Sensing‐throughput tradeoff for cooperative multiple‐input single‐output cognitive radio

In this paper, we propose a new cooperative multiple‐input single‐output (MISO) cognitive radio (CR) system, which can use some of the antennas to transmit its data and the others to help to transmit the data of the primary user (PU) by performing cooperative communication if the presence of the PU is detected through the cooperative spectrum sensing. A new cooperative sensing‐throughput tradeoff model is proposed, which maximizes the aggregate rate of the CR by jointly optimizing sensing time and spatial sub‐channel power, subject to the constraints of the aggregate rate of the PU, the false alarm and detection probabilities, the aggregate interference to the PU and the aggregate power of the CR. Simulation results show that compared with the conventional scheme, the proposed cooperative scheme can achieve the larger aggregate rate of the CR, while keeping the aggregate rate of the PU invariable with the increasing of the interference. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多无人机协作的认知通信网络中能/谱效折中优化

在无人机（Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,UAV）认知通信网络中,其能量受限和通信高吞吐量问题备受关注。然而,能量效率（Energy Efficiency,EE）的提升可能会导致频谱效率（Spectrum Efficiency,SE）的下降。针对此问题,对UAV协作认知通信网络中EE和SE的折中优化进行了研究。首先,进行了感知时间、UAV通信的发射功率和判决门限各自对SE与EE两者的优化;其次,通过二分法求解使得EE和SE最大化的感知时间值,并通过穷尽搜索法分别求解感知时间、UAV通信的发射功率和判决门限对EE和SE折中优化问题的最优参数值。在此基础上,提出一种联合参数迭代优化算法,求解EE和SE的折中优化问题。仿真实验表明,SE和EE之间存在折中的权衡,并验证了所提优化方案的有效性。     

Cluster‐based coordination scheme for cooperative cognitive radio networks

In this paper, a cluster‐based two‐phase coordination scheme for cooperative cognitive radio networks is proposed considering both spectrum efficiency and network fairness. Specifically, candidate secondary users (SUs) are first selected by a partner selection algorithm to enter the two‐phase cooperation with primary users (PUs). In phase I, the selected SUs cooperate with PUs to acquire a fraction of time slot as a reward. In phase II, all SUs including the unselected ones share the available spectrum resources in local clusters; each of which is managed by a cluster head who participated in the cooperation in phase I. To improve the total network utility of both PUs and SUs, the maximum weighted bipartite matching is adopted in partner selection. To further improve the network performance and communication reliability, network coding is exploited during the spectrum sharing within the cluster. Simulation results demonstrate that, with the proposed cluster‐based coordination scheme, not only the PUs' transmission performance is improved, but also SUs achieve spectrum access opportunities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Power scheme and time‐division bargaining for cooperative transmission in cognitive radio

In this paper, we address the problems of power scheme and time‐division bargaining under the mode of cooperative transmission in cognitive networks. Cognitive relay communication has been regarded as an effective method to solve the problem of the coexistence for cognitive users in a primary system. It is understandable that the cognitive users who have helped primary users communicate may be permitted to use the spectrum partly or timely where the problems of identifying the interference level and time division should be taken into account. In the underlay mode, we analyze the impact of dynamic interference temperature and give the relevant presentations in detail for its influence on the secondary user. In the overlay mode, we resolve the key problem of time division, which influences the benefit allocation between participants, by using game theory, which is a helpful tool for solving various problems of resource allocation in wireless networks. Furthermore, numerical results are presented to show that the proposed approach has better and encouraging effects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A reliable cooperative spectrum detection scheme in cognitive radio networks

Reliable spectrum detection of the primary user (PU) performs an important role in the cognitive radio network since it’s the foundation of other operations. Spectrum sensing and cognitive signal recognition are two key tasks in the development of cognitive radio (CR) technology in both commercial and military applications. However, when the CR terminals receiving signals have little knowledge about the channel or signal types, these two tasks will become much more difficult. In this paper, we propose a reliable cooperative spectrum detection scheme, which combines the cooperative spectrum sensing with distributed cognitive signal recognition. A novel improved cooperative sensing algorithm is achieved by using a credibility weight factor and the “tug-of-war” rule, which is based on the double threshold detection and Dempster–Shafer theory, to determine whether the PU signals exist. In this scheme, cognitive signal recognition can be used to identify the signal type when the PU signal is present. During the cognitive signal recognition processing, the CR terminals make local classification of the received signals by using Daubechies5 wavelet transform and Fractional Fourier Transform, and send their recognition results to the globe decision making center. A distributed processing uses these cognitive terminals’ local results to make final decisions under the Maximum Likelihood estimation algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve good sensing probability and recognition accuracy under the Additive White Gaussian Noise channel.     

基于多层分簇优化的认知无线电网络协作频谱感知策略

针对认知无线电网络(CRN)中基于簇的频谱感知策略的检测性能和能耗问题,提出一种基于多层分簇优化的协作频谱感知策略。首先,将CRN分成多个簇,进而将簇分成多个组,再将组分成多个子组,构建三层分簇结构;然后,利用提出的优化算法获得最优的分簇参数和决策阈值;最后,通过投票机制和K-out-of-N规则对各级决策进行聚合,进行频谱感知。实验结果表明,该方案在获得较高主要用户(PU)频谱占用检测率的同时,能够最大限度地减少信道开销,提高了网络的吞吐量。     

基于 DS 证据理论的协作频谱感知改进方法

提出了一种新的协作频谱感知方法,该方法采用DS证据理论。首先,在本地感知通过投影近似法分解感知结果以减少次级用户上报至融合中心的感知数据,从而降低协作带宽开销。其次,在融合中心根据次级用户证据矢量之间的距离计算可信度,以可信度为权重对每个次级用户的基本概率分配进行加权平均来减小高度冲突数据对检测性能的影响。仿真结果表明,该方法减少了协作感知的带宽开销,改善了数据高度冲突时的检测性能。     

基于合约制的认知网络协作频谱共享模型

为了提高认知无线电网络中主用户的能效和谱效,提出了一种基于合约制的协作频谱共享新模型。在该模型中,当主用户信道质量差时,次用户为其提供中继服务;作为回报,在主用户信道质量好时,次用户可以在一定的干扰约束下以underlay的模式和主用户共享频谱。在此框架下引入经济学中的合约理论,将主次用户间的协作问题建模为合约设计问题,并建立了主次用户评价合约收益的效用函数,将提高主用户的能效和谱效问题转变为设计合约使主用户获得最大效用的优化问题,并利用差分进化算法对该问题求解。最后,在不同的环境下,将主用户协作与不协作获得的效用进行对比,结果表明,主用户在没有额外投入频谱资源的条件下,不仅节省了发送功率,而且有效地提高了数据传输速率,进而提高了能效和谱效。     

认知无线电系统中最大化吞吐量的多信道检测-传输方案

研究了认知无线电系统中最大化认知用户吞吐量的多信道检测-传输方案,分别设计了信道状态信息不可获取和信道状态信息可获取情况下的最优检测-传输方案设计,并综合分析了各信道频谱检测的虚警,漏检以及检测时长对认知用户吞吐量的影响。在信道状态信息不可获取时,认知用户需要在每一时隙开始时,就决定需要检测的信道集合以及相应的检测时长。而在信道状态信息可获取情况下,提出了自适应检测-传输方案。该方案在每个信道检测完成之后,认知用户可以根据已知的检测结果以及信道状态信息来不断调整检测-传输策略。仿真结果显示,该自适应检测-传输方案能有效的提高认知用户的吞吐量。     

Adaptive dual‐radio spectrum‐sensing scheme in cognitive radio networks

In this paper, a novel spectrum‐sensing scheme, called adaptive dual‐radio spectrum‐sensing scheme (ADRSS), is proposed for cognitive radio networks. In ADRSS, each secondary user (SU) is equipped with a dual radio. During the data transmission, with the received signal‐to‐noise ratio of primary user (PU) signal, the SU transmitter (SUT) and the SU receiver (SUR) are selected adaptively to sense one channel by one radio while communicating with each other by the other one. The sensing results of the SUR are sent to the SUT through feedback channels (e.g., ACK). After that, with the sensing results from the SUT or the SUR, the SUT can decide whether the channel switching should be carried out. The theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the normalized channel efficiency, defined as the expected ratio of time duration without interference to PUs in data transmission to the whole frame length, can be improved while satisfying the interference constraint to PUs. After that, an enhanced ADRSS is designed by integrating ADRSS with cooperative spectrum sensing, and the performance of ADRSS under imperfect feedback channel is also discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cross‐layer optimization for full‐duplex cognitive radio network with cooperative spectrum sensing

In this paper, the cross‐layer optimal design of multihop ad hoc network employing full‐duplex cognitive radios (CRs) is investigated. Firstly, the analytical expressions of cooperative spectrum sensing performance for multihop CR networks over composite fading channels are derived. Then, the opportunistic throughput and transmit power of CRs are presented based on the derivation of false alarm and missed detection probability. Finally, a multiobjective optimization model is proposed to maximize the opportunistic throughputs and minimize the transmitting power. Simulation results indicate that Pareto optimal solution of sensing duration, decision threshold, and transmit power can be achieved by cross‐layer multiobjective optimization, it can balance the conflicts between different objective functions and reap the acceptable outcomes for multihop CR network.     

A preload cooperative sensing scheme with low overhead in cognitive radio networks

In cognitive radio networks (CRNs), users can collaborate to improve the accuracy of spectrum sensing, but a large number of secondary users reporting their local sensing results may create significant overhead. In this paper, we propose a new pre‐sensing scheme, called preload cooperative sensing (PCS), which not only attains the given sensing accuracy for CRNs but also reduces the whole sensing time T. In order to reduce the sensing overhead in CRNs, the proposed scheme adopts two key technologies: selective reporting technology and pre‐sensing sequential detection technology. Selective reporting technology implies that only those users, which detect the presence of primary users, need to report the results, while pre‐sensing sequential detection technology is an asynchronous parallel scheme, which sets a threshold to determine the presence of primary users. Considering the preload sensing slots, we derive a formula to express the overall miss detection probability, and at a given Quality of Service (QoS) value, the sensing overheads of PCS are analyzed over Rayleigh fading channel. Also, we consider the overhead minimization problems in PCS. Simulation results show the superiority and efficiency of the PCS scheme. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Iterative optimization of detection threshold and throughput for secondary users in multiband cognitive radio systems

In cognitive radio(CR) systems,efficient spectrum sensing ensures the secondary user(SU) to successfully access the spectrum hole.Typically,the detection problem has been considered separately from the optimization of transmission strategy.However,in practice,due to non-zero probabilities of miss detection and false alarm,the sensing phase has an impact on the throughput of SUs as well as on the transmission of primary user(PU).In this paper,using energy detection,we maximize the total throughput of SUs by ...     

非线性能量收集认知无线电网络的次用户吞吐量最大化方案

针对一对主用户和M对次用户构成的认知无线电网络(cognitive radio network,CRN),研究了非线性能量收集的认知无线电网络的次用户吞吐量最大化问题。具体来说,对于考虑次用户发射器(secondary transmitter,ST)电路功率的情况,首先将主用户吞吐量需求下的次用户吞吐量最大化(secondary throughput maximization,STM)问题建模为一个非线性优化问题,然后将它转化成凸优化问题,最后提出一种联合使用黄金分割和二分法的低复杂度算法,获得主用户发射器(primary transmitter,PT)能量传输和次用户信息传输的最优时间分配以及主用户发射器的最优发射功率。对于忽略次用户发射器电路功率的情况,首先证明次用户吞吐量最大化问题的凸特性,然后设计了一个更高效的算法来求解。仿真结果表明,相比等时间分配方案和链路增益优先级方案,提出的设计算法能显著提升次用户吞吐量。     

A low‐complexity resource allocation algorithm in OFDMA‐based cooperative cognitive radio networks

In this paper, we propose a low‐complexity resource allocation algorithm for the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing cooperative cognitive radio networks, where multiple primary users (PUs) and multiple secondary users (SUs) coexist. Firstly, we introduce a new concept of ‘efficiency capacity’ to represent the channel conditions of SUs by considering both of the interference caused by the PUs and the channel gains of the SUs with the assist of the relays. Secondly, we allocate the relay, subcarrier and transmission power jointly under the constraint of limiting interference caused to the PUs. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a high data rate with a relative low power level. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy-efficient cooperative sensing and transmission in relay-assisted cognitive radio network

An innovative EE-oriented cooperative sensing and transmission scheme in relay-assisted cognitive radio networks,called energy-efficient best-relay cooperative transmission (BCT) was proposed.Based on the BCT scheme,mean energy efficiency (MEE) maximization problem with sensing duration and transmitting power as optimization variables was modeled for fading channels under constraint of minimal secondary outage probability.By virtue of Jensen’s inequality,the original optimization problem was decomposed into two relatively independent subproblems which solved sensing duration and power allocation respectively.And for the two subproblems,an efficient cross iteration based algorithm was proposed to obtain the suboptimal solutions.Both analytical and simulation results demonstrate that the proposals can achieve significantly higher EE while enhancing reliability of secondary transmission remarkably compared to non-cooperation single cognitive transmission schemesin high QoS requirement.     

Multi slot-throughput tradeoff in an improved energy detector based faded cognitive radio network

In this paper, the impact of a multi slot based cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) on the performance of a cognitive radio (CR) network has been investigated. Each CR user, equipped with an improved energy detector (IED), uses a number of mini slots of the sensing time to perform the spectrum sensing. Each CR uses OR logic to combine the sub local decisions generated in each mini slot to obtain a local decision at CR level. Local decisions are sent to fusion centre (FC) over reporting channel. The FC obtains a final decision about the presence of primary user (PU) by combining the local decisions using a fusion rule: Majority or Maximal Ratio Combining. The performance of the CSS is assessed in terms of detection probability and false alarm probability considering both the sensing and reporting channels are Rayleigh faded. Furthermore, the impact of a number of sensing slots and IED parameter on throughput of CR network is also evaluated under the proposed spectrum sensing scenario. Impacts of several sensing parameters such as sensing channel SNR and reporting channel SNR on the performance of CR network are also evaluated. Performances of two fusion rules under study are compared. Effect of sensing error and synchronisation error is indicated. Further the study is extended for independent but non identically distributed (i.n.i.d.) Rayleigh faded channels as well as for a multiple PU scenario also.     

Detection efficiency of cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio network

Sensing the spectrum in a reliable and efficient manner is crucial to cognitive radio. To combat the channel fading suffered by the single radio, cooperative spectrum sensing is employed, to associate the detection of multiple radios. In this article, the optimization problem of detection efficiency under the constraint of detection probability is investigated, and an algorithm to evaluate the required radio number and sensing time for maximal detection efficiency is presented. To show the effect of cooperation on the detection efficiency, the proposed algorithm is applied to cooperative sensing using the spectral correlation detector under the Rayleigh flat fading channel.     

Performance analysis of cooperative spectrum monitoring in cognitive radio network

Wireless Networks - The imperfect spectrum monitoring (SM) is a major obstacle to detect the emergence of primary user (PU) quickly during the cognitive users’ (CUs’) data transmission...     

基于认知无线电的多频段跳频通信系统

为充分利用认知无线电对环境频谱的感知能力,设计了一种基于 认知无线电的多频段跳频抗干扰通信系统,通过感知单元动态控制跳频序列生成,实现了干 扰频点的避让。具体实现时,采用低频段可靠传输高频段的频谱感知信息,高频段则主要用 于具体业务传输,利用不同频段实现了频谱控制与应用业务的分离。