中国可再生能源产业概况

目前,我国可再生能源技术较为成熟、可以规模化开发应用并形成产业的主要是水力发电、太阳热水器、太阳光伏发电、风能发电和生物质能等。     

Urban form and renewable energy potential

Urban form, i.e., the layout, density, shape and orientation of buildings within the street grid of a city, affects greatly the potential of using renewable energy sources such as sun and wind for electricity production and climatisation of buildings. This paper outlines the framework of the European research Project PRECis (assessing the Potential for Renewable Energy in Cities) and, in particular, the role of the Polytechnic University of Turin in that Project.     

Status and future prospects of renewable energy in Iraq

Iraq suffers from electricity shortages, and many challenges will have to be overcome to meet future increases in electrical demands. This investigation found that solar, wind and biomass energy are not being utilized sufficiently at present, but these energies could play an important role in the future of Iraq’s renewable energy. Additionally, the potential of offshore-wind energy in the Gulf (near Basrah in the southern part of Iraq) needs to be investigated. The Iraqi government's attempts to utilize renewable energy have been discussed. This paper aims to review and discuss the status and future of renewable energy in Iraq. The uses of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind and biomass, have been reviewed. This paper concludes with recommendations for the utilization of these energy resources.     

内蒙古可再生能源的潜力与前景

内蒙古煤炭、电力、石油、天然气、风能、太阳能、生物能资源非常丰富,产业基础良好,在新的国家能源战略、宏观布局和满足国内能源需求、保证国家能源安全方面占有重要地位。综合考虑能源资源储量、能源种类结构、开发环境条件、产品运输成本、经济区位优势等,我们认为内蒙古的能源开发价值和战略地位在中国举足轻重,可再生能源的开发潜力和前景也居全国之首。     

Valuation for renewable energy: A comparative review

Environmental cost–benefit analysis is applied for the evaluation of renewable energy projects. Since some benefits and costs do not have monetary values, economic valuation techniques are applied to estimate them. This paper reviews the literature on the valuation/evaluation of renewable energy resources and summarizes the methods used in them. It discerns four main streams of valuation in renewable energy. The first is economic, welfare oriented and comprises stated and revealed preference methods; the second is the financial option analysis with a financial background; the third is emergy analysis, which is mostly an ecological engineering-based method with capable economic links, and the fourth is again economic but not welfare based. The paper discusses the main directions discerned in these studies and recognizes first that proper valuation takes place only in the first method while the other methods describe only evaluation procedures and second that there is a research gap that has yet to be filled in as compared to other areas of environmental, resource and energy economics.     

我国新能源和可再生能源

一基本情况２１世纪，作为人类社会发展基础的能源在结构上将会发生根本的变化。以化石燃料为主体的能源体系将会过渡到以新能源和可再生能源为主体的新型能源体系。能源结构的根本变化同时给生态环境，人们生活和工作方式以及社会文明带来意想不到的深刻变化。这既是人类能源发展的必然趋势，也是人类社会向更高文明发展的重要标志。１９９９年４月，科技部根据国务院的指示，把“中国后续能源发展战略研究”作为国家重点研究课题。研究结果表明：２１世纪我国能源结构的变化与世界能源一致，呈多元化趋势，而新能源和可再生能源将逐步登上…     

The renewable energy market in Brazil: Current status and potential

Renewable energy offers a range of options with which to meet the growing demand for energy, particularly in the context of the pursuit (especially in developing countries) of economic development which takes into account social and environmental issues. Brazil has abundant natural sources of renewable energy, such as wind and solar power, hydraulic energy, small hydroelectric plants, ethanol and bio-diesel. These sources form part of the Brazilian strategy aimed at satisfying the demand for 6300 MW of fresh capacity per year arising out of projected economic growth of 5.1% per year over the next 10 years. Renewable energy sources currently provide 47.2% of the internal supply of primary energy in Brazil. Brazil has been pursuing a strategy of maintaining its renewable energy matrix and developing and providing incentives for further low carbon initiatives.In this study we set out an overview of the renewable energy options available in Brazil, their current status, the main positive results obtained to date and future potential. We describe the market for renewable energy in Brazil and examine specific public policies aimed at overcoming barriers to this market, thereby promoting its consolidation and expansion.     

A review of the potential water quality impacts of tidal renewable energy systems

The continued increase in the demand for energy, growing recognition of climate change impacts, high oil and gas prices and the rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves have led to an increased interest in the mass generation of electricity from renewable sources. Traditionally, this has been pursed through riverine hydropower plants, with onshore wind systems growing steadily in popularity and importance over the years. Other renewable energy resources, which were previously not economically attractive or technically feasible for large scale exploitation, are now being considered to form a significant part of the energy mix. Amongst these, marine and in particular, tidal energy resource has become a serious candidate for undergoing mass exploitation in the near future, particularly in places with a tidal range of 4 m or more. Tidal renewable energy systems are designed to extract the kinetic or potential energy flow and convert it into electricity. This can be achieved by placing tidal stream turbines in the path of high speed tidal currents or through tidal range schemes, where low head turbines are encapsulated in impoundment structures, much like in low head riverine hydropower schemes. It is thought that these systems, when implemented at scales required to generate substantial amounts of electricity, have the potential to significantly alter the tidal flow characteristics, which could have knock-on impacts on the hydro-environment. This review gathers together knowledge from different research areas to facilitate an evaluation of the potential hydro-environmental impacts of tidal renewable energy systems, with a particular focus on water quality. It highlights the relevance of hydro-environmental modelling in assessing potential impacts of proposed schemes and identifies areas where further research is needed. A case study is presented of recent modelling studies undertaken for the Severn Estuary.     

The potential role of renewable energy in Moldova

The European Union (EU) is developing an increasingly close relationship with Moldova, going beyond cooperation, to gradual economic integration and a deepening of political cooperation. This fact indicates that eventually the adoption of EU legislation in the energy sector is a necessity. Therefore, the provision of a clear picture of the country’s renewable energy potential is considered essential, bearing in mind the new EU Renewable Energy Directive, which sets a mandatory target of 20% of renewable energy sources by 2020 for each member state. The aim of this paper is to discuss the perspective of renewable energy in Moldova taking into account the current energy framework and to analyze, whether it is suitable to adopt similar methodologies and policy frameworks applied in other EU countries.     

A review of renewable energy activities in Yemen

Republic of Yemen is a developing country depending on oil for the energy needs. A look at the availability of renewable energy resources shows that the country is endowed with considerable solar, wind, bio-gas energy resources. This paper presents a review of activities in the field of renewable energy applications in Yemen and future trends, some suggestions and recommendations for using this renewable energy resources are also drawn.     

The potential for renewable energy in industrial applications

To date, insufficient attention has been paid to the potential of renewable energy resources in industrial applications. Our analysis suggests that up to 21% of final energy demand and feedstock-use in the manufacturing industry sector could be of renewable origin by 2050, a five-fold increase over current levels in absolute terms. This estimate is considerably higher than other recent global scenario studies. In addition, if a 50% share of renewables in power generation is assumed, the share of direct and indirect renewable energy use rises to 31% in 2050. Our analysis further suggests that bioenergy and biofeedstocks can constitute three-quarters of the direct renewables use in this sector by 2050. The remainder is roughly evenly divided between solar heating and heat pumps. The potential for solar cooling is considered to be limited.While low-temperature solar process heat can reach cost-effectiveness today in locations with good insolation, some bioenergy applications will require a CO₂ price even on the longer term. Biomass feedstock for synthetic organic materials will require a CO₂ price up to USD 100/t CO₂, or even more if embodied carbon is not considered properly in CO₂ accounts. Future fossil fuel prices and bioenergy prices in addition to the development of feedstock commodity markets for biomass will be critical. Decision makers are recommended to pay more attention to the potential for renewables in industry. Finally, we propose the development of a detailed technology roadmap to explore this potential further and discuss key issues that need to be elaborated in such a framework.     

中国可再生能源发展目标

在国际可再生能源会议上,国家发改委能源局代表中国政府在“中国可再生能源开发战略规划”中承诺:布署全国可再生能源战略,主要包括:确定国家发展目标;构建执行计划;制定适当的制度安排;制定融资计划。预期目标:到2010年,可再生能源的总装机容量达到60GW,占全国总电力装机容量的10%。其中小水电(50GW),风力发电(4GW),生物质发电(6GW),太阳能发电(450kW)。到2020年,新能源发电的总装机容量将达到约121GW,占全国总电力装机容量的12%。同时,加强可再生能源热利用及液化生物质油的技术应用。至2020年,依靠此类技术的可再生能源可以替代20万…     

Potential of renewable energy systems in China

Along with high-speed economic development and increasing energy consumption, the Chinese Government faces a growing pressure to maintain the balance between energy supply and demand. In 2009, China has become both the largest energy consumer and CO₂ emitting country in the world. In this case, the inappropriate energy consumption structure should be changed. As an alternative, a suitable infrastructure for the implementation of renewable energy may serve as a long-term sustainable solution. The perspective of a 100% renewable energy system has been analyzed and discussed in some countries previously. In this process, assessment of domestic renewable energy sources is the first step. Then appropriate methodologies are needed to perform energy system analyses involving the integration of more sustainable strategies. Denmark may serve as an example of how sustainable strategies can be implemented. The Danish system has demonstrated the possibility of converting into a 100% renewable energy system. This paper discusses the perspective of renewable energy in China firstly, and then analyses whether it is suitable to adopt similar methodologies applied in other countries as China approaches a renewable energy system. The conclusion is that China’s domestic renewable energy sources are abundant and show the possibility to cover future energy demand; the methodologies used to analyse a 100% renewable energy system are applicable in China. Therefore, proposing an analysis of a 100% renewable energy system in China is not unreasonable.     

Determining the long-term potential for energy conservation and renewable energy in Canada

This paper summarizes the results of a 28-month study, funded by the Canadian government, which developed new methods for analysing the technical and economic potential for conservation and renewable energy alternatives in Canada to the year 2025. The results of the study show that under conditions of strong economic growth and moderate population growth, it would be technically feasible and cost-effective to operate the Canadian economy in 2025 with 12–34% less energy than it requires today and, over the same 47-year period, to shift from 16% reliance on renewable sources to over 77% (mostly biomass and hydro). Over the study period, energy use per capita falls to between one-half and two-fifths of its level in 1978, and energy use per dollar of GDP to just over one-quarter of its 1978 level.     

Renewable energy in India: Status and potential

A majority of the Indian population does not have access to convenient energy services (LPG, electricity). Though India has made significant progress in renewable energy, the share of modern renewables in the energy mix is marginal. This paper reviews the status and potential of different renewables (except biomass) in India. This paper documents the trends in the growth of renewables in India and establishes diffusion model as a basis for setting targets. The diffusion model is fitted tot the past trends for wind, small hydro and solar water heating and is used to establish future targets. The economic viability and green house gas (GHG) saving potential is estimated for each option. Several renewables have high growth rates, for example wind, Photovoltaic (PV) module manufacture and solar water heaters. New technologies like Tidal, OTEC, Solar thermal power plants and geothermal power plants are at the demonstration stage and future dissemination will depend on the experience of these projects.     

Assessing the potential of renewable energy sources in Turkey

To meet Turkey’s growing energy demand, the installed electric power capacity of 27.8 GW in 2001 has to be doubled by 2010 and increased fourfold by 2020. The difference between Turkey’s total primary energy supply (TPES) of from its own sources and total final consumption (TFC) is projected grow from 1 quad (1.06–2.06) in 1999 to 5.71 quads (2.79–8.5) in 2020 (1 QUAD=293.071 TWh). Turkey’s limited amount of fossil fuels has a present average ratio of proved reserves of 97.38 quads to production rate of 3.2 quads yr⁻¹ of about 30 years. Turkey’s reliance on fossil fuel-based energy systems to meet the growing demand is most likely to exacerbate the issues of energy insecurity, national environmental degradation, and global climate change in increasing proportions. Economically-feasible renewable energy potential in Turkey is estimated at a total of ca. 1.69 quads yr⁻¹ (495.4 TWh yr⁻¹) with the potential for 0.67 quads yr⁻¹ (196.7 TWh yr⁻¹) of biomass energy, 0.42 quads yr⁻¹ (124 TWh yr⁻¹) of hydropower, 0.35 quads yr⁻¹ (102.3 TWh yr⁻¹) of solar energy, 0.17 quads yr⁻¹ (50 TWh yr⁻¹) of wind energy, and 0.08 quads yr⁻¹ (22.4 TWh yr⁻¹) of geothermal energy. Pursuit and implementation of sustainability-based energy policy could provide about 90 and 35% of Turkey’s total energy supply and consumption projected in 2010, respectively. Utilization of renewable energy technologies for electricity generation would necessitate about 23.2 Mha (29.8%) of Turkey’s land resources.     

Economic potential of renewable energy in Vietnam's power sector

A bottom-up Integrated Resource Planning model is used to examine the economic potential of renewable energy in Vietnam's power sector. In a baseline scenario without renewables, coal provides 44% of electricity generated from 2010 to 2030. The use of renewables could reduce that figure to 39%, as well as decrease the sector's cumulative emission of CO₂ by 8%, SO₂ by 3%, and NO_x by 4%. In addition, renewables could avoid installing 4.4 GW in fossil fuel generating capacity, conserve domestic coal, decrease coal and gases imports, improving energy independence and security. Wind could become cost-competitive assuming high but plausible on fossil fuel prices, if the cost of the technology falls to 900 US$/kW.     

以博览会为契机 促行业健康发展——记北京''2002中国可再生能源博览会

在农业部等国家六部委大力支持下，由中国农村能源行业协会主办的２００２年中国可再生能源和节能产品技术博览会及贸易洽谈会于４月１６日在北京农业展览馆隆重开幕。这次博览会是我国可再生能源领域一次规模空前的盛会，包括台湾在内有２９个省市自治区近２００家企业及单位的产品参展。来自全国各地的参观者近４万多人次参加了博览会举办的活动，他们中间有学者、国家公务员、企业家、经销商、市民、学生和国外驻京机构的代表。据不完全统计，展会期间达成的意向合同约１．７亿元人民币，其中太阳能热利用产品约为１．５亿元。交易企业约…     

我国可再生能源发展现状和前景展望

近年来,可再生能源发展迅速并取得了显著成绩,发展可再生能源己经成为许多国家能源发展战略的重要组成部分。文章从我国可再生能源发展现状和世界可再生能源发展趋势入手,分析了目前我国可再生能源发展过程中存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策建议,在此基础上,对我国可再生能源的发展前景进行了展望。