Performance degradation of a vapor compression refrigeration system under fouled conditions

Performance degradation due to fouling in a vapor compression cycle is investigated for various applications. Considering the first set of refrigerants i.e. R134a, R410A and R407C, from a first law standpoint, the COP indicates that R134a always performs better unless only the evaporator is being fouled. In contrast to this, from a second-law standpoint, the second-law efficiency indicates that R134a performs the best in all cases. Considering the second set of refrigerants i.e. R717, R404A and R290, from a first law standpoint, the COP indicates that R717 always performs better unless only the evaporator is being fouled. In contrast to this, from a second-law standpoint, the second-law efficiency indicates that R717 performs the best in all cases. Volumetric efficiency of R410A and R717 remained the highest under the respective conditions studied. Furthermore, performance degradation of the evaporator often has a larger effect on compressor power requirement while that of the condenser has an overall larger effect on the COP. A new performance degradation law is presented in light of the data generated, which can reduce the amount of experimentation and help predict relevant quantities of the refrigeration system.     

R404A和R410A应用于平行流冷凝器的模拟分析比较

采用分布参数法对平行流冷凝器建立数学模型，对目前广泛使用的制冷剂R134a和低温制冷剂R404A和R410A在平行流冷凝器中的换热和流动性能进行模拟计算和分析比较。分别在相同和不同工况下。比较3种制冷剂的换热系数及压降等换热和流动性能参数。结果表明，在采用平行流冷凝器的汽车空调工况范围内，R410AR404A的流动和传热性能均优于R134a，更适宜用于汽车空调用平行流冷凝器。     

R407C、R410A系统热力性能研究综述

本文介绍了R22制冷剂最有希望的替代物R407C和R410A的基本物性，以及国外学者对使用这两种工质的制冷系统有关换热、压降特性及对COP影响的研究成果，以帮助国内制冷、空调企业了解R22替代工质研究的新动向、加快制冷工质替代的步伐。     

R410A空调器系统的实验研究

小型空调工质R22被取代的同时,人们已经将研究热点放在R410A上,由于R410A的特性,系统需做较大改进.本文以单管试验为基础,将铜管制作成高效换热器,加以对R410A空调器系统进行研究.     

板式蒸发器换热性能的数值模拟Ⅱ:结果及分析

在已建立的数学模型的基础上,对板式蒸发器换热能力进行了数值模拟.针对应用较广的R134a和R410A制冷剂来比较和分析板式蒸发器在小的温差下的换热性能.在三种不同的计算工况下简要分析了各种热力参数的变化对蒸发器整体换热性能的影响.不同的制冷剂,其换热系数和压降差别较大,相同工况下采用R410A替代R22,板式蒸发器的换热性能可提高8.5%～10.0%,且压降可大幅降低.     

地埋管换热器变热流工况下换热模型及其试验验证

在制冷空调产品及热泵热水机国家标准规定的名义工况下,比较CO2跨临界循环与R22,R410A和R404A单级蒸气压缩循环的理论循环效率。结果表明：在空调制冷名义工况下,R22理论循环效率最高,CO2的理论循环效率只有R22的50％～60％;在热泵热水机名义工况下,CO2的理论循环效率最高,可以达到R22的145％;CO2跨临界循环受冷却器压力及出口温度2个方面的影响,适当降低CO2冷却器出口温度可改善循环效率,应用CO2制冷剂需要通过改善循环和优化控制提高系统的能效。     

冷藏车层叠式蒸发器应用R404A与R22和R134a的比较

采用分布参数法对层叠式蒸发器建立数学模型，并对蒸发器采用R404A，R22和R134a时的换热和流动性能进行模拟比较。结果表明，在空调工况范围内，新型中低温混合制冷剂R404A具有R134a换热性能好和R22压降小的特点，能够很好地适用于冷藏车系统空调侧层叠式蒸发器。     

风冷螺杆热泵机组制冷剂替换试验研究

对R22、R407c、R134a三种制冷剂的基本物性及热力性能进行了分析比较，并在风冷螺杆热泵机组基础上进行了替换试验研究。结果表明：R407c为最佳替换R22的制冷剂；R134a替换后能效比较高，但制冷（热）量衰减过多，同时R134a的运行压力过低不太适合热泵工况。     

采用新制冷剂R134a和混合制冷剂R410A的板式蒸发器性能研究

采用分布参数法对波纹型通道板式蒸发器建立数学模型,并进行了数值模拟.通过计算板内局部蒸发传热系数和压降可以简化板式蒸发器内复杂三维网状流动的传热特性.针对应用较广的R134a和R410A制冷剂来比较和分析板式蒸发器在小的温差下的传热性能.在3种不同的计算工况下简要分析了各种热力参数的变化对蒸发器整体传热性能的影响.不同的制冷剂,其传热系数和压降差别较大,相同工况下采用R410A替代R22,板式蒸发器的传热性能可提高8.5%～10.0%,且压降可大幅降低.     

R32制冷剂空调压缩机应用试验研究

R22 制冷剂替换在即,R32 制冷剂是一种潜在的且经济的替代制冷剂.本文通过分析R32制冷剂的物理性质和理论热工循环参数,并采用空调用涡旋式压缩机进行试验测试,同时与 R410A 制冷剂进行试验对比.试验结果表明,R32 制冷剂替代当前的 R22 制冷剂作为空调制冷剂应用,对于空调用涡旋式压缩机来说,其整体表现与 R410A 制冷剂相类似.但为了取得更好的性能和可靠性,压缩机应针对 R32 制冷剂在空调工况应用时压力高、排气温度高的特点进行设计改进.     

在采用平行流冷凝器的冷藏车中应用新型制冷剂的模拟分析比较

运用分布参数法,对目前正广泛使用的环保制冷剂R134a和新型中低温用混合制冷剂R404A在平行流冷凝器内的换热和流动情况进行了模拟分析和比较,结果表明在采用平行流冷凝器的冷藏车运行工况范围内,R404A的传热和流动性能优于R134a,是一种有广阔应用前景的新型中低温混合制冷工质.     

HFC-161及其应用

介绍ODs替代品HFC-161的性质及应用实例，通过分析与实验说明这些混合制冷剂能够分别替代R410A，R407C，R404A和HFC-134a，均具有环保性能优异、能效比高、用量少、与原系统兼容等特点。     

R290空气源热泵热水器的试验研究与对比

为了研究R290和R22在空气源热泵热水器上的性能,试验样机采用一套同轴式套管换热器（与某空调室外机组相匹配连接）和1个电子膨胀阀（安装在2个换热器之间）,根据国标GB/T23137—2008测试R290和R22在该样机上一次性加热热水的各种性能。试验结果表明,R290的充注量仅为R22的42%~46%;在各种试验条件下,R290的能效比不低于R22的,压缩比低且排气温度更低;R290压缩机排量需要比R22系统提高15.4%。     

板式蒸发器换热性能的数值模拟1：数学模型

采用分布参数法对波纹型多通道单流程板式蒸发器建立数学模型，通过计算局部蒸发换热系数和摩擦压降可以简化板式蒸发器内复杂三维流动的换热关系。总结了文献已有的各种换热和压降关联式，并添加到模型控制方程组中。基于此模型，可对目前应用较广的R134a和R410A制冷剂的板式蒸发器在小换热温差下的换热性能进行研究。     

微通道换热器用于家用柜机空调时整机性能的对比实验研究

微通道换热器的应用日益普遍。文章通过将微通道换热器引入3 HP柜式家用空调,并对系统性能和充注量等进行了对比研究。实验表明:当只更换室内换热器,室内微通道换热器翅片间距为1.4 mm时,系统性能达到最优:与原机相比,系统充注量降低15.9%,制冷量基本相当,制冷COP提高2.2%;制热量比原机提高3.9%,制热COP则提高了11.2%。当将室内外换热器都更换为微通道换热器后,系统的充注量降低54%,与原机相比:制冷量提高0.8%,系统COP提高5.2%;当制冷剂更换为R290时,系统最优充注量降为500 g。     

在家用／商用空调中用R32替代R22的探索

在R22的替代工作进入实质性阶段,但国内外成熟替代品又尚不明朗之际,本文在分析国内外R22替代物的现状、存在的问题以及国际上对环保工质要求的新趋向的前提下,探索提出在家用／商用空凋中使用R32替代R22的设想,并从其热物理性质、环保特性、安全性、热工性能、市场可获得性等几个方面,与现有的R22替代物R410A,R290和R1234yf等进行比较,认为R32是一种兼顾减排、安全、节能和市场诸方面要求的、很有前景的R22替代制冷剂。     

Flow-boiling of R22, R134a, R507, R404A and R410A inside a smooth horizontal tube

Flow boiling heat transfer coefficients of R22, R134a, R507, R404A and R410A inside a smooth horizontal tube (6 mm I.D., 6 m length) were measured at a refrigerant mass flux of about 360 kg/m² s varying the evaporating pressure within the range 3–12 bar, with heat fluxes within the range 11–21 kW/m². The experimental data are discussed in terms of the heat transfer coefficients as a function of the vapour quality. The experimental results clearly show that the heat transfer coefficients of R134a are always higher than those pertaining to R22 (from a minimum of +6 to a maximum of +45%).     

An evaluation of options for replacing HCFC-22 in medium temperature refrigeration systems

Due to the ongoing global phase-out of R-22, which is still the most widely used refrigerant around the world, there is a need to replace this refrigerant in many different applications. This paper focuses on a thorough evaluation of the R-22 replacement options for medium-temperature refrigeration applications. It includes a thermodynamic analysis, comparison of heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics, system performance comparisons using a validated detailed system model, safety issues, and determination of the environmental impact of refrigerant selection. Three potential alternatives to the R-22 were studied: two HFCs (404A and R-410A) and one HC (R-290). An HFC refrigerant, R-410A, is shown to be an efficient and environmentally acceptable option to replace R-22 in medium temperature applications.     

低温制冷剂应用于冷柜的综合分析

从低温制冷剂的发展背景、环境影响、性能、安全性及成本等5个方面着手,比较目前在用或者将在低温冷柜中应用的几种制冷剂R22,R404A,R290和CO2在上述几个方面各自的特点。结果表明,R290将是一种用于低温冷柜的很有潜力的制冷剂。     

Thermal Conductivity of the Refrigerant Mixtures R404A, R407C, R410A, and R507A

New thermal conductivity data of the refrigerant mixtures R404A, R407C, R410A, and R507C are presented. For all these refrigerants, the thermal conductivity was measured in the vapor phase at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range from 250 to 400 K and also at moderate pressures. A modified steady-state hot-wire method was used for these measurements. The cumulative correction for end effects, eccentricity of the wire, and radiation heat transfer did not exceed 2%. Calculated uncertainties in experimental thermal conductivity are, in general, less than ±1.5%. All available literature thermal conductivity data for R404A, R407C, R410A, and R507C were evaluated to identify the most accurate data on which to base the thermal conductivity model. The thermal conductivity is modeled with the residual concept. In this representation, the thermal conductivity was composed of two contributions: a dilute gas term which is a function only of temperature and a residual term which is a function only of density. The models cover a wide range of conditions except for the region of the thermal conductivity critical enhancement. The resulting correlations are applicable for the thermal conductivity of dilute gas, superheated vapor, and saturated liquid and vapor far away from the critical point. Comparisons are made for all available literature data.