=0.05,x=0.1,x=0.15,x=0.2)样品,分别用X射线衍射、Raman光谱和铁电分析仪研究分析了样品的结构及铁电性。X射线衍射分析表明La元素掺杂BaTiO3并未引起结构相变,在室温下仍属四方晶系,晶轴比c/a、晶面间距d总体上均随掺La浓度升高而减小,平均晶粒尺寸变化不大;铁电分析表明随着掺La浓度的升高,BaTiO3晶体的铁电性有所被抑制,但粉体仍旧表现出较低的漏电流(10-9 A/cm2)。     

双元共掺杂Bi1-xLax(Fe0.95Mn0.05)O3多铁性材料的磁性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Bi1-xLax(Fe0.95Mn0.05)O3(x=0,0.10,0.15)多晶样品。X射线衍射实验表明La、Mn离子共掺杂没有改变样品的四方晶格结构。X射线能量色散分析显示样品的化学组分几乎不变。Mn离子掺杂或者是(La、Mn)离子共掺杂,导致铁酸铋材料的磁性增强。X射线吸收精细结构实验表明Mn3+的局域结构的改变是样品磁性增强的原因。     

等量La-Co掺杂对干压各向异性SrFe_(12)O_(19)结构和磁性能的影响

以Y30H-2预烧料作为基料,采用陶瓷法制备La-Co掺杂的干压各向异性Sr1-xLaxFe12-xCoxO19(x=0~0.10)锶铁氧体,研究La3+-Co2+共同替代对锶铁氧体结构和磁性能的影响。XRD射线衍射分析表明,La-Co掺杂并没有改变锶铁氧体结构,锶铁氧体主体仍为六角晶结构;SEM分析表明,La-Co掺杂能使晶粒粒度变细;磁性能测量显示,样品的Hcj随掺杂量的增加先增大后减小,当取代量x=0.06时,Hcj达到最大值。Br则随掺杂量的增加呈现不规则的变化。K值的变化表明,当x=0.04时,锶铁氧体的综合性能最佳。     

单相Bi_(0.95)La_(0.05)Fe_(1-x)Co_xO_3陶瓷的多铁性能研究

利用高温高压技术制备了Bi_(0.95)La_(0.05)Fe_(1-x)Co_xO_3(x=0,0.1,0.2)陶瓷样品。研究了La和Co共掺杂对BiFeO_3的物相结构及多铁性能的影响。结构分析表明,所有样品均为菱方钙钛矿结构,同时Co掺杂引起一定的结构畸变。Co掺杂导致Bi_(0.95)La_(0.05)FeO_3中空间调制的螺旋磁结构转变为共线的G型反铁磁结构,从而导致样品室温磁性能得到明显提高。样品中介电常数随着外加磁场的增加而增加,表明在Co掺杂Bi_(0.95)La_(0.05)FeO_3陶瓷中存在磁电耦合效应。在796kA/m外加磁场及3kHz频率下,Bi_(0.95)La_(0.05)Fe_(0.9)Co_(0.1)O_3和Bi_(0.95)La_(0.05)Fe_(1-x)Co_xO_3的磁介电系数分别为1.61%和1.75%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...