蜂窝纸板箱的静态压缩特性研究

建立了蜂窝纸板箱的基本方程,并对蜂窝纸板箱进行了有限元模拟,利用ANSYS对其压缩特性进行了计算;得到了中面受均布载荷时无衬垫和带有蜂窝纸板衬垫两种情况下蜂窝纸板箱的应力图和变形图;同时分析了箱体的应力和变形特点.结果表明:在蜂窝纸板箱底部的中央位置应力和变形均为最大值,这将影响其抗压性能;蜂窝纸板衬垫可以有效地降低最大应力值.此结论为蜂窝纸板箱的优化设计提供了参考依据.     

蜂窝纸板受压时的有限元分析

利用有限元程序对蜂窝纸板的压缩进行了模拟,得到了蜂窝纸板以及芯纸在不同压缩量下的应力分布规律和变形特点.结果表明,蜂窝纸板的承载能力主要由芯纸决定,芯纸的破坏从靠近面纸的附近区域开始,理论分析结果与试验吻合.为蜂窝纸板的研究提供了一种新的思路.     

Effect of initial pre‐compression of corrugated paperboard cushions on shock attenuation characteristics in repetitive impacts

The use of paper as a cushioning material is motivated by its environmental advantage over polymeric materials such as expanded polystyrene. Various studies have been conducted to investigate the capability of corrugated paperboard (CPB) to act as cushioning materials for protective packaging. The studies have normally focused on performance of cushions and effects of climatic conditions on the shock attenuation in the first drop. However, no information is available to show that CPB can be engineered to produce a cushioning element with good shock attenuation in repetitive impacts. This study investigates the deterioration of the shock attenuation characteristics of CPB cushions in consecutive impacts. A series of cushion‐test style experiments on multilayer cushion pads made entirely from CPB were conducted. Each cushion was first subjected to 20 impacts, followed by simulated warehousing in a climatic chamber, and then the additional 15 impacts. The effect of initial pre‐compression strain introduced in the process of making cushion pads is discussed and demonstrated. The performance of cushions was judged not only by the maximum acceleration of shocks. Entire recorded shock pulses and calculated corresponding shock response spectra were analysed and are presented as 3D maps in order to reveal trends that occur when a cushion is subjected to multiple drops. The paper shows that the level of pre‐compression has an important effect on the degree of deterioration of cushion performance after multiple drops. As an example, the maximum acceleration for a pad pre‐compressed to 95% strain increased by less than 20% between the 1st and the 35th drop. In contrast, for 80% pre‐compression, the increase was 300%. It was found that the selection of optimum static stress should be made in conjunction with the expected number of impacts in order to optimize the cushion performance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental quantification of differences in damage due to in-plane tensile test and bending of paperboard

Creasing is an essential process to convert paperboards into packages since it enables folding along well-defined lines. The creasing process relies on purpose-made damage that is initiated in the paperboard structure: delamination. However, creasing might also cause in-plane cracks, which must be avoided. In this laboratory study, three paperboards were creased at six different depths, respectively. Two mechanical tests were performed to characterize the creases at standard climate (23°C and 50% RH): 2-point folding, to examine the bending force and short-span in-plane tensile test to evaluate the strength. The results were normalized with the values for the uncreased boards, which gave the relative strength ratios: relative creasing strength (RCS) and relative tensile strength (RTS). When the relative strengths were evaluated against the normative shear strains, a creasing window was formed. This window has an upper limit given by the RTS values, corresponding to the in-plane cracks, and a lower limit given by the RCS values, corresponding to the delamination damage initiated in the paperboard during creasing. It was observed that both the RCS and RTS values exhibit a linear relation against normative shear strain. From this, it was concluded that performing tests at two creasing depths might be sufficient to estimate the lower, and upper, limits for the creasing window in future studies. Finally, the effect of moisture was investigated by creasing, folding and tensile testing at 23°C and 90% RH, which showed that moisture had no clear effect on the RCS or the RTS values.     

Numerical and experimental investigation of the strength of corrugated board packages

The buckling behaviour of corrugated paper packages was studied by means of an experimental and theoretical analysis. Mechanical behaviour of paperboard was first evaluated experimentally, then a local geometry FEM model, able to reproduce with a very good accuracy buckling loads obtained experimentally in the standard edge compression test, was developed. In order to investigate the buckling of a complete package, a finite element ‘corrugated board’ was introduced by means of a dedicated homogenization procedure. The FEM model of the package, assembled with this new element, can accurately predict the experimental data of incipient buckling observed during the standard box compression test, despite the few degrees of freedom and the minimal computational effort. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Digital image correlation analysis of vertical strain for corrugated fiberboard box panel in compression

This work was aimed at examining the overall contributions to displacement of panels of compressed boxes, such as panel compression strain and flap and crease displacements. 3D digital image correlation (DIC) was used to analyse motion of side panels of corrugated fiberboard regular slotted containers. The vertical displacement and the vertical component of strain of the panel face during box compression test were examined. Measuring displacements of the whole compressed box with DIC enables measurement of the in‐plane compression of a panel in isolation from the horizontal fold or crease zone displacement, without having to test tube sections of the box to infer or extract the in‐plane panel compression behaviour. Detailed study of two box designs in three representative test cases was presented, which in future could be extended to other box designs. At peak load, the in‐plane compression of the panels, calculated from the average vertical component of the strain along the right edge of the long panel of the box, was 3% to 6% of total crosshead displacement for the test cases. At peak load, the portion of the box compression associated with bottom box flaps or crease zone crushing was 48% to 59% of total crosshead displacement for the different cases. The analysis showed that the majority of the vertical displacement of the box occurred in the top and bottom creased folds and that these folds are responsible for the low apparent in‐plane stiffness of a box.     

Structure design of reinforced honeycomb paperboard core and characterization of its out‐of‐plane bearing strength

Honeycomb paperboard's out‐of‐plane bearing performance is one of the important properties in packaging field application. Further improvement of its bearing performance has important value in engineering practice. In this paper, a honeycomb core structure was designed, and the bonding dimension and manufacturing process were designed. The mechanism of out‐of‐plane quasi‐static compression deformation of reinforced honeycomb paperboard was analyzed by experiments. The theoretical model of out‐of‐plane platform stress was constructed by applying the plastic deformation, plastic energy dissipation and energy conservation theory. The results show that the improved structure can be mechanically bonded in a flat state with less technological changes. Under the same honeycomb core material and core size parameters, the bearing strength of the improved structure increases by an average of 3.9 times to conventional structure. In order to meet the same compressive strength requirement, the improved structure can reduce the performance requirements of honeycomb core material or increase the core size compared with the conventional structure. When the honeycomb core cell is larger, the tension on the core layer required for the production process is reduced. The theoretical and experimental data are in good agreement with each other, and the relative errors are all less than 13%.     

Experimental analysis of failures in filled hole compression tests of carbon/epoxy laminate

In this study, failure modes occurring during Filled hole compression (FHC) tests were analysed using post-mortem analysis for failure pattern identification and high-speed cameras for failure scenario (damage initiation and progress). Two different failure scenario were experienced depending upon the stacking sequence:

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Net compression failure for high 0° oriented lay-ups. The crack initiation is observed near the bolt but the location differs with bolt tightening or not, enabling future validation of finite element models.     

Experimental investigation of size effect in concrete fracture under multiaxial compression

Series of scaled hollow-cylinder experiments in a size range 1: 4 were performed to investigate the size effect on strength and fracture of concrete subject to multiaxial compression. A notable size effect was observed during the tests with strength decrease as specimen size increased. Fracture processes were examined using impregnation techniques and their results indicated splitting type mechanisms to take place, which were encircling the inner-holes in a rather uniform manner. Interpretation of the results showed that the observed size effect attributes to a combination of structural (e.g. geometry imposed stress gradients) and material (statistical) size effects.     

万吨级海水淡化用蒸汽喷射压缩器(TVC泵)的试验研究

本文通过对用于万吨级海水淡化的大型蒸汽喷射压缩器(TVC泵)进行模拟工作环境的实物试验,研究操作工况及喷嘴结构参数对喷射泵性能的影响规律,为设计适用于低温多效蒸发海水淡化工程工况的性能优良和喷嘴可调式的蒸汽喷射压缩器,提供了有益的设计验证和试验研究.     

Experimental study on damage evolution of rock under uniform and concentrated loading conditions using digital image correlation

Damage evolution and crack propagation in sandstone specimens have been observed by digital image correlation method. To investigate deformation and failure process of rock under different loading conditions, uniaxial compression and indentation tests were performed. Through the experiment, displacement and strain fields are simultaneously obtained that can visually display the distribution, mode and evolution of deformation and cracking in rock. Experimental results show that the damage distributes diffusely in rock at early loading stage, and the measured apparent strain increasingly concentrates with loading because of the nucleation of crack; propagation of the crack leads to the eventual failure of the specimen. Damage factor is calculated on the basis of deviation of apparent strain, and localization factor is presented to describe the level of deformation localization. The combined use of two factors can well represent the damage evolution of rock under compression.     

Estimation of the compression strength of corrugated fibreboard boxes and its application to box design using a personal computer

Many papers have been published on the compression strength of corrugated fibreboard boxes, using such formulae as Kellicut's equation and McKee's equation for the calculation. These equations, however, require known values of the strength of linerboard or corrugated fibreboard, they do not include the influence of moisture content and they are inadequate in the case of wrap-around boxes. The present author measured the mechanical properties of a large number of fibreboard boxes, and has derived a statistical formula useful for estimating the compression strength of a box based on its specifications — grade of corrugated fibreboard, size of box, type of box, printed area and moisture content. The calculation gives fairly good agreement with experimental results. The estimation technique has further been converted into a personal computer program, which renders the design of corrugated fibreboard boxes an easier task.     

川维50000m~3/h等级内压缩流程空分设备流程特点和运行故障分析

简介川维48200 m3/h内压缩流程空分设备的流程特点和产品性能指标,详细分析空分设备第一次开车过程中发生的空压机组启动故障及第一次启动内压缩液氧泵后冷箱板中部冻裂故障,阐述为使故障损失降至最小、保证空分设备顺利开车而采取的处理措施。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of flexural and impact behaviour of glass/pp sandwich panel for automotive structural applications

Cost and recyclability are among the primary factors on exploiting the engineering materials for their new applications. In this context, glass/pp-based sandwich panel has been studied experimentally and numerically with the aims of its potential applications in the automotive structures. The first part of this work presents the experimental results achieved for the load-carrying capacity of panels using three-point bend tests for its static flexural behaviour. Static behaviour is studied to compare the top-roller diameter effect on the flexural behaviour of the panels and shows a significant difference in the results. Impact behaviour of the panels is explored using three different types of impactor end-shapes that generate different levels of damage in the material with the same level of impact energy. The second part of this paper deals with the development of numerical models for the three-point bend and impact behaviour of the panels using a commercial finite element code of Abaqus. Strain energy-based homogenisation technique is employed to determine the equivalent orthotropic properties of complex circular honeycomb core material. The finite element models predict to a good level of the static and impact behaviour of the material when compared with the experiments.     

聚氨酯蜂窝纸板动力学性能及其本构模型

将聚氨酯填充到蜂窝纸板的孔隙中制作了聚氨酯蜂窝纸板复合材料,进而对其进行落锤冲击实验。通过落锤实验得到聚氨酯蜂窝纸板复合材料的应力-应变曲线,对影响其动力学性能的复合材料孔径、厚度、横截面尺寸及冲击速率四个因素进行了分析。结果表明:复合材料的动态屈服强度和动态弹性极限随着蜂窝纸芯的孔径、复合材料厚度和横截面积的增大而减小,随着冲击速率的增大而提高。在实验数据的基础上拟合了复合材料的动态本构方程,并对本构方程与实验数据进行了比较,拟合效果较好。     

Zr-W多功能含能结构材料的制备及动态压缩特性

利用材料试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）系统对加压烧结制备的Zr-W多功能含能结构材料在不同应变率下的压缩行为进行测试。通过在试样上直接贴应变片与波形整形技术相结合,实现了恒应变率动态加载。试验结果表明:该材料在准静态和动态加载下均呈现良好的线弹性,弹性模量对应变率效应不敏感,约为186 GPa。烧结生成的W₂Zr相显著提高了Zr-W材料的强度和脆性,试样在强冲击载荷作用下发生破碎反应并释放大量的热量,表现出很高的含能特性,动态破坏应变和破坏强度表现出一定的正应变率效应。      

Failure analysis of CFRP laminates subjected to compression after impact: FE simulation using discrete interface elements

This paper presents a model for the numerical simulation of impact damage, permanent indentation and compression after impact (CAI) in CFRP laminates. The same model is used for the formation of damage developing during both low-velocity/low-energy impact tests and CAI tests. The different impact and CAI elementary damage types are taken into account, i.e. matrix cracking, fiber failure and interface delamination. Experimental tests and model results are compared, and this comparison is used to highlight the laminate failure scenario during residual compression tests. Finally, the impact energy effect on the residual strength is evaluated and compared to experimental results.     

蜂窝纸板与瓦楞纸板边压强度有限元分析

将结构对纸板边压强度的影响从众多影响因素中解耦,建立了蜂窝纸板和典型瓦楞纸板的有限元模型并进行了屈曲分析,得到蜂窝纸板两个方向的边压强度和典型瓦楞纸板的边压强度.提出了利用克重材料抗压效率评价纸板抗压能力的方法,利用边压强度和纸板的定量计算了每种纸板克重材料抗压效率.分析结果表明:蜂窝纸板在两个侧向上的克重材料抗压效率均大于瓦楞纸板;蜂窝纸板不仅具有优良的平压强度,而且具有优良的边压强度.