Physicochemical and structural changes of myofibrillar proteins in muscle foods during thawing: Occurrence,consequences, evidence,and implications

Myofibrillar protein (MP) endows muscle foods with texture and important functional properties, such as water-holding capacity (WHC) and emulsifying and gel-forming abilities. However, thawing deteriorates the physicochemical and structural properties of MPs, significantly affecting the WHC, texture, flavor, and nutritional value of muscle foods. Thawing-induced physicochemical and structural changes in MPs need further investigation and consideration in the scientific development of muscle foods. In this study, we reviewed the literature for the thawing effects on the physicochemical and structural characters of MPs to identify potential associations between MPs and the quality of muscle-based foods. Physicochemical and structural changes of MPs in muscle foods occur because of physical changes during thawing and microenvironmental changes, including heat transfer and phase transformation, moisture activation and migration, microbial activation, and alterations in pH and ionic strength. These changes are not only essential inducements for changes in spatial conformation, surface hydrophobicity, solubility, Ca²⁺-ATPase activity, intermolecular interaction, gel properties, and emulsifying properties of MPs but also factors causing MP oxidation, characterized by thiols, carbonyl compounds, free amino groups, dityrosine content, cross-linking, and MP aggregates. Additionally, the WHC, texture, flavor, and nutritional value of muscle foods are closely related to MPs. This review encourages additional work to explore the potential of tempering techniques, as well as the synergistic effects of traditional and innovative thawing technologies, in reducing the oxidation and denaturation of MPs and maintaining the quality of muscle foods.     

Application of nanoemulsion‐based approaches for improving the quality and safety of muscle foods: A comprehensive review

Recently, there has been growing interest in implementing innovative nanoscience‐based technologies to improve the health, safety, and quality of food products. A major thrust in this area has been to use nanoemulsions because they can easily be formulated with existing food ingredients and technologies. In particular, oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions, which consist of small oil droplets (<200 nm) dispersed in water, are being utilized as delivery systems for various hydrophobic substances in foods, including nutrients, nutraceuticals, antioxidants, antimicrobials, colors, and flavors. In this article, we focus on the application of nanoemulsion‐based delivery systems for improving the quality, safety, nutritional profile, and sensory attributes of muscle foods, such as meat and fish. The article also critically reviews the formulation and fabrication of food‐grade nanoemulsions, their potential benefits and limitations in muscle food systems.     

新型解冻技术及其对鱼肉品质影响的研究进展

冷冻是水产品保藏的常用手段,冷冻水产品在加工烹饪前首先需要进行解冻。传统解冻技术具有耗时长、能耗高、解冻损失大、品质劣化等缺陷,水产品解冻后可能出现风味变化、外观受损、蛋白质变性、脂肪氧化等问题,造成水产品品质大大下降,营养严重流失,无法满足消费者的感官需求。因而,电磁波（微波、射频、远红外等）解冻、真空解冻、欧姆解冻、高压静电场解冻以及利用超声波、磁性纳米粒子作为辅助手段的众多新型解冻技术逐渐得到应用和推广,这些新型解冻技术可有效改善传统解冻技术出现的品质不佳、感官劣变等问题。本文综述了几种新型解冻技术的技术原理、应用方法及各自的优缺点,重点阐述了不同解冻技术对鱼肉中水分分布状态和肌肉纤维组织状态的影响,主要体现为对鱼肉的保水性,新鲜度,蛋白质的氧化变性、构象变化、聚集特性等方面的影响,以期为新型低耗高效水产品解冻技术的开发及工业化应用提供理论参考与启发。     

Validation of process technologies for enhancing the safety of low-moisture foods: A review

The outbreaks linked to foodborne illnesses in low-moisture foods are frequently reported due to the occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella Spp. Bacillus cereus, Clostridium spp., Cronobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The ability of the pathogens to withstand the dry conditions and to develop resistance to heat is regarded as the major concern for the food industry dealing with low-moisture foods. In this regard, the present review is aimed to discuss the importance and the use of novel thermal and nonthermal technologies such as radiofrequency, steam pasteurization, plasma, and gaseous technologies for decontamination of foodborne pathogens in low-moisture foods and their microbial inactivation mechanisms. The review also summarizes the various sources of contamination and the factors influencing the survival and thermal resistance of pathogenic microorganisms in low-moisture foods. The literature survey indicated that the nonthermal techniques such as CO₂, high-pressure processing, and so on, may not offer effective microbial inactivation in low-moisture foods due to their insufficient moisture content. On the other hand, gases can penetrate deep inside the commodities and pores due to their higher diffusion properties and are regarded to have an advantage over thermal and other nonthermal processes. Further research is required to evaluate newer intervention strategies and combination treatments to enhance the microbial inactivation in low-moisture foods without significantly altering their organoleptic and nutritional quality.     

解冻方式对三疣梭子蟹感官特征和理化指标的影响

目的比较流水解冻、静水解冻、室温空气解冻和低温空气解冻4种解冻方式对三疣梭子蟹品质的影响。方法以感官评分、质构、气味组成、解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、肌原纤维蛋白含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARS)值等为指标评定三疣梭子蟹解冻后的感官特征和理化性质。结果 4种解冻方式将冷冻梭子蟹完全解冻耗时依次为:低温空气解冻室温空气解冻静水解冻流水解冻;在感官品质方面,流水解冻的样品最佳,低温空气解冻会对样品气味和外观产生不利影响;在解冻损失率方面,流水方式的解冻损失率最高,低温空气解冻方式最低;在肌肉蛋白结构稳定性方面,4种解冻方式对应的肌原纤维蛋白含量无明显差异(P0.05),而流水解冻和低温空气解冻对应的蒸煮损失率相对较低;在脂质稳定性方面,室温空气解冻对应的TBARS值显著高于其他3种方式(P0.05)。结论从品质保持效果和经济效能考虑,静水解冻适宜作为三疣梭子蟹的解冻方式。     

Superchilling of muscle foods: Potential alternative for chilling and freezing

Superchilling is an attractive technique for preservation of muscle foods which freezes part of the water and insulate the food products from temperature fluctuations thereby enhancing the shelf-life during storage, transportation and retailing. Superchilling process synergistically improves the product shelf-life when used in combination with vacuum or modified atmospheric packaging. The shelf-life of muscle foods was reported to be increased by 1.5 to 4.0 times relative to traditional chilling technique. Advantages of superchilling and its ability to maintain the freshness of muscle foods over freezing has been discussed and its potential for Industrial application is highlighted. Present review also unravel the mechanistic bases for ice-crystal formation during superchilling and measures to ameliorate the drip loss. The future challenges especially automation in superchilling process for large scale Industrial application is presented.     

解冻方式对猪肉品质、理化性质与微观结构的影响

目的：探究冷冻猪肉最佳解冻方式。方法：考察了低频电场解冻、空气解冻、静水解冻3种解冻方式对解冻后猪肉的汁液损失率、水分含量、持水力、pH值、色差、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数、质构特性、脂肪氧化和蛋白质氧化程度的影响。结果：低频电场解冻后汁液损失率（1.09%）、剪切力（2 600.15 N）、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS）增加量（62.50%）较低,色泽好,pH值接近鲜肉,蛋白质氧化程度较小,滋味物质丰富,对肉的微观结构破坏小,肌肉组织和肌纤维结构保持较好;静水解冻后菌落总数较少、对蛋白质氧化巯基值的影响较小。结论：低频电场解冻下猪肉的品质、理化性质与微观结构要优于其他两种解冻方式。     

Radio frequency heating of foods: principles, applications and related properties--a review

Radio frequency (RF) heating is a promising technology for food applications because of the associated rapid and uniform heat distribution, large penetration depth and lower energy consumption. Radio frequency heating has been successfully applied for drying, baking and thawing of frozen meat and in meat processing. However, its use in continuous pasteurization and sterilization of foods is rather limited. During RF heating, heat is generated within the product due to molecular friction resulting from oscillating molecules and ions caused by the applied alternating electric field. RF heating is influenced principally by the dielectric properties of the product when other conditions are kept constant. This review deals with the current status of RF heating applications in food processing, as well as product and system specific factors that influence the RF heating. It is evident that frequency level, temperature and properties of food, such as viscosity, water content and chemical composition affect the dielectric properties and thus the RF heating of foods. Therefore, these parameters should be taken into account when designing a radio frequency heating system for foods.     

Opportunities for bio-based packaging technologies to improve the quality and safety of fresh and further processed muscle foods

It has been well documented that vacuum or modified atmosphere packaging materials, made from polyethylene- or other plastic-based materials, have been found to improve the stability and safety of raw or further processed muscle foods. However, recent research developments have demonstrated the feasibility, utilization, and commercial application of a variety of bio-based polymers or bio-polymers made from a variety of materials, including renewable/sustainable agricultural commodities, and applied to muscle foods. A variety of these bio-based materials have been shown to prevent moisture loss, drip, reduce lipid oxidation and improve flavor attributes, as well as enhancing the handling properties, color retention, and microbial stability of foods. With consumers demanding more environmentally friendly packaging and a desire for more natural products, bio-based films or bio-polymers will continue to play an important role in the food industry by improving the quality of many products, including fresh or further processed muscle foods.     

Rehydration of salt-cured cod using injection and tumbling technologies

Traditional rehydration of salt-cured and dried salt-cured cod (klipfish) is most often carried out in stagnant water for 24–48 h. This process has however been difficult to run in industrial scale due to problems related both to process flow and product quality. The new three-step rehydration method developed in this work includes injection of tap water followed by tumbling in water and tumbling in a 2% NaCl brine. Using the new rapid method whole fillets and loins are rehydrated within 3 h. Similar to traditional rehydration, a weight gain of 33–34% was obtained. A trained sensory panel found significant differences in cohesiveness, after-taste and sour smell between fillets rehydrated with the traditional and the new method. No differences were found concerning 14 other sensory properties or the storage stability of rehydrated samples.     

Rheological,tribological and sensory attributes of texture-modified foods for dysphagia patients and the elderly: A review

Texture-modified foods (TMFs) and thickened fluids have been used as a therapeutic strategy in the management of food intake in the elderly and people with dysphagia. Despite recent advances in describing rheological features of TMFs for dysphagia management, there is still paucity of research regarding the sensory attributes, therapeutic thickness levels and swallowing safety of these foods. Additionally, the relationship between mechanical and structural properties of TMFs throughout the oral processing is not yet fully understood. The present review discusses several properties of food boluses that are important during oral processing to allow for safe swallowing. Dynamic changes that occur during oral processing of TMFs will be reviewed. The use of hydrocolloids to improve the cohesiveness of TMFs and how this impacts the sensory properties of TMFs will be also discussed. Additionally, this review will suggest potential new research directions to improve textural and sensory properties of TMFs.     

Applications of chitosan for improvement of quality and shelf life of foods: a review

ABSTRACT:  Chitosan is a modified, natural biopolymer derived by deacetylation of chitin, a major component of the shells of crustacean. Recently, chitosan has received increased attention for its commercial applications in the biomedical, food, and chemical industries. Use of chitosan in food industry is readily seen due to its several distinctive biological activities and functional properties. The antimicrobial activity and film-forming property of chitosan make it a potential source of food preservative or coating material of natural origin. This review focuses on the applications of chitosan for improvement of quality and shelf life of various foods from agriculture, poultry, and seafood origin.     

加工条件及关键组分对烘焙食品品质的影响

烘焙食品市场规模巨大且保持着高速增长的趋势。原料组成、加工条件等因素的变化都会对烘焙制品品质产生影响,了解影响烘焙食品质量的因素,对高品质烘焙食品的加工和生产具有重要意义。本文综述了发酵条件、加工工艺、原料组成对烘焙食品品质的影响,其中涉及了对特殊营养成分添加或者低糖、无糖等功能型烘焙食品的研究,这些新型烘焙食品更符合当下人们对营养健康饮食理念的追求,以期为高品质烘焙食品的设计和生产提供参考,促进烘焙食品行业的发展和升级。     

A systematic review on the flavor of soy-based fermented foods: Core fermentation microbiome,multisensory flavor substances,key enzymes,and metabolic pathways

The characteristic flavor of fermented foods has an important impact on the purchasing decisions of consumers, and its production mechanisms are a concern for scientists worldwide. The perception of food flavor is a complex process involving olfaction, taste, vision, and oral touch, with various senses contributing to specific properties of the flavor. Soy-based fermented products are popular because of their unique flavors, especially in Asian countries, where they occupy an important place in the dietary structure. Microorganisms, known as the souls of fermented foods, can influence the sensory properties of soy-based fermented foods through various metabolic pathways, and are closely related to the formation of multisensory properties. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the core microbiome and its interactions that play an active role in representative soy-based fermented foods, such as fermented soymilk, soy sauce, soybean paste, sufu, and douchi. The mechanism of action of the core microbial community on multisensory flavor quality is revealed here. Revealing the fermentation core microbiome and related enzymes provides important guidance for the development of flavor-enhancement strategies and related genetically engineered bacteria.     

微波解冻对秘鲁鱿鱼肌肉品质与蛋白质氧化程度的影响

为探究微波解冻对冻结秘鲁鱿鱼肌肉品质和蛋白质氧化程度的影响,本研究选取4 ℃冷藏和500、700、900 W三种微波功率进行解冻处理。通过表征其肌肉品质的解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、色泽、质构与低场核磁共振,同时结合反映肌肉蛋白质氧化程度的羰基含量、总巯基含量、表面疏水性分析与二聚酪氨酸含量,综合比较四种解冻方式对秘鲁鱿鱼肌肉品质和蛋白质氧化程度的影响。结果发现:四种解冻方式处理后的样品,500 W微波解冻处理样品的胴体白度、亮度和保水性效果最佳;弹性和粘聚性无显著性差异(p>0.05),但4 ℃冷藏解冻处理样品的硬度、咀嚼性与回复性均明显高于微波解冻;同时,不同解冻方式样品中的羰基含量、总巯基含量、表面疏水性和二聚酪氨酸含量存在显著差异(p<0.05),其中以500 W微波解冻的羰基含量和表面疏水性指数最低,而巯基含量最高。综上所述,本研究发现微波解冻虽较省时,但并不利于保持秘鲁鱿鱼的质构特性,其中500 W微波解冻处理对秘鲁鱿鱼维持肌肉保水性能和延缓蛋白氧化效果最佳。     

Nonthermal plasma-activated water: A comprehensive review of this new tool for enhanced food safety and quality

Nonthermal plasma (NTP) is an advanced technology that has gained extensive attention because of its capacity for decontaminating food from both biological and chemical sources. Plasma-activated water (PAW), a product of NTP's reaction with water containing a rich diversity of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), is now being considered as the primary reactive chemical component in food decontamination. Despite exciting developments in this field recently, at present there is no comprehensive review specifically focusing on the comprehensive effects of PAW on food safety and quality. Although PAW applications in biological decontamination have been extensively evaluated, a complete analysis of the most recent developments in PAW technology (e.g., PAW combined with other treatments, and PAW applications in chemical degradation and as curing agents) is nevertheless lacking. Therefore, this review focuses on PAW applications for enhanced food safety (both biological and chemical safeties) according to the latest studies. Further, the subsequent effects on food quality (chemical, physical, and sensory properties) are discussed in detail. In addition, several recent trends of PAW developments, such as curing agents, thawing media, preservation of aquatic products, and the synergistic effects of PAW in combination with other traditional treatments, are also presented. Finally, this review outlines several limitations presented by PAW treatment, suggesting several future research directions and challenges that may hinder the translation of these technologies into real-life applications.     

Therapeutic potential of abalone and status of bioactive molecules: A comprehensive review

Marine organisms are increasingly being investigated as sources of bioactive molecules with therapeutic applications as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. In particular, nutraceuticals are gaining popularity worldwide owing to their therapeutic potential and incorporation in functional foods and dietary supplements. Abalone, a marine gastropod, contains a variety of bioactive compounds with anti-oxidant, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer activities. For thousands of years different cultures have used abalone as a traditional functional food believing consumption provides health benefits. Abalone meat is one of the most precious commodities in Asian markets where it is considered a culinary delicacy. Recent research has revealed that abalone is composed of many vital moieties like polysaccharides, proteins, and fatty acids that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. A review of past and present research is presented with relevance to the therapeutic potential of bioactive molecules from abalone.     

食用油脂及加工食品中反式脂肪酸的风险评价

目的 对我国标准人经食用油脂及加工食品摄入反式脂肪酸进行风险评价。方法 采用气相色谱法检测食用油脂及加工食品中反式脂肪酸的含量, 运用Crystal Ball软件对食用油脂和加工食品中反式脂肪酸的风险商(hazard quotient, HQ)进行分析和风险描述。结果 食用油脂的HQ平均值为1.21E-1, 90百分位概率下风险商为3.07E-1(HQ<1), 95百分位概率下风险商为3.33E-1(HQ<1); 含油脂高的加工食品HQ平均值为5.30E-1, 90百分位概率下风险商为9.59 E-1(HQ<1), 95百分位概率下风险商为1.92E 0(HQ>1)。结论 郑州市居民经食用油脂摄入反式脂肪酸的风险较低(HQ<1); 摄入含油脂高的加工食品的90百分位的概率下不存在风险(HQ<1), 95百分位暴露水平下存在一定的风险性(HQ>1)。     

Membrane-based technologies for meeting the recovery of biologically active compounds from foods and their by-products

ABSTRACT

To date, according to the latest literature inputs, membranes-based technologies (microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration) have demonstrated to meet the recovery of biologically active compounds, mainly phenolic compounds and their derivatives, from agro-food products and by-products. The goal of this paper is to provide a critical overview of the on ongoing development works aimed at improving the separation, fractionation and concentration of phenolic compounds and their derivatives from their original sources. The literature data are analyzed and discussed in relation to separation processes, molecule properties, membrane characteristics and key factors affecting the performance of such technologies. Technological advances and improvements over conventional technologies, as well as critical aspects to be further investigated are highlighted and discussed. Finally, a critical outlook about the current status for a large-scale application and the role of these processes from an environmental viewpoint is provided.     

Ultrasound processing of fruits and vegetables,structural modification and impact on nutrient and bioactive compounds: a review

This review presents an updated analysis regarding the application of ultrasound technology in fruits, vegetables and their derivatives. The relationship among structure, processing, the quantity and quality of nutrients and bioactive compounds are discussed. Initially, we discussed the effect of ultrasound processing on the structure of the matrices at tissues, cells and molecules levels, also considering the different factors that influence the reported responses. Subsequently, the effect on nutrients and bioactive compound quantity (concentration) and quality (bioaccessibility → bioavailability → bioactivity) is evaluated. Ultrasound processing resulting in tissues and cell disruption, fibre breakage, isomerisation, micellisation, among other modifications, improving the extractability of compounds and/or resulting in their degradation. Moreover, the obtained new matrix interacts differently with the human body, affecting the compound accessibility, which can be increased. In conclusion, different possibilities are discussed regarding using ultrasound processing to enhance healthy aspects of plant-based food products.