生物膜状态对食源性致病菌耐药与毒力的影响研究进展

生物膜是细菌抵御不利环境维持群体稳定性的一种常见的群落形态。生物膜状态增强了食源性致病菌的抗逆性和持久存活力,促进了细菌间的信息传导和物质交换。特别是生物膜状态显著增强了菌株对抗生素的耐受能力,提升了可移动元件在细菌间的转移效率,并且生物膜状态下的细菌具备更强的入侵和感染能力,成为食品安全和人类健康的重要危害。基于此,本文将从生物膜的结构特征与异质性、生物膜对基因突变和基因水平转移的影响、以及群体感应调控等多个角度,简述生物膜状态影响食源性致病菌耐药和毒力的研究进展,以期为深入研究生物膜的生物功能与危害防控提供新的思路。     

右旋龙脑和肉桂醛抑制游离态和生物被膜态食源致病菌的研究

目的:以天然产物右旋龙脑和肉桂醛为研究对象,研究其抑制游离态和生物被膜态单核增生李斯特菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的特征。方法:在采用微量肉汤稀释法研究右旋龙脑和肉桂醛单独对游离态单核增生李斯特菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌及其混合菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIPC)的前提下,分析两种天然产物共同作用下对游离态致病菌的最低抑菌浓度以及对生物被膜态致病菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIBC)。结果:右旋龙脑对游离态单核增生李斯特菌的MIPC为0.56mg/mL,对游离态鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的MIPC为0.58mg/mL,对混合菌的MIPC为0.60mg/mL;添加肉桂醛时的3种培养状态下MIPC均为0.40μL/mL;在右旋龙脑和肉桂醛共同作用下(即0.50mg/mL右旋龙脑和0.40μL/mL肉桂醛)对游离态菌体均可完全抑制,而2.50mg/mL右旋龙脑和2.00μL/mL肉桂醛共同作用下可以完全抑制生物被膜态的菌体。结论:两种天然产物对生物被膜态菌体的最低抑菌浓度远远大于游离态菌体,右旋龙脑和肉桂醛在抑制游离态菌体和生物被膜态菌体生长方面具有协同作用。     

益生菌清除食源性致病菌生物膜研究进展

食源性致病菌的生物膜成为引发食源性疾病和食物中毒的关键因素, 也是导致食品工厂持续污染的重要原因, 其对常规的物理、化学杀菌手段具有较强的抵抗能力, 因此, 开发有效的生物膜清除方法至关重要。本文围绕食源性致病菌生物膜的控制与清除展开, 简要介绍了新型的物理、化学和生物学方法在生物膜清除中的应用与优缺点, 重点阐述了益生菌及其代谢产物对食源性致病菌生物膜的清除机制, 包括通过生物竞争、分泌破坏生物膜的代谢产物及对群体感应系统的调节等途径抑制生物膜形成。通过讨论益生菌在食品安全方面的应用潜力以及提升益生菌的持久性和稳定性的新技术, 进一步强调了开发环保且有效的生物膜控制方法的重要性, 为提升食品生产与消费安全提供科学指导。     

Elimination of selected mastitis pathogens during the dry period

We aimed to evaluate the elimination of 4 different mastitis pathogens, Streptococcus agalactiae, Mycoplasma bovis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus uberis, from infected udder quarters during the dry period using quantitative PCR. The second purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between milk haptoglobin (Hp) concentration and the presence of udder pathogens (Strep. agalactiae, Staph. aureus, M. bovis, and Strep. uberis) in udder quarter milk samples before and after dry period. Aseptic udder quarter milk samples (n = 1,001) were collected from 133 dairy cows at dry off and at the first milking after calving from 1 large dairy herd. Bacterial DNA of Strep. agalactiae, Staph. aureus, Strep. uberis, and M. bovis in the udder quarter milk samples was identified with commercial quantitative PCR analysis Mastitis 4B (DNA Diagnostic A/S, Risskov, Denmark). Milk Hp concentration (mg/L) was measured from udder quarter milk samples. The elimination rates during the dry period for M. bovis, Staph. aureus, Strep. agalactiae, and Strep. uberis were 86.7, 93.6, 96.2, and 100.0%, respectively. The new IMI rate was 3.0% for M. bovis, 2.9% for Staph. aureus, 2.4% for Strep. agalactiae, and 3.1% for Strep. uberis. The milk Hp concentration was significantly higher in udder quarter milk samples with blood and in samples positive for Strep. agalactiae at dry off and for Staph. aureus postcalving. Elevated milk Hp concentration was not associated with the presence of M. bovis in the udder quarter milk samples. In conclusion, elimination of Staph. aureus, Strep. agalactiae, and Strep. uberis during the dry period was high; the elimination of M. bovis from infected udder quarters was lower, but probably spontaneous. Additionally, milk Hp concentration may be used as a marker for udder inflammation when combined with the bacteriological results at dry off and postpartum.     

净菜加工中常用的消毒杀菌剂

综述了净菜常用的消毒杀菌剂如卤素及卤素化合物、离子化合物质、有机酸、活性氧化合物等各自的优缺点。     

浮游态和生物被膜态致病菌的光动力灭菌研究进展

光动力灭菌是一种新兴的致病菌杀灭技术。它通过光源激发光敏剂,产生活性氧自由基,多靶点作用于细菌细胞膜和DNA,造成氧化损伤并最终导致细菌死亡。传统灭菌方式在应用于食品工业时面临诸多问题,如导致耐药性细菌的出现,难以杀灭生物被膜态细菌,造成食品营养和风味流失,应用成本过高等。光动力灭菌作为非热杀菌技术,不会引发食品的感官变化和营养流失,所需设备简单,不易引发细菌耐药性,并且对细菌（浮游态和生物被膜态）、真菌、甚至孢子都有较好的杀灭作用,近年来受到广泛关注。本文概述光动力灭菌的原理和传统杀菌方法的局限性,重点阐述光动力灭菌在杀灭浮游态细菌和生物被膜态细菌中的应用和研究进展。     

Review: Comparison of the effectiveness of decontaminating strategies for fresh fruits and vegetables and related limitations

ABSTRACT

Given that it should be aware of the nutritional benefits, resulting from the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables consumed raw and/or minimally processed, comparing the efficacy of different individual sanitizing methods against the major food-borne pathogens localized in fresh commodities is of much importance; these products are easily vulnerable to the microbial contamination. In this review, the current propensity of alternative sanitizing methods was introduced, as well as principal elements for deteriorating the cleaning effects were also discussed. Chlorine-based-sanitizers exhibited the microbial reduction of <1.12 log₁₀ CFU/g on fruits and vegetables. Most of aqueous disinfectants showed ≤3.01 log₁₀-redcutions against a variety of microorganisms inoculated on fresh commodities. Similarly, several physical technologies such as hydrostatic pressure and ultraviolet light were effective for reducing surviving bacterial cells could recover and grow rapidly during the whole processing, posing a potential risk of causing food-borne outbreaks associated with the fresh products. The invasion and subsequent localization of the organisms into the inner parts of products, interactions between the microbial cell and food-contacting surfaces, as well as development of biofilms could restrict the antimicrobial activity of the currently used approaches.     

食品接触表面对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的影响

在食品工业中,如果金黄色葡萄球菌粘附在食品接触表面并形成生物被膜,不但会造成设备的腐蚀,更重要的是会污染食品,影响了食品的安全性.生物被膜形成的第一步是微生物在食品接触表面的粘附.本文研究了4种不同食品接触表面对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的影响.结果表明：与玻璃和PE塑料相比,不锈钢表面粘附形成生物被膜的活菌数较多.不同的食品接触表面影响了生物被膜的形成.     

CIP技术在啤酒厂的新应用

啤酒厂进行CIP清洗时以爱常既要求过程能有效清洗罐体表面污垢,保证清洁卫生,又要求尽可能节省CIP清洗的时间。目前啤酒厂乙倾向于采用一种新型CIP清洗技术：单相酸性清洗。客中在有CO2背压条件下先进行单相酸洗,随后采用酸性消毒剂杀菌的清洗技术不仅节约了清洗时间、用水量和CO2,而且提高了啤酒质量。     

培养条件对食源性混合病原菌生物被膜形成的影响

以食源性病原菌金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌及其混合菌为研究对象,采用单因素分析及BoxBehnken试验,确定混合菌生物被膜形成的最佳条件;通过96微孔板法分别测定胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤培养基(tryptone soybroth,TSB)、葡萄糖和NaCl对单一菌和混合菌在最佳条件下形成生物被膜能力的影响。结果显示,混合菌生物被膜的最佳培养基p H值为7,培养温度36℃,培养时间22 h;采用质量分数为1.6%的TSB培养基时,病原菌在最佳条件下形成的生物被膜黏附率最大;碳源促进了生物被膜的形成;NaCl质量分数大于0.4%时,食源性病原菌生物被膜的形成能力受到一定抑制。综上,培养条件能够影响病原菌生物被膜的形成。     

鲜榨柠檬原汁对7种常见食源性致病菌抑菌效果及被膜形成的影响

目的研究鲜榨柠檬果皮和果肉原汁对7种常见食源性致病菌的抑菌效果以及对生物被膜形成的影响。方法对柠檬果皮和果肉分别榨汁测定总酸;采用顶空取样结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析鲜榨柠檬果皮和果肉原汁中的主要挥发性成分;采用平板抑菌试验研究两种鲜榨原汁的抑菌效果;采用试管法和96孔板法研究两种鲜榨原汁对细菌生物被膜形成的影响。结果鲜榨柠檬果肉原汁总酸为98.86 g/kg,鲜榨柠檬果皮原汁总酸为6.05 g/kg;GC-MS结果表明鲜榨柠檬果皮和果肉原汁中主要挥发性成分以柠檬烯、γ-萜品烯、α-松油醇、柠檬醛等为主;鲜榨柠檬果肉原汁对7种常见食源性致病菌均具有明显抑菌效果,鲜榨柠檬果皮原汁均未出现明显抑菌作用;鲜榨柠檬果肉原汁对部分细菌被膜形成有抑制作用,鲜榨柠檬果皮原汁对部分细菌被膜形成有明显促进作用。结论鲜榨柠檬原汁对常见食源性致病菌生长及被膜形成影响的研究为食源性致病菌的防控提供了科学依据。     

Effectiveness of Sanitizing Agents in Inactivating Escherichia coli in Golden Delicious Apples

Research was undertaken to develop improved methods of sanitizing apples contaminated with Escherichia coli. Unwaxed Golden Delicious apples, inoculated with non pathogenic E. coli, were washed with 200 ppm Cl₂, commercial washing formulations, 5% H₂O₂, or combinations of H₂O₂ with commercial formulations at ca. 20°C or 50°C. Heated commercial formulations achieved a 2.5 log reduction in E. coli load, compared to a 2 log reduction for 200 ppm Cl₂. However, heated combinations of H₂O₂ with acidic surfactants achieved a 3–4 log reduction. Residual H₂O₂ in treated apples dissipated within several hours. These results demonstrate the efficacy of H₂O₂ in decontaminating apples containing E. coli.     

食源性金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成调控与生物防控策略研究进展

生物膜是很多食源性致病菌应对各种极端环境、杀菌理化因子以及维持菌体内环境稳定的重要基质屏障。数据显示,有超过80%的细菌感染由生物膜引起,尤以金黄色葡萄球菌感染多见。食源性金黄色葡萄球菌是引发细菌性食物中毒和食品安全事故的重要风险源, 特别是多重耐药菌株。金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性、致病性和免疫逃逸与生物膜复杂的三维结构有重大关系。由于生物膜结构基因和调控因子结构相对保守, 现已成为金黄色葡萄球菌生物防控新的重要的效应靶点。本文从多糖细胞间黏附素、胞外DNA和生物膜形成相关蛋白等角度阐明了生物膜形成机制,从群体感应系统（如Agr系统和LuxS/AI-2群体感应系统）、全局性调控因子（如附属调节因子Sar和转录因子SigB）以及双组分信号转导系统（如SrrAB系统、SaeRS系统、ArlSR系统、LytRS系统和WalKR系统）等角度系统阐述了生物膜形成调控机制。最后,从抗菌肽（蛋白）、植物源化合物、生物酶、抗菌药物等角度提出新的防控策略, 以期为食源性金黄色葡萄球菌的生物防控提供指导。