涂层工艺对KH570-SiO_2复合薄膜耐腐蚀性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和γ-甲基丙烯酰氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH570)为前驱体,在碳素钢片上和铝片上制备有机-无机复合防腐薄膜。本实验采用盐雾腐蚀实验对复合薄膜的防腐蚀性能进行了表征,探讨了两种前驱体比例、pH值、回流温度等溶胶凝胶过程工艺条件对防腐涂层结构及防腐性能的影响,并初步比较了不同基板上薄膜的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,当TEOS/KH570=1∶1,pH值为4.5时达到最佳防腐性能:在铝板上能够耐盐雾腐蚀240小时以上和钢板上耐盐雾腐蚀8小时以上。     

水性涂料在船舶上的应用研究

采用无皂法制备水性丙烯酸乳液,通过半连续滴加工艺进行无皂乳液聚合反应,利用该乳液制备的涂料,研磨分散过程不易破乳,且漆膜与基材的附着力好。通过分析乳液种类、玻璃化转变温度和配套底漆类型对漆膜的外观形貌、附着力及耐盐雾性能影响,得到影响耐盐雾性能的因素。结果表明:利用无皂法制备的丙烯酸乳液水性内舱面漆膜致密;玻璃化转变温度高的无皂乳液耐盐雾500 h内具有优异的性能,而玻璃化转变温度低的在1 000 h盐雾的效果更好一些;与溶剂型环氧底漆、水性环氧底漆都具有良好的配套性能,具有优异的附着力和良好的耐盐雾性能。     

KH570改性SiO2复合耐腐蚀涂层结构及性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以γ-甲基丙烯酰氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH570)改性正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)水解聚合物,在钢片上制备有机-无机复合防腐薄膜。通过傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)等测试手段研究薄膜材料的结构,并通过盐雾腐蚀试验和电化学阻抗谱测试对复合薄膜的防腐蚀性能进行检测,并探讨了最适加水量(R)。结果表明:随R从1增加至5,涂层防腐性能先提高后降低。R=3时,薄膜结构致密,抗腐蚀性能最好;FTIR结果表明,样品经180℃热处理后,KH570的结构无明显变化。     

新型溶胶-凝胶工艺制备La0.5Ca0.5MnO3薄膜及性能分析

鉴于以醇盐为原料溶胶-凝胶制备La0.5Ca0.5MnO3薄膜工艺中存在诸多苛刻因素,本文以无机盐为原料采用溶胶-凝胶工艺在SiO2/Si(100)衬底上制备了La0.5Ca0.5MnO3薄膜.并用XRD、SEM和TEM等分析手段对薄膜进行了表征,通过不同磁场下电阻-温度(R-T)曲线,研究了样品的磁电阻(CMR)效应...     

溶胶-凝胶法制备氧化硅-氧化铝共掺杂聚酰亚胺薄膜及其性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米二氧化硅及氧化铝溶胶,将溶胶混合后掺入正在反应的聚酰胺酸中,制得聚酰亚胺/二氧化硅-氧化铝杂化薄膜。利用扫描电子显微镜对杂化薄膜的微观形貌进行了表征,并测试了无机组分含量不同的杂化薄膜的力学性能、热稳定性及介电性能。试验结果表明,杂化薄膜材料中无机相呈现纤维结构和颗粒结构,有效地提高了薄膜的力学性能。杂化薄膜与纯膜相比,热分解温度有较大提高,且随着无机组分含量增大,热分解温度呈现先上升后下降的趋势。介电性能分析表明,杂化薄膜的介电常数和介电损耗与频率的关系符合德拜松弛极化机理。     

以硝酸铝为前驱体制备Al_2O_3薄膜及其表征

为了改善Al_2O_3薄膜的制备工艺,本文以硝酸铝为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法,通过研究不同添加剂对溶胶性能的影响,最终选择引入甲基纤维素制备Al_2O_3薄膜,并讨论了不同干燥过程对凝胶膜表面形貌的影响.通过TG-DTG、XRD、BET、SEM等分析手段,对Al_2O_3薄膜进行了热稳定性、微观结构、化学组成等方面的测试和分析.实验结果表明,选用20%(质量分数)甲基纤维素时,其溶胶性能最好;常压、环境温度为60℃,相对湿度70%的环境下,可获得完整的、无裂痕的氧化铝凝胶膜;440℃以后薄膜没有质量损失;随着热处理温度的升高,Al_2O_3薄膜的物相发生了转变;薄膜表面均匀平整,平均孔径为15.97nm.     

碱性条件下多孔SiO2增透膜的结构控制

以正硅酸乙酯为无机前躯体,在碱性条件下,采用溶胶-凝胶技术,用浸渍法提拉工艺制备了二氧化硅透明多孔薄膜.详细研究了催化剂的含量对溶胶及膜层性能的影响.利用Netzsch热分析仪研究了干凝胶在干燥过程中的热稳定性,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品薄膜的形态结构进行了表征以及用分光光度计考察了薄膜的增透性能.结果表明,氨用量的增加对溶胶黏度的影响不大,但缩短了溶胶达到最佳涂膜效果的陈化时间;随着氨水加入量的增加,SiO2颗粒的粒径增大;掺入有机添加剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺可以提高薄膜的性能,有效抑制颗粒生长;氨水催化制备的薄膜透过率相对较高,膜层峰值在640～690nm范围内透射率达99%以上.     

溶胶—凝胶二氧化硅驻极体薄膜的物理化学改性

实验研究了由溶胶－凝胶法制备二氧化硅驻极体薄膜的工艺。用红外透射谱、扫描电子显微镜以及驻极体等温表面电位测量和热刺激放电等实验考察了热处理和化学表面修正两个关键工艺对溶胶－凝胶二氧化硅样品驻极体性能的影响。结果表明经过高温条件下一定时间的热处理和化学表面修正，可以制备出性能优良的驻极体薄膜。     

溶胶－凝胶二氧化硅驻极体薄膜的物理化学改性

实验研究了由溶胶－凝胶法制备二氧化硅驻极体薄膜的工艺。用红外透射谱、扫描电子显微镜以及驻极体等温表面电位测量和热刺激放电等实验考察了热处理和化学表面修正两个关键工艺对溶胶－凝胶二氧化硅样品驻极体性能的影响。结果表明经过高温条件下一定时间的热处理和化学表面修正，可以制备出性能优良的驻极体薄膜     

水性纳米ZrO_2/环氧聚硅氧烷杂化防腐涂层的制备与性能

采用水性纳米ZrO_2溶胶与γ-缩水甘油醚氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(GPTMS)为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶方法,制备了水性有机无机杂化防腐涂层。实验研究了ZrO_2/GPTMS摩尔比对涂层耐盐雾性能及电化学性能的影响。实验结果表明,涂层的耐腐蚀性能随着摩尔比的增加呈现先增强后下降的趋势,其中1∶5涂层的耐腐蚀性能最强,耐盐雾时间达到1 500h,是未涂覆涂层样板耐盐雾时间的20倍左右,电化学交流阻抗为107Ω·cm2,腐蚀电流密度为5.84×10-10 A/cm2。从1∶5涂层的SEM照片发现,涂层中纳米ZrO_2粒子分散均匀,无团聚现象。另外,TG分析表明,涂层的热稳定性能随着摩尔比的增大而增加。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...