新型空冷贝氏体渗碳钢的研究

为了减少齿轮渗碳淬火后的变形和开裂 ,研制了一种新型空冷贝氏体钢 ,其成分为 (质量分数 ,% ) :0 2C ,0 7Si,一定量的Cr、Mn ,测定了其CCT曲线。用空冷贝氏体渗碳钢制作的齿轮 ,经渗碳后空冷 ,齿表面硬度在 6 1HRC以上 ,齿心部硬度在40HRC左右 ,冲击韧度为 82J·cm 2 ,较好地满足了齿轮的硬度和强韧性要求。齿尖渗碳层的显微组织是下贝氏体 高碳马氏体 ,齿的心部是贝氏体 低碳马氏体复相组织。这种组织保证了齿轮既具有较高的抗接触疲劳性能又具有较好的抗冲击能力。用该钢制造的齿轮变形小 ,精密度高 ,可极大地降低运行时的噪音     

稀土低温渗碳工艺的应用

我厂是生产拖拉机、农用车等变速箱齿轮的专业厂。齿轮的热处理是用 RQ3- 10 5- 9T井式气体渗碳炉进行碳氮共渗后直接淬火。存在着生产周期较长 ,能耗大 ;渗碳层的表面硬度有“低头”现象。这也是碳氮共渗工艺中常见的缺陷之一。针对上述问题 ,我们在多次试验论证的基础上 ,通过优化工艺 ,改用稀土低温渗碳工艺 ,在实际生产中取得了较好的效果。1　工艺条件齿轮用钢为 2 0 Cr Mn Ti,要求其渗碳层深度为 0 .7～ 1.0 mm;表面硬度为 58～ 64HRC;心部硬度为 33～ 4 8HRC;金相组织 :碳化物 1～ 4级 ,马氏体及残余奥氏体为 1～ 5级。原工艺 (…     

柴油机凸轮轴可控气氛渗层的热处理模拟及验证

利用Dante软件对柴油机中关键零部件凸轮轴的渗碳淬火过程进行数值模拟。研究了凸轮轴在渗碳淬火过程中的碳浓度分布规律、组织分布、硬度大小,并进行了试验验证。结果表明,凸轮轴渗碳层由表面向内部,碳浓度逐渐下降呈梯度分布。渗碳层的表层组织为回火马氏体,心部组织为贝氏体。渗碳层的表层硬度较高,心部硬度较低。经试验验证,模拟结果与试验结果相吻合,可以用来指导现场生产。     

4320H钢风电机齿轮的渗碳淬火

4320H风电机齿轮需进行渗碳、淬火,达到表面硬度58~62HRC、心部硬度33~44HRC、有效硬化层(至515HV0.5)深度2.0~3.0mm,有非马氏体组织的深度≤0.05mm,马氏体1~4级,心部铁素体1~3级,但无连续网状碳化物。采用UBE密封箱式炉对4320H钢齿轮进行了渗碳、淬火。通过热处理工艺的调整,最终达到了上述质量要求。     

20Cr2Ni4A钢齿轮的热处理

一种20Cr2Ni4A钢齿轮要求进行渗碳、淬火处理,达到0.8～1.0 mm的渗层深度、58～62 HRC的表面硬度和34～45 HRC的心部硬度。试验了3种渗碳淬火工艺,最后确定的热处理工艺为:920℃渗碳4 h缓冷,650℃高温回火4 h炉冷至350℃空冷,810℃保温3 h油淬,190℃回火两次。     

Cr12MoV钢过饱和渗碳工艺及应用研究

分析了Ｃｒ１２ＭｏＶ钢过饱和渗碳后等温处理各区域的组织及对力学性能的断口形貌的影响。试验结果表明，过饱和渗碳是提高表层硬度、强度和耐磨性的有效方法，马氏体下贝氏体复相组织可以保证亚表层至心部的强声望生及表层与心部的结构，提高了模具的使用寿命。给出了高碳高合金模具钢强韧化的一种新方法。     

工业机器人用SCM420钢行星齿轮热处理工艺的优化

针对工业机器人用SCM420钢制行星齿轮热处理畸变问题,采用改进的正火工艺以调整渗碳前的预备组织,并设计合理的装料方案和冷却方式等措施,同时在渗碳过程中采用阶梯升温的工艺,有效地控制了渗碳淬火过程中齿轮畸变。结果表明,采用优化正火后可得到均匀一致的铁素体+珠光体的组织,硬度为175 ~180 HBW。随后经渗碳淬火回火后,批量生产的行星齿轮表面硬度、心部硬度和有效硬化层深度均值分别为59.74 HRC、40.44 HRC和0.530 mm。渗碳层中的马氏体级别为1级,残留奥氏体和碳化物级别为1~2级;心部组织级别为1~2级。齿轮精度、平面翘曲、齿沟振幅和齿形齿筋等全部满足技术要求。     

65MnCr耐磨钢的淬透性及厚断面工件淬火组织

针对新设计的一种高碳低合金耐磨钢65MnCr,利用末端淬火实验测得了淬透性曲线,研究了该钢的淬透性;分析了该钢Φ130 mm柱状工件淬火后从表层到心部的相变组织,并测得了从表层到心部的硬度分布。结果表明:该钢的淬透层的深度为48 mm,相比65Mn钢,淬透性得到了很大提高。Φ130 mm柱状工件的65MnCr钢淬火后半马氏体深度距表面约为40 mm,淬硬层硬度达到60~61 HRC。在30~40 mm深度,主要为马氏体和索氏体的混合组织,硬度下降到54 HRC左右。心部组织为索氏体+少量贝氏体+少量的马氏体,硬度大约为48 HRC。     

淬火介质对42CrMo钢棒淬火组织及硬度影响的数值模拟及试验验证

基于有限元计算分析了直径为ø40 mm的42CrMo钢圆棒试样分别使用淬火油和PAG水基液淬火后试样不同位置的组织、硬度以及淬火过程中的温度变化,采用硬度检测和显微组织分析对模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明,当使用淬火油淬火时,试样表面由奥氏体向马氏体和贝氏体转变,心部由奥氏体向贝氏体转变;当使用PAG水基液淬火时,试样表层几乎转变成马氏体,心部转变成马氏体和贝氏体;试样经淬火油和PAG水基液淬火后,表面硬度分别为58和55 HRC,均由表面至心部硬度逐渐降低,但使用PAG水基液淬火后试样的心部硬度比用淬火油的高5 HRC,约为50 HRC。     

减少大行星齿轮渗碳淬火畸变的工艺措施

我公司生产的154t电动轮自卸车上的大行星齿轮(见图1)，材料为20Cr2Ni4A钢，要求齿面渗碳淬火，渗碳层深1．9～2．3mm，齿面硬度58～63HRC，心部及其它表面硬度35～45HRC，端面平面度≤0．6mm。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.