石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定钮扣电池中痕量金

样品经王水溶解,聚氨酯泡沫塑料分离富集后,用20 g/L硫脲溶液解析,20 g/L抗坏血酸溶液作基体改进剂,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱测定钮扣电池中痕量金。优化了石墨炉的测定条件,采用700 ℃和1 700 ℃作为灰化和原子化温度,缩短了测定时间,延长了石墨管的使用寿命。测定结果显示钮扣电池中金含量低于10 ng/g,RSD低于10 %,回收率在88 %～112 %之间,方法检出限为0.15 ng/g,该法适合电子元器件中痕量金的测定。     

Solution combustion synthesis and electrochemical properties of yttrium-doped LiMnPO_4/C cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

Phospho-olivine pristine LiMnPO_4/C and yttrium-substituted LiMn_(1-x)Y_xPO_4/C(x=0,0.01,0.03,0.05)were synthesized by a solution combustion method.The effects of Y-doped on structure,morphology and electrochemical performances were investigated.From powder X-ray diffraction pattern,all substituted materials adopt an identical structure to that of the LiMnPO_4 olivine structure,suggesting that the yttrium ion was well inco rporated into the crystal lattice,without any changes in the host crystal structure.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy provides clearly that yttrium-substituting reduces the charge transfer impedance and improves the lithium ion diffusion through the structure.When x=0.01,the material shows an excellent capacity and stability during charge/discharge process.The initial specific discharge capacity can reach up to 156.84 mAh/g at C/20,with a coulombic efficiency of about 96.11%,which is 14% higher than that of the pristine material.The results confirm that the cyclic stability and the electrochemical performances of LiMnPO_4/C are highly improved by Y-doping.     

Esophageal elastance in awake and anesthetized recumbent dogs

Esophageal elastance was measured in trained dogs placed in the prone, supine, and left lateral postures before and during sodium thiopental anesthesia. Esophageal elastance was measured from static pressure-volume curves and during spontaneous breathing at functional residual capacity. There was a significant decrease in esophageal elastance, estimated from the pressure-volume curves, during anesthesia in both prone and lateral positions but not in the supine posture. Changes in vagal tone produced by stimulation of the vagal nerves did not alter esophageal elastance. Therefore, underlying mechanisms for these changes in esophageal elastance are not fully understood. There was an increase in esophageal elastance when lung volumes increased from 55 to 80% total lung capacity. However, we did not find a significant change in esophageal elastance between awake and anesthetized conditions or between positions during spontaneous breathing at functional residual capacity.     

Preparation and electrochemical properties of Y-doped Li3V2（PO4）3 cathode materials for lithium batteries

Y-doped Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode materials were prepared by a carbothermal reduction(CTR) process. The properties of the Y-doped Li3V2(PO4)3 were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical measurements. XRD studies showed that the Y-doped Li3V2(PO4)3 had the same monoclinic structure as the undoped Li3V2(PO4)3. The Y-doped Li3V2(PO4)3 samples were investigated on the Li extraction/insertion performances through charge/discharge, cyclic voltammogram (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS). The optimal doping content of Y was x=0.03 in Li3V2-xYx(PO4)3 system. The Y-doped Li3V2(PO4)3 samples showed a better cyclic ability. The electrode reaction reversibility was enhanced, and the charge transfer resistance was decreased through the Y-doping. The improved electrochemical performances of the Y-doped Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode materials were attributed to the addition of Y3+ ion by stabilizing the monoclinic structure.     

一步水热法合成3D花状CoS锂离子电池负极材料的组织及电化学性能研究

以CoCl2·6H2O和硫脲(CH4N2S)为原料,采用一步水热法,通过改变钴硫摩尔比和添加表面活性剂制备出两种不同形貌(3D花状和球状)的硫化钴(CoS)锂离子电池负极材料。结果表明,当钴硫摩尔比为1:1时,在180℃下水热反应12 h可得到3D花状CoS负极材料,其三维立体花状结构由纳米级层片组成;当钴硫摩尔配比为1:1,添加十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB),在180℃下反应12 h可制得由小颗粒聚结成的球状CoS负极材料。在0.1C电流密度下,3D花状CoS电池首次放电比容量为752m Ah·g^-1,并且具有良好的倍率性能;在1C电流密度下,经过200圈的循环测试后,3D花状CoS电池仍有较高的放电比容量(185 mAh·g^-1),远高于球状CoS电池(118.6 mAh·g^-1),并且没有衰减的趋势。     

锂离子电池正极材料 LiNi0.70Co0.20M0.10O2软化学合成及结构与性能

采用软化学的方法合成了LiNi0.70Co0.20M0.10O2(M=Al, Mn)锂离子电池正极材料, 分析了材料的结构及电化学特性. XRD分析发现采用软化学法合成的两试样其衍射峰比较尖锐, 强度较高, 说明试样结晶良好, Al、 Mn均达到了连续固溶, 形成了LiNi0.70Co0.20M0.10O2(M=Al, Mn)固溶体. 采用两种方法初步估算了LiNi0.70-Co0.20Al0.10O2在充放电过程中的扩散系数的数量级为10-11～10-12cm2/s; 采用软化学法制备的LiNi0.70-Co0.20M0.10O2(M=Al, Mn)正极材料无论从结构还是电化学性能上均表现出较好的综合性能.     

Haemorrhagic septicaemia due to Pasteurella multocida type B2 in Namibia

The starting point for any research project should be a question. Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literature reviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used not only as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparation of the final report, but also in seeking any financial support and approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocol is normally arranged in sections covering the background to the study, the question(s) that it will address, the methods that will be used for the collection and analysis of data, the statistical power of the investigation (where relevant), any ethical considerations, and the financial input that will be needed. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of the study method are untried or of uncertain validity.     

Investigation of an outbreak of wound infections due to Alcaligenes xylosoxidans transmitted by chlorhexidine in a burns unit

BACKGROUND: Junctional epidermolysis bullosa is an uncommon heterogeneous syndrome transmitted by recessive autosomal inheritance. In addition to the classical skin lesions, the syndrome may include mucosal involvement which further complicates treatment. A few cases with urinary tract lesions dominating long-term prognosis have been reported. CASE REPORT: An child born in 1987 had junctional epidermolysis bullosa associated with urethral stenosis. Skin lesions typical of generalized atrophic benign junctional epidermolysis bullosa were observed. Urinary tract involvement developed after ritual circumcision and led to stenosis of the urethral meatus. Endourethral dilatations were unsuccessful and led to complete stenosis of the urethra, requiring life-long indwelling suprapubic catheter. DISCUSSION: Due to the risk of urinary tract involvement, we discuss the risks involved with circumcision in certain forms of junctional epidermolysis bullosa.     

Pathologic and prognostic characteristics of splenomegaly in dogs due to fibrohistiocytic nodules: 98 cases

Ninety-eight canine splenectomy specimens consisting of combined nodular lymphoid and fibrohistiocytic cell proliferation were evaluated for seven light microscopic characteristics. Electron microscopic features in eight primary and two metastatic nodules (liver) were also evaluated. Nodular fibrohistiocytic proliferation in the canine spleen is characterized by a mixed population of histiocytoid and/or spindle cells in varying proportions intermixed with hematopoietic elements, plasma cells, and/or lymphocytes. These nodules seem to form a continuum between splenic lymphoid nodular hyperplasia and malignant splenic stromal neoplasms (malignant fibrous histiocytoma). Immunohistochemical methods used on 32/98 specimens showed uniform and strong positive staining among fibrohisiocytic cells for vimentin and desmin; S100 protein was similarly stained in general abundance. Individual cells strongly stained with smooth muscle actin were sparse but widely distributed. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen was not useful in the subjective differentiation of nodules taken from dogs that died of spleen-related causes and those surviving 12 months following splenectomy. A spectrum of cell types were observed by electron microscopy within each nodule. Fibroblasts, macrophages, intermediate fibrohistiocytic types, and several forms of splenic reticular cells were present. There were no consistent alterations in hematology or serum chemistry profiles of these dogs to provide useful diagnostic/prognostic information. Among the 93/98 dogs with complete (12 month) follow-up information, 48% (45/93) were alive and 52% (48/93) were dead. Dogs that died or were euthanatized during the follow-up period had a median survival of 5 and 5.5 months, respectively (range 0-15 months). Forty-four percent (21/48) died from causes linked to their splenic disease, and 35% (17/48) died from competing causes. The cause of death in 21% (10/48) was unknown. Lymphoid:fibrohistiocytic proportion and mitotic index in the nodules were anatomic features most predictive of postplenectomy mortality. A higher proportion of lymphoid to fibrohistiocytic type cells was associated with increased long-term survival, whereas lower lymphoid:fibrohistiocytic proportions and higher mitotic index indicated a probability of higher short-term mortality.     

锂离子电池负极材料用纳米铁酸锌的制备及研究进展

铁酸锌(ZnFe2O4)因其优良的性能被用作锂离子电池新型负极材料,但ZnFe2O4导电性差,充放电过程中的体积效应严重,导致其循环稳定性低、容量衰减快、倍率性能差,限制了其的应用.本文介绍了几种制备纳米铁酸锌及铁酸锌复合材料的方法,通过扫描电子显微镜对纳米级铁酸锌的形貌结构进行了研究,总结了水热法、溶剂热法、静电纺丝...     

Dementia of frontal lobe type due to adult polyglucosan body disease

We describe a patient with adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) who presented with a dementia of frontal lobe type (FLD), with a neurogenic bladder but no symptoms of sensory motor peripheral neuropathy. Diagnosis was made from a cerebral biopsy specimen which showed an accumulation of intra-axonal polyglucosan bodies in the central nervous system. This case differs from the usual presentation, in which gait disturbance is the main symptom and diagnosis is possible by sural nerve biopsy. Little is known about the neuropsychological pattern of APBD dementia but FLD has not previously been described. APBD is a heterogeneous clinical entity of unknown cause. This diagnosis must be considered in elderly patients with dementia.     

萃取法从废旧锂离子电池正极材料 浸出液中提取锂

废旧锂离子电池正极材料浸出后,溶液中的镍、钴等有价金属十分容易回收,但一直没有很好的方法来回收锂.实际上,这种浸出液和盐湖卤水都为锂盐溶液,所不同的只是盐湖卤水中锂的浓度往往要低一些,并有大量的氯化钠、氯化镁伴生,因此可将废旧锂离子电池浸出液看做一种特殊的“盐湖卤水”,并进一步调整其Cl－的浓度,进而成功地采用盐湖提锂中常用的萃取法.该方法以磷酸三丁酯（TBP）为萃取剂,磺化煤油为稀释剂,在三氯化铁（FeCl₃）存在的条件下,实现选择性提取锂. TBP首先与FeCl₃-NaCl的酸性溶液接触, 形成了锂的专属萃取剂;并将浸出液中氯化钠的浓度进一步调整到250 g/L,在相比（V_O/V_A）为3,温度为室温条件下萃取5 min, 锂的单级萃取率可达到75 %左右,而Ni2+、Co2+、Mn2+几乎没有被萃取.根据平衡等温线,通过4级逆流萃取,锂的萃取率可达到99 %.      

具有核壳结构的FeS_2微米球与碳纳米管原位复合介孔材料的构建及其在锂离子电池中的应用

通过简单的水热反应原位合成了具有核壳结构的FeS_2微米球与多壁碳纳米管复合的介孔材料(C-S-FeS_2@MWCNT). FeS_2微米球表面由纳米片状颗粒堆叠形成的厚度为～350 nm壳层,以及以化学键的形式吸附在微球表面的碳纳米管共同构成了材料保护层.保护层具有丰富的官能团和大量的孔隙结构,保证了锂离子扩散通道,并有效抑制了体积膨胀. C-SFeS_2@MWCNT在200 mA·g~(-1)的电流密度下,250次循环可逆容量达到638 mA·h·g~(-1),倍率性能也得到明显改善,为过渡金属硫化物电极材料的微米化设计和体积能量密度的提升提供了可能.     

Efficacy of clindamycin hydrochloride capsules for the treatment of deep pyoderma due to Staphylococcus intermedius infection in dogs

Clindamycin hydrochloride capsules (11 mg/kg body weight, q24 h) were administered orally to 20 dogs with deep staphylococcal pyoderma. Response to therapy was excellent in 100% of the dogs. Duration of therapy varied from 21 to 91 d, with an average duration of 45 d. Relapses occurred in 25% of the dogs within a 3-month period. One dog vomited when the clindamycin was given on an empty stomach. Under the conditions of the study, clindamycin was an effective, safe, and convenient antibiotic for the treatment of deep staphylococcal pyoderma in dogs.     

French experience in the closure of atrial septal defects of the ostium secundum type with the Sideris button occluder

From February 1992 to November 1995, four French teams used the Sideris button occluder to close 122 ostium secundum, foramen ovale or surgical fenestration atrial septal defects in 121 patients aged 2 to 79 years with body weights of 10 to 96 kg. a left-to-right shunt in 110 cases (average QP/QS = 2.09) or right-to-left shunt in 12 cases. The usual type of prosthesis was used in 115 cases, 8 centered on a guide wire, reverse type in 5 cases and the "centering-device" type in 2 patients. Nineteen implantation attempts were abandoned before releasing the prosthesis. The immediate results were: closure of the atrial septal defect in 116 patients: 59 were completely occluded, 43 had minimal residual shunts. Five patients were operated for non-buttoning or malposition of the prosthesis. In one other case, the device was removed by catheterisation. During follow-up ranging from 1 month to 3 years, 20 patients were operated for varying complications, the commonest of which was malposition of the prosthesis (17 cases) with a shunt of variable volume. In one other case, a second device was inserted. Seventy-seven patients were reviewed at 1 year, 28 a 2 years and 6 at 3 years. The residual shunts decreased with time but only completely disappeared in half the cases. Secondary fractures not requiring surgery were observed in 5 patients. Failures and complications were the result of various causes which are discussed. Successive technological improvements and the experience of the medical teams should reduce this incidence, but caution is required especially in the treatment of young children.     

Hormone responses to stress in patients with major burns

The responses of the plasma stress hormones corticotrophin (ACTH), vasopressin (AVP), cortisol and corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) have been studied in seven consecutive patients aged between 15 and 65 years who suffered from burns of 15-95% total body surface area. There was a distinct peak in AVP (up to 100 pmol/l) and ACTH levels well above the upper limit of normal in all except one patient within 24 h of burn injury. Following the initial rise, AVP and ACTH tended to fall. Plasma CRH with one exception remained within the normal range. Concurrent measurement of plasma renin activity (PRA), haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct) and plasma sodium (Na), to assess hydration, showed that PRA was increased in all except one patient during the first 4 days of hospital admission. The correlation between ACTH and cortisol was highly significant (P < 0.001), as was the correlation between ACTH and AVP, AVP and Na, PRA and Hb, and Hct and Na. Other significant correlations were ACTH and Hct (P = 0.023), ACTH and Na (P = 0.017), AVP and Hct (P = 0.029), CRH (P = 0.018), CRH and Hb (P = 0.001). No significant correlation could be demonstrated between CRH and ACTH or AVP. Our findings suggest that AVP plays a role in the hypercortisolaemia which accompanies major burns. The possible detrimental effect of very high levels of AVP leading to progression of burn depth and reduction of skin graft take by its potent vasoconstrictive action and water retention effect (resulting in oedema) deserves further study. As AVP has the potential to reduce tissue perfusion, the possible use of antagonists in major burns merits further consideration. Persistently raised PRA levels, despite normal biochemical and haematological parameters, may indicate that volume expansion therapy may not be adequate, and that both hypovolaemia and stress may contribute to the AVP response. Stress hormone monitoring may lead to better treatment and a reduction in burn stress.