Recommended models for overexcitation limiting devices

Overexcitation, overvoltage, and overfluxing limiter models suitable for use in large scale power system stability studies are presented. These models are compatible with current IEEE recommended excitation system models. With these models, most of the limiters of these types in use on large, power system-connected synchronous machines in North America can be represented     

The energy storage mathematical models for simulation and comprehensive analysis of power system dynamics: A review. Part i

Energy storage systems are increasingly used as part of electric power systems to solve various problems of power supply reliability. With increasing power of the energy storage systems and the share of their use in electric power systems, their influence on operation modes and transient processes becomes significant. In this case, there is a need to take into account their properties in mathematical models of real dimension power systems in the study of various operation modes, design, etc. In this article the main types of energy storage devices, as well as the fields and applications of their use in electric power systems are considered. The principles of realization of detailed mathematical models, principles of their control systems are described for the presented types of energy storage systems. The article is an overview and can help in choosing a mathematical model of energy storage system to solve the necessary tasks in the mathematical modeling of storage systems in electric power systems.Information is presented on large hydrogen energy storage units for use in the power system.     

Comparison of flexibility options to improve the value of variable power generation

As the share of variable generation in power systems increases, there is increasing value in more flexible use and generation of electricity. The paper compares the economic value of several flexibility options in a large power system with a large amount of reservoir hydro power. Generation planning models are needed to consider the impact of flexibility options on other investments in a power system. However, generation planning models do not include all the relevant operational details. The approach in the paper combines a generation planning model with a unit commitment and dispatch model. The results demonstrate the value of coupling the heat and power sectors and the value of transmission. Low-cost electricity storage does not appear to be as decisive in the Northern European context with wind power as the main variable generation source. The paper also addresses methodological issues related to the inclusion of operational constraints in generation planning.     

Optimal energy production from wind and hydroelectric power plants

All countries attach great importance to renewable energy investments with concern that future fossil-fueled energy resources could be exhausted. Thus, a very large renewable energy production potential may be predicted in not a very distant future. This study is about optimal energy production from wind and hydroelectric power plants at a small scale settlement center. A water resources system with multiple reservoirs in which wind power plants are located around the basin is described in this study. The system has three scenarios, in which wind and hydroelectric power plants are integrated, separated and no wind turbines. In the integrated scenario, by the energy generated in the wind power plants, the released flows from the reservoirs are sent to the reservoirs as a use again. In models of every scenario, optimal operational models for long-term planning are established on the system. The technique of dynamic programming with successive approximations is used in these models. The models are applied to a water resources system with multiple reservoirs presented successively on the main line of the Ceyhan River in the Ceyhan Basin. The results obtained here are evaluated in terms of three scenarios developed for energy production. As a result, it has been seen that the systems of the integrated and separated scenario are similar to energy productions and system without wind turbines produces more little energy production to other scenarios.     

The effect of spatial dispersion of wind power plants on the curtailment of wind power in the Greek power supply system

To meet the national target of 29% for electricity production from renewable energy sources by 2020 in Greece, effective implementation of massive wind power installed capacity into the power supply system is required. In such a situation, the effective absorption of wind energy production is an important issue in a relatively small and weak power system such as that of Greece, which has limited existing interconnections with neighboring countries. The curtailment of wind power is sometimes necessary in autonomous systems with large wind energy penetration. The absorption or curtailment of wind power is strongly affected by the spatial dispersion of wind power installations. In the present paper, a methodology for estimating this effect is presented and applied for the power supply system of Greece. The method is based on probability theory, and makes use of wind forecasting models to represent the wind energy potential over any candidate area for future wind farm installations in the country. Moreover, technical constraints imposed by the power supply system management, the commitment of power plants and the load dispatch strategies are taken into account to maximize the wind energy penetration levels while ensuring reliable operation of the system. Representative wind power development scenarios are studied and evaluated. Results show that the spatial dispersion of wind power plants contributes beneficially to the wind energy penetration levels that can be accepted by the power system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A decentralised multi-agent approach to enhance the stability of smart microgrids with renewable energy

This paper presents the impact of large penetration of wind power on the transient stability through a dynamic evaluation of the critical clearing times (CCTs) by using intelligent agent-based approach. A decentralised multi-agent-based framework is developed, where agents represent a number of physical device models to form a complex infrastructure for computation and communication. They enable the dynamic flow of information and energy for the interaction between the physical processes and their activities. These agents dynamically adapt online measurements and use the CCT information for relay coordination to improve the transient stability of power systems. Simulations are carried out on a smart microgrid system for faults at increasing wind power penetration levels and the improvement in transient stability using the proposed agent-based framework is demonstrated.     

发电机典型调速器模型结构和一次调频特性比较

在电力系统频率特性仿真研究中,水、火常规发电机采用何种类型的调速器模型是影响仿真结果的重要因素。为此,比较了工程实际中广泛采用的传统推荐模型和现代数字电气液压式调速模型(DEH)的结构差异;并以送端电网与主网解列后频率升高的场景为例,比较了两类典型调速器模型一次调频的效果。结果表明,DEH模型因增加了PID控制、电功率反馈、多种限幅环节等的模拟,较传统推荐模型更为细致和全面;在较大幅度功率过剩条件下,水电与火电DEH模型限幅环节均导致其一次调频效果较传统推荐模型要弱,对应到实际电网中,在DEH类型调速器投入比例较高时,若大量使用传统推荐模型会产生偏乐观的结果。     

Availability growth models and verification of power equipment

The general availability growth models for large scale complicated repairable system such as electric generating units, power station auxiliaries, and transmission and distribution installations are presented. The calculation formulas for the maintenance coefficient, mathematical expressions for general availability growth models, ways for estimating, and fitting on checking the parameters of the model are introduced. Availability growth models for electric generating units, power station auxiliaries, and transmission and distribution installations are given together with verification examples for availability growth models of 320–1000 MW nuclear power units and 1000 MW thermal power units, 200–1000 MW power station auxiliaries, and 220–500 kV transmission and distribution installations. The verification results for operation availability data show that the maintenance coefficients for electric generating units, power station auxiliaries, transmission and distribution installations conform to the power function, and general availability growth models conform to rules of availability growth tendency of power equipment.     

风电场接入系统静态电压稳定研究

大型风电场并网运行将会影响电力系统的电压稳定性。分别就两种主流风机（即普通异步发电机和双馈感应电机）风电场接入系统的静态电压稳定问题进行了研究。首先简要介绍了文中分析静态电压稳定问题的方法,即连续潮流法。然后分别建立了两种主流风机的稳态数学模型,分析了两种风电场静态电压稳定的特点。最后通过算例仿真,分析了影响风电场静态电压稳定的主要因素,比较了不同风机类型对风电场静态电压稳定的影响。     

Impact of wind power in autonomous power systems—power fluctuations—modelling and control issues

This paper describes a detailed modelling approach to study the impact of wind power fluctuations on the frequency control in a non‐interconnected system with large‐scale wind power. The approach includes models for wind speed fluctuations, wind farm technologies, conventional generation technologies, power system protection and load. Analytical models for wind farms with three different wind turbine technologies, namely Doubly Fed Induction Generator, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and Active Stall Induction Generator‐based wind turbines, are included. Likewise, analytical models for diesel and steam generation plants are applied. The power grid, including speed governors, automatic voltage regulators, protection system and loads is modelled in the same platform. Results for different load and wind profile cases are being presented for the case study of the island Rhodes, in Greece. The scenarios studied correspond to reference year of study 2012. The effect of wind fluctuations in the system frequency is studied for the different load cases, and comments on the penetration limits are being made based on the results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic modeling, design, and simulation of a combined PEM fuel cell and ultracapacitor system for stand-alone residential applications

The available power generated from a fuel cell (FC) power plant may not be sufficient to meet sustained load demands, especially during peak demand or transient events encountered in stationary power plant applications. An ultracapacitor (UC) bank can supply a large burst of power, but it cannot store a significant amount of energy. The combined use of FC and UC has the potential for better energy efficiency, reducing the cost of FC technology, and improved fuel usage. In this paper, we present an FC that operates in parallel with a UC bank. A new dynamic model and design methodology for an FCand UC-based energy source for stand-alone residential applications has been developed. Simulation results are presented using MATLAB, Simulink, and SimPowerSystems environments based on the mathematical and dynamic electrical models developed for the proposed system.     

A dynamic model for predicting solar plant performance and optimum control

Planning over the intermediate and long terms for the operation of solar energy systems must be based on the use of measured data and performance models of system components. We present a dynamic model for predicting the thermal performance of a low-temperature solar power plant. We analyse the optimal control regime for energy management. Validation of the model was performed on a large solar plant located in the north of Tunisia. The results showed good agreement between measured and model values. During the cold season, the plant efficiency increases considerably when a greenhouse is connected to the power plant.     

Integration of wind power in the liberalized Dutch electricity market

Wind power is becoming a large‐scale electricity generation technology in a number of European countries, including the Netherlands. Owing to the variability and unpredictability of wind power production, large‐scale wind power can be foreseen to have large consequences for balancing generation and demand in power systems. As an essential aspect of the Dutch market design, participants are encouraged to act according to their energy programs, as submitted day‐ahead to the system operator. This program responsibility shifts the burden of balancing wind power away from the system operator to the market. However, the system operator remains the responsible party for balancing any generation/load imbalances that may still be arising in real time. In this article, features that are unique for the Dutch market design are presented and their implications on the system integration of wind power are investigated. It is shown that the Dutch market design penalizes the intermittent nature of wind power. A discussion of opportunities and threats of balancing wind power by use of market forces is provided. Last, an outline is given of future work. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.     

大电网运行水轮发电机组功率预测控制研究

本文考虑刚性水锤与弹性水锤两种情况,分别建立了水轮发电机组并入大电网运行时的功率调节动态数学模型,同时根据l~∞范数性能指标,考虑水压引起的最大功率反调约束,设计了功率预测控制器。仿真结果表明功率预测控制系统有效地抑制了非最小相位水击效应带来的功率反调作用,其功率调节动态特性优良,为功率的计算机优化控制提供了一种行之有效的方法。     

Experience with voltage control from large offshore windfarms: the Danish case

This paper gives an overview of the state of the art and lists future challenges to reactive power and voltage control in the Danish transmission system in relation to large offshore windfarms. Today, the reliable and stable operation of the Danish transmission system is based on the voltage and frequency control carried out at central, conventional power plants. Moreover, the control of some larger decentralized combined heat and power units is activated for voltage control and system balancing, which is specific for the Danish system. In the years to come, according to the government's goal of increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the Danish power system, the share of large offshore windfarms in the Danish power generation mix will increase greatly, replacing central power plants, including their control characteristics during periods of strong winds. Large offshore windfarms must therefore provide the transmission system with the necessary voltage and frequency control, e.g. ancillary services, and ensure secure operation of the power system through their contribution to system service. Danish experience, based on the operation of a system with two large offshore windfarms and several smaller ones, has shown that the efficient use of windfarms' reactive power and voltage control for the on‐land transmission system might be limited by several factors. Among such limiting factors are the reactive power and current capability limits of the electronic power converters and switchable capacitor banks of the offshore wind turbines, which are smaller than those of central power plants measured per unit of the active power rating. Combine this with the use of AC cables, tens of kilometres long, to connect the large offshore windfarms to the on‐land transmission system, the reactive power range available to the transmission system gets poor. The Transmission System Operator should already take such limiting factors and alternative solutions for efficient reactive power and voltage control, such as incorporation of a reactive power compensation unit at the on‐land point of connection or evaluation of a Voltage Sourced Converter‐High Voltage Direct Current instead of an AC connection, into consideration during the planning phase for a windfarm connection. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of photovoltaic power systems and their performanceprediction

A number of photovoltaic (PV) performance-analysis models are tested for their ability to estimate the AC power output and validated against historical observations from a PV test facility. A method to estimate meteorological parameters is developed for use in PV performance models for predicting future AC power output from a PV test site. Twelve such PV performance models are examined, and the PVFORM system analysis program and lifetime cost and performance models are extensively tested. These two models are tested using the typical meteorological year and the VPI model-generated estimates of long-term data. Performance prediction results are compared against actual observations at a 4 kW PV test facility. Results show that the VPI model-generated data, when used with the PVFORM model, provide the best predictions for AC power output from this 4 kW PV test facility     

Adequacy assessment of generating systems containing wind power considering wind speed correlation

Wind power is an important renewable energy resource. Electrical power generation from wind energy behaves quite differently from that of conventional sources, and maintaining a reliable power supply is an important issue in power systems containing wind energy. In these systems, the wind speeds at different wind sites are correlated to some degree if the distances between the sites are not very large. Genetic algorithm methods are applied here to adjust autoregressive moving-average time series models in order to simulate correlated hourly wind speeds with specified wind speed cross-correlation coefficients of two wind sites. Multi-state wind energy conversion system models are used to incorporate the correlated wind farms in reliability studies of generating systems. A method to generate random numbers with specified correlation coefficients for application in a state-sampling Monte Carlo simulation technique is introduced. It is shown that the proposed method can be used in the adequacy assessment of a generating system incorporating partially dependent wind farms.     

Mean first passage time in the stochastic security analysis of renewable energy power system

The variability of renewable energy offers significant challenges to the power system security with a large penetration of renewables. The paper models the wind farm penetration as a Gaussian excitation in which the stochastic differential equations (SDEs) are considered to characterize wind energy uncertainties in nonlinear power systems. The SDE‐based power system model is first reduced to the averaged Itô SDEs by the stochastic averaging method. Then, a backward Kolmogorov equation for the conditional reliability function and the generalized Pontryagin equations governing the conditional moments of first passage time are established. Finally, numerical results are provided given the designated boundary and initial conditions. The first passage time of both single‐machine infinite‐bus power system and 3‐machine 9‐bus system under Gaussian excitation are studied. The analytical results are verified by using a Monte Carlo simulation.     

考虑磁路饱和及集肤效应的异步风力发电机组暂态性能分析

为准确分析异步发电机不同详细模型对大型风电机组暂态性能的影响,该文结合2个质量块的风力机传动链等效模型,分别建立了笼型异步发电机考虑主磁路、定转子漏磁路饱和以及集肤效应影响的风电机组数学模型。针对大型风电机组在机械大扰动和电网电压骤降情况下,利用Matlab/Simulink平台对机组在不同数学模型描述时的暂态过程进行了仿真比较。结果表明,尤其在电网电压骤降时,电机磁路饱和对机组暂态运行性能的影响较为显著。