固溶温度对TP347HFG耐热钢组织和性能的影响

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、布氏硬度测试、拉伸测试等手段研究了不同固溶温度下TP347H FG钢的组织和性能.结果表明,随着固溶温度升高,TP347HFG耐热钢晶粒度降低,固溶温度为1 180℃时晶粒尺寸、形状均匀;固溶温度为1 210℃时晶粒明显长大,且尺寸不均匀;TP347HFG耐热钢第二相由大颗粒相和小颗粒相组成,其主要成分均为NbC;固溶温度为1 120℃和1 180℃时小颗粒第二相在晶界析出,对晶界强化作用显著,1 210℃时第二相大部分在晶粒内部析出,并有Ostwald熟化现象发生,细小第二相消溶而较大颗粒第二相变大,从而影响基体性能;固溶温度为1 120℃和1 180℃时其抗拉强度和Rp0.2最高,随着固溶温度的升高,伸长率增加而硬度降低.     

固溶温度对GH2787合金组织性能的影响

研究了不同固溶温度对GH2787合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,当固溶温度高于g'相溶解温度时,合金晶粒尺寸较大,g'相体积分数较低;当固溶温度接近g'相溶解温度时,合金中g'相分布不均匀,并且出现g'相团簇,同时在合金中析出大量h相;当固溶温度低于g'相溶解温度时,合金晶粒尺寸较小,g'相体积分数较高且均匀分布在合金中。显微硬度和拉伸试验表明,随固溶温度较低,合金的硬度和强度提高,研究表明GH2787合金的主要强化机理是晶界强化和沉淀强化。     

固溶处理温度对GH3625合金热挤压管材微观组织和力学性能的影响

采用SEM、EDS和XRD等手段研究了不同固溶处理温度对GH3625合金热挤压管材组织性能的影响。结果表明,1 120℃是合金组织和力学性能的一个转折点。当固溶处理温度为910~1 120℃时,由于晶界处NbC相的钉扎作用,使得晶粒长大缓慢,合金硬度和强度缓慢下降;当固溶温度超过1 120℃时,NbC相大量回溶,钉扎作用减弱或消失,晶粒急剧长大,合金硬度和强度的下降趋势明显增大。随着固溶温度的升高,合金断口中的韧窝变得大而深邃,塑性逐渐提高;当固溶温度超过1 120℃时,拉伸断口基本以韧窝为主。GH3625合金热挤压管材在固溶处理时间为1h时的最佳固溶处理温度为1 120℃。     

固溶处理对GH4169G合金蠕变的影响

研究了固溶处理温度对GH4169G合金晶粒组织、晶界析出和蠕变的影响。结果表明,随着固溶处理温度的提高(由980℃提高到1020℃)GH4169G合金的晶粒尺寸明显增大,晶界d相的尺寸和数量明显减少,晶内g″相的析出变化不大;合金的650℃/700 MPa稳态蠕变速率明显降低,表观蠕变激活能明显增大,蠕变断裂寿命显著延长。固溶处理温度对680℃/725 MPa的蠕变性能有相同的影响趋势,但其程度减弱。孪晶的形成是GH4169G合金的重要蠕变机制。提高固溶处理温度使晶界d相的析出减少,晶界滑动蠕变速率降低;同时使晶粒度增大,形成孪晶的阻力增大,晶粒蠕变速率降低。     

新型耐热钢Super304H高温时效后的组织与性能

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及X射线衍射等手段并通过显微硬度和冲击实验,研究了Supre304H钢经750～1350℃时效后的微观组织和性能.结果表明:高温时效后Super304H钢的微观组织为γ相+析出相;随时效温度的不同,基体晶粒尺寸及析出相的种类、分布发生不同的变化.在750℃左右因微细沉淀强化及细晶组织使得显微硬度达到最大值,而后随温度升高以及析出相、晶粒尺寸与固溶元素的变化,显微硬度呈现先快速下降后缓慢下降的趋势;时效试样的冲击功值随温度升高在850℃左右,由于M23C6沿晶界大量析出导致晶界脆化而达到最低值,后又因析出相的再溶解致使晶界脆化效果趋弱而逐渐升高.     

热处理对TP347H钢组织结构及力学性能的影响

本文通过800--900℃的加速老化试验,研究热处理过程中TP347H钢的组织结构及力学性能的变化特征。结果表明：800℃,58h热处理,原奥氏体晶粒尺寸稳定,碳化物颗粒在晶界及晶内弥散析出;900℃,5．5h高温热处理后,析出碳化物聚集长大,导致晶界宽化。经900℃,5．5h高温处理后,TP347H钢仍为韧窝聚集型断裂,但断裂面相对平整,韧窝细而浅,且沿基体晶界有二次裂纹扩展。上述组织结构的变化导致热处理过程中TP347H钢的强度持续降低,而塑性先增加,后降低。     

固溶温度对Mg-2Gd-2Zn轧制板材显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用OM、SEM、EDS、XRD、显微硬度计和力学试验机研究了400℃、430℃、460℃、490℃和520℃不同固溶温度对轧制态Mg-2Gd-2Zn合金板材组织结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,当温度不高于490℃时,晶粒尺寸随固溶温度升高几乎呈线性增长趋势。第二相颗粒也随固溶温度升高总体呈减少趋势。但在490℃固溶温度下,第二相反而增加,且呈细小弥散分布。此时显微硬度达最大值,为77.88HV,固溶时效强化效果显著。XRD分析结果表明,当固溶温度从430℃升高到490℃时,第二相主要由MgZn_2和GdZn_5的初生相转变为MgZn_2和GdZn的沉淀相。490℃固溶处理下合金板材沿RD、TD和45°方向的抗拉强度均达到最大值,分别为262 MPa、244 MPa和254 MPa;断裂伸长率略有降低,分别为34%、31%和39%,但塑性各向异性降低。     

固溶温度对Ti-5Mo-5V-2Cr-3Al钛合金棒材组织和性能的影响规律

研究了固溶温度对Ti-5Mo-5V-2Cr-3Al钛合金棒材显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,钛合金固溶处理温度在相变点以下,空冷后,显微组织由β相、初生α相以及次生α相组成。随着固溶温度的升高,显微组织中β相晶粒尺寸增大,晶界α相厚度减小,产生有序化现象,而次生α相数量和尺寸减小,使合金的强度降低,塑性升高,但固溶处理温度为800℃时,网状晶界α相使塑性迅速下降;当固溶处理温度在相变点以上,Ti-5Mo-5V-2Cr-3Al钛合金重新形核并长大,随着固溶温度的升高,β相晶粒尺寸增大,初生α相数量减少,强度和塑性都下降,过冷β相晶粒发生应力诱发马氏体现象。     

固溶温度对GH4742合金力学性能及γ'相的影响

采用EBSD、SEM等手段研究了固溶温度对GH4742合金的微观亚结构、力学性能和γ’相的影响。结果表明,固溶温度为1080℃～1120℃时,随着固溶温度的提高基体发生静态再结晶的比例提高,小角度晶界的比例由13.2%降低为3.2%;同时,晶粒显著粗化,平均晶粒尺寸由11.0μm增大到111.6μm,Σ3孪晶界的比例由13.2%提高到58.6%。随着固溶温度的提高,基体内一次γ’相的体积分数显著降低、尺寸增大,二次γ’相的体积分数和尺寸增加,三次γ’相的体积分数和尺寸变化较小。在不同固溶温度下γ’相强化增量的变化较小,晶粒粗化是导致其强度降低的主要因素。随着固溶温度的提高GH4742合金的室温强度显著降低,而高温强度提高和持久断裂时间显著增加。固溶温度为1100℃时,GH4742合金的室温和高温力学性能良好。     

时效温度对SCFs/AZ31B复合材料组织和性能的影响

目的 探究提高固相合成SCFs/AZ31B镁基复合材料力学性能的最佳时效温度.方法 采用固相合成工艺制备SCFs/AZ31B镁基复合材料并在415℃固溶处理20 h,然后分别在155,175,195,215℃下进行20 h时效处理.采用金相显微镜(OM)与扫描电镜(SEM)观察微观组织,并测试拉伸性能、硬度等力学性能,研究时效温度对显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果 时效过程中,碳纤维稳定存在于基体中.随着时效温度的升高,晶粒尺寸先增加后减小,175℃时效晶粒尺寸最小为14.84μm,时效析出的第二相为Al2Mg.当时效时间为20 h、时效温度为175℃时,材料的屈服强度、抗拉强度、伸长率和维氏硬度最高,分别为188 MPa,259 MPa,6.9％,70.2HV.在该实验条件下,最佳时效温度为175℃.结论 随着时效温度的升高,第二相从非连续析出转为连续析出.时效处理可以改善材料的力学性能.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.