LTE中抑制非视距误差的分层协同定位算法

针对长期演进技术(LTE)定位系统中非视距(NLOS)误差会使得用户终端测得的定位参数存在较大偏差,从而导致基于观测到达时间差(OTDOA)定位技术所估计的用户终端位置定位精度下降,以及传统Chan算法和Taylor级数展开算法中OTDOA协方差矩阵难以获取的问题,本文提出了一种抑制NLOS误差的分层协同定位算法(HCLA, hierarchical collaborative localization algorithm)。算法首先鉴别出含NLOS误差的基站,然后利用残差加权算法获取OTDOA协方差矩阵,再对传统的Chan算法和Taylor级数展开算法进行改进,将二者联合起来对用户终端进行分层协同定位。该算法无需知道OTDOA误差先验信息。仿真结果表明,在NLOS环境下该算法能准确鉴别出含NLOS误差的基站,并能有效减小定位误差。     

用残差加权对抗NLOS误差的移动定位算法

信道的时间和空间的变化所导致的非视距(NLOS)传输是移动定位技术面临的巨大困难。利用UMTS-FDD的特性以及信号到达时间(TOA)提出了一种残差加权定位算法。研究了算法在不同类型NLOS误差下的表现,结果表明该算法能够有效地降低NLOS误差的影响,定位精度有显著提高,而且在不同分布的NLOS误差下表现稳定。     

基于卡尔曼滤波的抑制NLOS定位算法研究

NLOS(非视距传输)是无线定位误差的主要来源,利用卡尔曼滤波处理到达时间值,再结合Chan算法可以提高定位的精度,但当误差较大时定位精度逐渐下降。文章提出的改进算法首先利用预测残差调节NLOS误差较大的时刻所对应的卡尔曼滤波增益;然后以T1P1模型为基础,利用统计规律及预测数据估计NLOS平均误差,重构卡尔曼滤波的观测值;最后利用Chan算法计算移动台的位置。仿真结果表明该方法可以有效地抑制NLOS误差,在一定程度上提高了NLOS环境下定位的精度。     

抑制蜂窝网定位中测量值NLOS误差的两种算法研究

本文基于对NLOS误差特点的分析,把两种改进的卡尔曼滤波器算法应用于蜂窝网无线定位的TOA(Time of Arrival)测量值消除NLOS(Non-Line of Sight)误差预处理上。它们分别针对NLOS误差的特点,从不同角度考虑,降低了TOA测量值中的标准测量误差和NLOS误差,恢复出的测量值可以较精确的逼近真实的到达时间。从而有效减少了测量值的NLOS误差,再使用普通的不考虑NLOS误差消除的定位算法来计算移动台的位置,就可以达到较高的精度。     

无线定位中NLOS识别和抑制算法综述

蜂窝网无线定位中,往往由于建筑物或地形的阻挡,造成移动台和基站之间的非视线(NLOS)传播。NLOS传播是无线定位的主要误差来源,因此近年来国际上对NLOS问题开展了广泛的研究。本文首先阐述了NLOS问题及其给定位精度带来的影响,然后综述了无线定位中NLOS识别和抑制算法的研究成果以及最新进展,着重对该方面提出的各种算法进行了分类阐述和对比分析,最后指出了现有算法的缺点以及进一步研究所需的工作。     

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的非视距误差消除算法

在蜂窝网无线定位中,到达时间(TOA)或到达时间差(TDOA)中的非视距(NLOS)误差会导致移动台的位置估计出现较大偏差.为了减轻NLOS误差的影响,提出了一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)的非视距误差消除算法.算法通过引入一个NLOS转换因子改进EKF的迭代过程,消除NLOS误差对定位估计的影响.计算机仿真结果表明,在NLOS环境下定位精度的提高是显著的.     

蜂窝无线网中的写作定位算法研究

在蜂窝无线网络中,单基站定位是最简单易行的定位方法,其需要利用基站测量移动终端信号的到达时间(TOA,time of arrival)和到达角(AOA,Angle of Arrival)信息.但是非视距(NLOS,Non Line of Sight)误差是影响定位精度的主要原因,为了抑制NLOS对定位精度的影响,提出了一种利用移动终端和中继节点之间的协作信息来提高定位精度的算法.该算法通过处理基站测量的TOA/AOA信息,以及移动终端到中继节点的TOA信息,利用中继节点与MS间的协作信息对估计的位置进行修正.仿真分析结果表明,在单基站蜂窝网中,提出的算法不仅整体提高了系统定位性能,而且在MS距离基站比较远的情况下,提出的协作定位算法的定位精度比现有的算法有明显提高.     

基于TDOA无线定位的NLOS误差抑制算法

在无线定位算法中,非视距误差是影响定位精度的一个重要因素。为了减小NLOS误差的影响,文中提出了一种基于TDOA的NLOS误差抑制算法。该算法引入信息阈值和修正参数,对卡尔曼滤波迭代过程进行改进,有效地抑制了TDOA测量值中的NLOS误差。仿真结果表明,该算法在NLOS误差严重且误差模型不确定的环境下仍可保持较高的定位精度,且性能优于已有基于卡尔曼滤波的NLOS误差抑制算法。     

基于非视距误差直接估计的定位跟踪算法

在蜂窝无线定位中,由于非视距（non-line-of-sight, NLOS）误差是影响定位精度的主要因素之一,所以如何减轻NLOS误差影响成为当前无线定位研究的热点。本文针对NLOS环境下的定位跟踪问题,提出一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波（extended Kalman filter ,EKF)的定位跟踪算法。该算法首先在最小二乘准测下推导出估计测量值中NLOS误差的直接计算公式,然后使用约束加权最小二乘（constrained weighted least squares, CWLS）方法计算出每一个测量值中所含的NLOS误差,最后利用NLOS误差估计值去修正EKF滤波,以便适应NLOS环境下的定位跟踪,并获取高的定位精度。这种方式不依赖于特定的NLOS误差分布,也无需视距（line-of-sight, LOS）和非视距识别。数值结果表明该算法相比较于经典EKF算法和基于NLOS迭代的EKF算法可以快速有效地抑制定位误差,并且可以在极为恶劣的NLOS环境下满足FCC的定位要求。另外,复杂性实验表明该算法可适用于实时跟踪。      

削弱GDOP对WLAN无线定位精度影响的研究

削弱GDOP对定位精度的影响,是实现高精度WLAN无线定位的关键问题。针对有关问题进行了深入研究;首先对GDOP的数学理论进行了推导、分析,然后提出了采用残差加权方法可显著削弱GDOP对WLAN无线定位精度的影响,最后通过算法仿真证明了其合理性和有效性,可显著提高对MS的定位精度。对实现高精度的WLAN无线定位具有重要意义。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.