An electrochemical study of the synthesis and properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube/poly ortho aminophenol composites

Composites of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and poly ortho aminophenol (POAP) with good uniformity for use as electrodes in electrochemical capacitors were prepared by electropolymerization by using the ionic surfactant as electrolyte, for dispersing CNTs within conducting polymer/carbon nanotube composite films. The capacitance properties were investigated with cyclic voltammetry (CV), discharge tests and ac impedance spectroscopy. The composite electrode shows much higher specific capacitance, better power characteristics and is more promising for application in the capacitor than a pure POAP electrode. The effect and role of MWCNT in the composite electrode are discussed in detail. In comparison with a Ni–POAP/glassy carbon (GC), a Ni–MWCNT–POAP/GC electrode shows a better catalytic performance for the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol.     

稀土多金属氧酸盐修饰铂电极对甲醇电催化氧化的促进作用

运用循环伏安法在光滑的铂电极表面上修饰了稀土多金属氧酸盐,并用交流阻抗进行了表征,研究了该电极对甲醇的电催化氧化行为。实验结果表明,与未修饰的光滑的铂电极相比,稀土多金属氧酸盐修饰的电极对甲醇电催化氧化速率明显增加。并测定了该修饰电极电催化氧化的动力学参数。     

Preparation and electrocatalytic property of Au-Pt/SnO2/GC composite electrode

Au-Pt/SnO2/GC composite electrode was prepared by self-assembling Au-Pt nanoparticles on SnO2 film, which was deposited on actived glassy carbon (GC). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that dense and uniform Au-Pt particles with 25-nm diameter were dispersed on SnO2 film. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results proved that there was an interaction between Au-Pt nanoparticles and SnO2 support. Electrochemical experiments showed that Au-Pt/SnO2/GC composite electrode had a good electrocatalytic activity to the oxidation of methanol.     

Electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol on PPy electrode modified by gold using the cementation process

The preparation by the electrochemical cementation process of dispersed gold microparticles on polypyrrole (PPy) coatings on iron surface and their electrocatalytic activity towards methanol oxidation were studied. The reaction of cementation of gold onto Fe/PPy electrode was shown to be under chemical control with a high activation energy.These films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and cyclic voltammetry. These dispersed Au microparticles exhibit higher electrocatalytic activity than a bare gold electrode towards the electrochemical oxidation of methanol in acidic media.     

Preparation and characterization of polyvinylchloride membrane embedded with Cu nanoparticles for electrochemical oxidation in direct methanol fuel cell

Copper nanoparticles were prepared by the chemical reduction method. These copper particles were embedded into the polyvinylchloride (PVC) matrix as support and used as an electrode (PVC/Cu) for the oxidation of methanol fuel for improving the current response. The PVC/Cu electrodes were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) for thermal stability of the electrode, X-ray diffraction (XRD) for identification of copper nanoparticles in the electrode, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify the interaction between PVC and Cu and scan electron microscopy (SEM) with EDAX for the morphology of the electrode. The electrocatalytic activity of the electrode was characterized by the cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and chronoamperometry techniques. An increase in the electrode activity was observed with the increase of copper quantity from 0.18 g (PVC/Cu-0.18 g) to 0.24 g (PVC/Cu-0.24 g) and the maximum was found at 0.24 g of copper in the electrode. Also, it was observed that the electrode achieved the maximum catalytic current in 0.5 mol/L CH₃OH + 1 mol/L NaOH solution. FTIR identified that water molecules, C—H group, copper nanoparticle and its oxide were available in the electrode. SEM images with EDAX showed that copper particles were properly embedded in the polyvinylchloride matrix.     

碳载铂纳米微粒修饰的玻碳电极对甲醇的电催化氧化

利用X射线粉末衍射、透射电镜和扫描电镜对商用Pt/C催化剂反应前后的变化进行了物化表征，同时应用电化学方法研究了甲醇在碳载铂纳米微粒修饰的玻碳电极上的电催化氧化性能。结果表明，修饰电极对甲醇氧化呈现较高的电催化活性。铂氧化物的电化学还原在Pt/c催化剂中受到了抑制，该现象可能是由于Pt与载体碳间的强烈作用所引起的。通过扫描电镜和循环伏安研究表明，该催化剂对甲醇的氧化可能存在着表面结构敏感效应。     

Ni-Ti-O纳米片/泡沫镍复合电极的显微结构及其电化学性能

采用了水热合成和热扩渗结合的方法在三维多孔泡沫镍支架上制备了Ni-Ti-O纳米片层。通过扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、高分辨透射电镜（HRTEM）对泡沫镍支架上NiO和Ni-Ti-O纳米结构的微观形貌及物相进行了观察表征和物相分析。用循环伏安法和充放电性能测试探究了复合电极对甲醇的催化氧化性能及其电容性能。结果表明：泡沫镍上生长的Ni-Ti-O纳米片物相组成为NiO和TiO,并且为多晶形态;Ti的渗入会使得NiO纳米片中形成氧空位,并和Ni产生协同作用,使得Ni-Ti-O纳米片/泡沫镍电极的对甲醇氧化的电催化性能优于Ni(OH)2/泡沫镍和NiO/泡沫镍电极;泡沫镍和钛粉质量比（RNi/Ti）为1:24,在电流密度为5 mA?cm-2时,Ni-Ti-O电极的面积比电容值为 2.15 F?cm-2,是纳米Ni(OH)2/泡沫镍电极的3.2倍（0.67 F?cm-2）。     

过渡金属取代磷钼酸修饰铂电极的电化学行为

在证实了磷钼酸修饰铂电极对甲醇氧化具有较高活性的基础上，合成了3种过渡金属取代的磷钼酸，通过红外光谱测试仍为Keggin结构，并制备了过渡金属取代磷钼酸修饰铂电极，研究了修饰铂电极在硫酸溶液中的电化学行为及对甲醇的催化氧化作用。研究结果表明，3种过渡金属取代的磷钼酸修饰铂电极均对甲醇氧化表现出较高的催化活性，其中锰取代的磷钼酸修饰电极对甲醇的催化活性最高。     

Uniform and Homogeneous Growth of Copper Nanoparticles on Electrophoretically Deposited Carbon Nanotubes Electrode for Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor

The multiwalled carbon nanotubes thin-film-based electrode was fabricated by electrophoretic deposition and modified with copper(Cu) nanoparticles to fabricate Cu/CNTs nanocomposite sensor for nonenzymatic glucose detection.The expensive glassy carbon electrode was replaced by fluorine-doped tin oxide glass containing CNTs film to confine the Cu nanoparticles growth by electrodeposition through cyclic voltammetry(CV). The ultraviolet visible and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the successful deposition of Cu nanoparticles on the CNTs-modified electrode. The atomic force microscopy images confirmed the morphology of electrodeposited Cu on CNTs film as uniformly dispersed particles.The electrocatalytic activity of electrode to the glucose oxidation was investigated in alkaline medium by CV and amperometric measurements. The fabricated sensor exhibited a fast response time of less than 5 s and the sensitivity of 314μA mM~(-1)cm~(-2)with linear concentration range(0.02–3.0 mM) having detection limit 10.0μM. Due to simple preparation of sensor, Cu/CNTs nanocomposite electrodes are a suitable candidate for reliable determination of glucose with good stability.     

Electrocatalytic performance of Pd–Ni nanowire arrays electrode for methanol electrooxidation in alkaline media

A successful approach to prepare the Pd–Ni nanowire arrays electrode without carbon supports was reported. The morphology and crystallinity of nanowire were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffraction(SAED), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analyses, respectively. The results show that the diameters of the nanowire are in the range of 65–75 nm, and the polycrystalline binary solid solution alloy is formed in the Pd–Ni nanowire. Cyclic voltammograms, chronoamperograms, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrate that the Pd–Ni nanowire arrays electrodes show excellent electrocatalytic performance for methanol oxidation in alkaline media. The catalytic activity of Pd–Ni nanowire arrays electrode is *1.39 times higher than that of the Pd nanowire arrays electrode and *2.28 times higher than that of the commercial Pd/C catalyst. This is mostly owing to the transfer of electron density from Ni to Pd. These results indicate that Pd–Ni nanowire arrays electrode is very promising in an alkaline direct methanol fuel cell.     

Ti/nano-TiO2-Pt复合电极催化甲醇氧化的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法(sol-gel)制备纳米TiO2(Ti/nano-TiO2)膜电极,再用电沉积法在纳米TiO2膜上修饰Pt微粒,制成Ti/nano-TiO2-Pt复合电极.用循环伏安法研究了纯Pt丝电极和Ti/nano-TiO2-Pt电极对甲醇氧化的电催化活性以及稳定性.结果表明:对甲醇氧化,复合电极比Pt丝电极具有更高的催化活性,且对甲醇氧化中间产物CO的吸附量少,因而不易中毒;复合电极载铂量达到一定值时,电极具有最强的催化活性.     

Pd纳米盘的光热辅助合成及其对乙醇的电催化氧化

以氯化钯(Pd Cl2)为金属前驱体,乙醇为还原剂,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为稳定剂和导向剂,利用普通市售白炽灯产生的光热作用,辅助合成Pd纳米盘材料。用XRD、TEM、选区电子衍射(SAED)和UV等技术对合成产物进行表征,考察了CTAB用量对纳米Pd微观形貌和尺寸的影响,并通过循环伏安法研究了纳米Pd修饰玻碳电极对乙醇的电催化氧化活性。结果表明,通过改变Pd Cl2和CTAB的摩尔比,可以调控纳米Pd的微观形貌和尺寸;当Pd Cl2与CTAB的摩尔比为1:80,可见光辐照6 h时,得到的Pd纳米盘呈多边形貌,平均粒径为46 nm,对乙醇有较好的电催化活性和抗中毒能力。     

Preparation and electrocatalytic property of Au-Pt/SnO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/GC composite electrode

Au-Pt/SnO₂/GC composite electrode was prepared by self-assembling Au-Pt nanoparticles on SnO₂ film, which was deposited on actived glassy carbon (GC). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that dense and uniform Au-Pt particles with 25-nm diameter were dispersed on SnO₂ film. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results proved that there was an interaction between Au-Pt nanoparticles and SnO₂ support. Electrochemical experiments showed that Au-Pt/SnO₂/GC composite electrode had a good electrocatalytic activity to the oxidation of methanol.     

Comparative studies of adsorbed CO and methanol electrooxidation on carbon supported Pt and PtRu catalysts in acid solution

1. Introduction Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have con-siderable advantages compared to gas feed (H2/air) polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells [1-2]. The hydrogen PEM fuel cells use gaseous hy-drogen as fuel. But there is no source and infra-structure established yet for hydrogen distribution and storage, neither as a liquid nor as a gas. How-ever, the DMFC, similar to a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), uses methanol fuel directly for electric power generation …     

硅钨酸修饰多晶铂电极及其电催化性能

通过循环伏安扫描制备了硅钨酸修饰多晶铂电极，在电极制备过程中发现，SiW12在Pt电极表面的氢区发生了氧化-还原反应，而在氧区使电极表面含氧粒子的吸附增加。通过循环伏安和恒电位I-t曲线研究了该修饰电极在硫酸溶液中的电化学行为和对甲醇氧化的电催化作用。研究结果表明：硅钨酸修饰多晶铂电极提高了甲醇氧化的催化活性和抗CO中毒性。     

Optimum content of Nafion ionomer for the fabrication of MEAs in PEMFCs with spray-coated Pt/CNT electrodes

To enhance the performance of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), a Pt catalyst was supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the optimum content of Nafion ionomer in the Pt/CNT electrode was examined by cell performance tests, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The amount of the Pt catalyst supported on the CNTs was 34 wt.%. The Nafion content significantly changed the protonic and electronic conductivities as well as the mass transfer properties. As such, the performance of the cell was highly dependent on the content of Nafion ionomer. The results of the cell performance tests revealed that the optimum content of Nafion ionomer in the Pt/CNT electrode was about 20 wt.%.     

铝掺杂改性钛基PbO2电极性能研究

采用阳极电沉积技术制备了金属铝掺杂改性的Ti/PbO₂电极,通过表面粗糙度测量仪,扫描电镜,X射线衍射仪、线性极化扫描和交流阻抗谱电化学测试和加速寿命试验对铝掺杂引起PbO₂涂层电极的物理化学特性的影响进行分析,并对铝掺杂改性的Ti/PbO₂电极对苯酚模拟废水电催化氧化降解行为进行考察。结果表明,Al₃₊添加可使得Ti/PbO₂电极涂层结晶细化、沉积均匀致密,表面粗糙度明显降低,结瘤缺陷改善;铝掺杂改性的Ti/PbO₂析氧电位升高,电荷传递及催化性能提高,但呈非单调变化,其中添加3mM Al₃₊制备电极的析氧电位最高可达到2.09V,导电性优异,电催化性能最佳,电化学稳定性高,其强化寿命可达到460h,比未改性电极寿命提高了100h。铝掺杂改性的Ti/PbO₂电极对苯酚模拟废水具有良好的电化学氧化降解能力,180min处理后苯酚去除率最高可达到93.6%,COD去除率最大可达到73.6%。     

Capacitance performance enhancement of TiO2 doped with Ni and graphite

Nano-amorphous TiO2 was prepared by a sol-gel method. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that the composite electrode material (TiO2-NiO-C) is made of powder with a grain size of 36.2 nm. Doping of nickel and graphite can increase the electrical conductivity and the specific surface area of nano-amorphous TiO2. The electrochemical properties of TiO2-NiO-C,such as self-discharge, leakage current, and cycle life, were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and charge-discharge test. With a charge-discharge current density of 500 mA/g, the specific capacity of the TiO2-NiO-C composite material reaches 12.88 mAh/g. Also, the expense of capacity is only 3.88% after 500 cycles. The electrochemical capacitor with the electrode material of TiO2-NiO-C shows excellent capacity and cycling performance.     

Influence of dopant ions on properties of conducting polypyrrole and its electrocatalytic activity towards methanol oxidation

The polypyrrole (PPy) films were deposited on vacuum metallized substrates by electro-oxidation of pyrrole monomer. These electrodes were then modified with a range of metal halides having different electronegativities. The modified polypyrrole electrodes were employed to investigate electrocatalytic activity towards methanol electrochemical oxidation by means of cyclic voltammetry in 0.1 M HClO₄ as supporting electrolyte. It was found that the electronegativity of the dopant ion incorporated in the PPy film governs the electrocatalytic activity towards methanol oxidation. Among different dopant anions used in the present work, the PPy doped with zirconium chloride gave the highest anodic current of 10 mA cm⁻² at the oxidation potential of methanol. Electrical property and the charge created due to doping in the polymers were measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). Electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrodes was correlated with various factors obtained from different polymer characterization experiments. The results were explained on the basis of the charge-transfer efficiency at the electrodeelectrolyte interface, which was associated with the acceptor state created by the dopant in the semi-conducting polymer.     

碳纳米管对LaNi5稀土合金电化学性能的影响

采用LaNi5稀土合金作为催化剂，用化学气相沉积法(CVD)制备了碳纳米管。研究了含有5％碳纳米管的LaNi5稀土合金电极样品的电化学性能。测定了碳纳米管电极的电化学储氢性能。实验发现：含有碳纳米管的LaNi5稀土合金的电化学放电容量更高，当放电电流密度为100mA／g时，其电化学储氢量高达385mAh／g。其循环寿命也得到了较大改善。循环100次，放电容量仅下降15％。