Study of fracture of specimens made of fiberglass plastic using acoustic-emission and strain measurements

The crack resistance of specimens made of a fiberglass plastic composite material has been studied. All specimens had approximately the same geometric dimensions. At the center of the specimens, there were 25-mm-long notches on both sides. The specimens were loaded with a static or cyclic load at a frequency f = 5 Hz. The tests were performed using acoustic-emission (AE) and strain gage measurements. The AE technique allowed stable localization of a flaw at an early stage of growth and made it possible to automate the measurement process. The strain gage measuring system was used to find deformations in the zones of localization of AE signals.     

A Study on Incipient Damage Monitoring in Rolling Contact Fatigue Process Using Acoustic Emission

Acoustic emissions (AE) technique was applied to rolling contact fatigue tests of two radially loaded rollers running under constant load and velocity to detect the incipient damage and damage location. Signals detected from contacts were processed using signal conditioning and enhancement techniques by an AE source locator to bring out the difference between the signals from the sound and damaged rollers. It was found that AE hit count pulse observations by the AE source locator can provide an indication of the damage at its initial stage. The conventional AE parameters and the AE signal features were studied and correlated with the AE source locator counts. The results demonstrated the successful use of the combination of the AE monitoring and the AE source locator as a new technique for detecting the incipient damage and forecasting the position of the damage in the roller, and this technique could allow the user to monitor the rate of deterioration of the rolling elements.     

Acoustic-emission testing of curvilinear fuselage panels of an RRJ airplane in life tests

The technique of acoustic-emission testing of curvilinear fuselage panels of an RRJ airplane in life tests is considered. Specimens are loaded with a distributed mechanical load and pressurization with an air overpressure.     

Acoustic Emission Method for Testing Oil and Gas Tanks

Results of practical hydraulic tests of railway tanks owned by Altaivagon Corporation by the method of acoustic emission (AE) are given. A new technique for localization of AE signals and an appropriate software package have been developed to detect with a high certainty both internal and penetrating flaws in tanks under a load of 0.5 atm. A technique for estimating the hazard presented by the flaws in railway tanks based on detection of AE signals is discussed.     

Study of Growth of Fatigue Cracks in Metallic Samples Using Methods of Acoustic Emission and Strain Measurement

Results of cyclic stress tests of planar samples from the D16T duralumin 2 and 6 mm thick performed with the help of the methods of acoustic emission (AE) and strain measurements are reported. The variables recorded in the tests were the applied load, number of loading cycles, length of a fatigue crack, strain in sample material, and parameters of AE signals. In addition, in tests of samples 3 mm thick the stress intensity factor was maintained constant as fatigue cracks grew over fixed intervals of lengths, and information was derived from total counts of AE pulses, their energy distributions and spectral characteristics.     

Studies on the influence of process parameters on the AISI 316L resistance spot-welded specimens

Energy saving and improving product performance are long-term concerns in extrusion process. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel extrusion process called alternate extrusion (AE). The proposed process uses split punches alternately instead of the overall structure to apply the downward load, but receives an unexpected load-saving and grain refinement effect. Experimental and finite element method (FEM) methods were used to investigate the effects of different extrusion ratios on microstructure and mechanical properties. Results indicate that load value is significantly reduced, grain size is considerably refined, and tensile strength and elongation of material are improved after AE processing. The fractography shows that the fracture mode of AZ31 magnesium alloy changes from brittle to ductile. Although the actual extrusion ratio decreases in AE process, additional shear forces produced by different punch-alternating loads at the interface improve microstructure and mechanical properties. Therefore, AE can achieve grain refinement and load saving and improve strength and plasticity of magnesium alloys.     

风力机叶片多裂纹扩展声发射信号的特征识别

针对风力机叶片蒙皮多裂纹难以状态识别的问题,根据裂纹扩展释放能量的过程,推导主裂纹扩展AE信号的表达式,从而明晰了主裂纹扩展的AE信号特性及其与应力变化之间的关联。由于多裂纹扩展AE信号为卷积混合模型,提出一种对具有非平稳、非线性特性的卷积混合AE信号特征提取的方法,以输出信号的广义能量作为目标函数得到盲解卷的滤波器迭代式,采用Godard算法通过输出信号与估计值的误差调整滤波器系数,并根据相似系数选择适当的非线性函数以减少采集设备对AE信号的影响。最后在裂纹扩展试验中,预制不同尺寸的多缺陷,对叶片试件同时施加激振载荷和循环载荷,每间隔一定的循环次数采集不同状态的AE信号,同时采用具有非全局性的瞬时频率和特征尺度来识别多裂纹在不同扩展状态下的特征,从而明晰了信号特征与多裂纹生存状态的关联,形成了识别多裂纹复合材料损伤的评价机制。     

Inspection of locomotive bearing rings by the acoustic-emission method

The results of testing the bearing rings (BRs) of a locomotive axle box by the acoustic-emission (AE) method are presented. The small size of the localization zone of BRs leads to a significant spread of the coordinates of flaws even at minimal errors of the time of arrival of AE signals at piezoelectric-antenna probes. To refine the testing technique, the maximum testing load necessary for initializing AE signals is determined. Deformations in BRs are measured with a strain-gauging system related to the AE system. During recording of AE signals, the mechanical stresses are measured, thus allowing rejection of parasitic signals and an increase in the localization accuracy.     

飞机载荷标定试验数据的多元回归选元方法

进行飞机载荷标定试验时,由于载荷与应变参数之间存在耦合相关性,采用逐步回归法判断自变量是否显著时具有一定的主观性。针对飞机载荷标定试验数据处理提出了一种多元回归选元方法,将回归项的变异系数作为误差控制指标和选元的判据,逐步剔除变异系数最大的自变量,直至选出最优的自变量参数组合,以此得到较佳的回归结果。此方法已成功应用于多个型号飞机起落架航向、垂向、侧向载荷的飞行实测。     

Incipient damage detection and its propagation monitoring of rolling contact fatigue by acoustic emission

The acoustic emission (AE) technique was applied to rolling contact fatigue tests using a test-rig running under constant load and speed for detecting the incipient damage and damage location. This incipiently-damaged roller was investigated in detail and monitored by further running to determine the damage severity and to understand the surface damage propagation process by applying the AE techniques. The conventional AE parameters and AE signal features were studied, and their relation with the AE source locator hit count rate were correlated. The results demonstrated the successful use of the AE measurement unit, which is principally, consists of the AE data analyzer and the AE source locator as a new system for detecting incipient damage produced by fatigue. Moreover, the system is able to forecast the position of the damage in the roller, capable of providing an indication of the severity of damage i.e. damage size, and thus it could allow the user to monitor the rate of further degradation of the rolling elements.     

三相交流电子负载系统的设计与应用研究

按照航空电源测试的基本要求，设计了一种航空电源地面测试用三相交流电子负载系统。系统采用工业控制计算机和DSP处理器的两层控制网络，以两级三相PWM整流器作为主电路，采用电流滞环PWM的控制方式。同时还建立了系统的仿真模型，并通过仿真对方案进行验证，结果表明系统能够模拟不同特性负载，同时能够实现电能的回收。     

A study of the tribological behaviour of piston ring/cylinder liner interaction in diesel engines using acoustic emission

The novel use of non-intrusive acoustic emission (AE) measurements to provide information pertaining to the interaction between piston rings and cylinder liners in a range of diesel engines is investigated in this paper. In doing so, this technique is shown to offer a new method of investigation into this important interface in engine operation.AE generated during normal engine operation is known to consist of contributions from a number of different sources such as injector and valve activity. A recent finding has been the identification of AE signals associated with the ring/liner interface which presents the opportunity for in-service monitoring. This work discusses the possible AE source mechanisms, such as asperity contact, lubricant flow and/or blowby, through reference to a number of tests on motored and in-service small HSDI diesel engines and large, 2-stroke, marine diesel engines. The influence of various factors such as engine speed, load and lubrication is considered.     

Use of microprocessor acoustic emission systems during aircraft endurance testing

In this article, the results of endurance testing of aircraft using the acoustic-emission method (AE) are given. Measurement information was recorded by certified distributed and combined systems. A total of 62 loading blocks were performed; each included nonflight, take-off, and flight modes. Arrival of recorded AE signals was combined with the onset of the program cycle. Examples of the localization of AE signals were given from the zones under study with the development of fatigue fractures along the left and right sides of the aircraft. The results of comparative testing on an aircraft panel with a size of 1500 × 1800 mm were analyzed using distributed and combined AE systems.     

Determination of the damage mechanisms in armor structural materials via self-organizing map analysis

Dynamic compression fracture behaviors together with damage mechanisms of materials subjected to a compressive load at a high strain rate were studied by using a Self-organizing map (SOM). The materials used for the analysis were Al5083, Rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) and tungsten heavy alloy (WHA). The deformation behavior and Acoustic emission (AE) signal were acquired through a Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB)-AE coupled test. The self-organization map which is one of the artificial neural network technique was employed to classify the AE energy, amplitude, and peak frequency according to the characteristics of the signal. In addition, distributions of AE signals were represented in stress-strain curves. The correlation between AE characteristics and material damage mechanisms was investigated. Based on the results, it was found that cluster 1 with high AE energy, high amplitude and low frequency was the cluster of the AE signal generated near the yield point of the material. Cluster 3, which has the opposite tendency, was confirmed as a cluster of AE signals that occurred just before a fracture of the material. The change in the measured value can be seen depending on the strain rate and the material, but the overall tendency was similar.     

Diagnostics of the predestruction state based on amplitude and time invariants of the flow of acoustic-emission acts

The method and results of diagnostics of the predestruction state are described based on deviations of the amplitude and time invariant relationships between the parameters of the flow of acoustic- emission (AE) acts and their stable values. The relationship of the AE invariant method with the methodology of the synergetic approach to the destruction of solids is shown. Amplitude invariant relationships of AE have been estimated both by tests of standard specimens of 15Kh2NMFA hull-plate steel and by the previous results of AE tests of a VVER-1000 reactor vessel.Translated from Defektoskopiya, Vol. 40, No. 8, 2004, pp. 79–83. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Builo.     

起落架载荷测量与标定试验研究

以飞机主起落架为例，探讨结构部件载荷标定试验的力学模型，通过结构部件直接进行应变桥路传感器设计和标定加载试验的现场实施以及对试验数据的分析处理，建立以飞机起落架为例的载荷输入与应变输出关系方程，以此获得起落架在实际工作过程中的载荷－时间历程，为其寿命估算、可靠性设计和结构优化等提供重要依据。     

Estimation of time-of-arrival errors of acoustic-emission signals by the threshold method

A technique for determining the times of arrival of acoustic-emission (AE) signals at the probes of a piezoelectric antenna with simultaneous estimation of their errors is considered. To increase the localization accuracy, it is proposed to refine the times of arrival by linearly approximating the leading edge of an AE signal taking into account the influence of noise. The slope of the leading edge is calculated according to the criterion of the minimum rms deviation from the signal envelope using the moving-window method. Examples of use of the developed method for calculating the coordinates of flaws in strength tests of structural elements are considered.     

High‐pressure short time behavior of traction fluids

The squeeze film formation ability of traction fluids is studied under impact load by dropping a steel ball‐bearing against a flat anvil made of mild steel. The effect of the pressure–viscosity coefficient and of the viscosity is investigated for plastic impact. The depth difference between the lubricated surface dent and the dry dent increases linearly with the product αη of the pressure–viscosity coefficient α and the viscosity η. The importance of the lubricant parameter αη is observed under the squeeze film formation ability from contact voltage or elastohydrodynamic lubrication central film thickness measurement at rolling condition. The intensity of each impact collision is measured by means of an acoustic emission (AE) sensor. The high‐pressure short‐time solidification of traction fluids was confirmed by dent analysis after the impact tests and AE analysis under impact loads. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Detecting hazardous sources of acoustic-emission signals using the estimated energy of clusters

A method for detecting hazardous sources of acoustic-emission (AE) signals by the level of their energy activity using clustering by digitized signal shape was considered. The influence of the distance between a source and an AE transducer on the energy of recorded AE signals was analyzed. The energy distribution median of signals in a cluster was proposed for evaluating the hazard of an AE signal source. The application of the developed method was tested based on the example of the analysis of AE inspection data on the welding of steel specimens with incomplete fusion and a crack at the root of a weld seam. This testing confirms the results of the fractographic inspection of a defective weld seam.     

基于声发射技术的点接触润滑状态研究

为研究点接触在部分弹流润滑条件下的润滑状态,使用球盘式摩擦磨损试验机进行试验,利用声发射技术监测不同工况下的润滑状态,并分析在不同工况下声发射信号特征参数的变化规律。结果表明:声发射信号特征参数计数、能量、信号强度对润滑状态的改变非常敏感,都随滑动速度的增加而减小,随载荷的增加而增加且在变化规律上几乎一致;利用声发射技术能够表征边界润滑向部分弹流润滑的过渡状态。