高速电弧喷涂3Cr13钢雾化粒子温度和飞行速度数值模拟

用二相流流体动力学和空气动力学理论建立了高速电弧喷涂雾化粒子温度和飞行速度的数学模型,通过引入高速电弧喷涂工艺过程的送丝速度、丝材直径、喷涂电流、电压和雾化气体压力等工艺参数,与雾化微滴温度、飞行速度和粒度分布建立联系,揭示了高速电弧喷涂工艺参数对雾化过程微滴物理特性的影响。数值分析结果表明,3Cr13钢微滴速度在实际喷涂距离范围内变化不大;粒度对微滴初始温度有较大影响;不同粒度微滴的过热度在1 320～2 090 K之间,电阻项对微滴过热度的贡献最大;微滴强烈过热是电弧喷涂材料损耗的主要原因之一。所建立的模型的数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。模拟计算的高速电弧喷涂技术喷涂3Cr13钢的质均粒度和实测的相吻合,但粒度分布特征不同。     

Generation of Janus droplets for enhanced mixing in microfluidics

microfluidic channel system to generate Janus droplets is designed and fabricated, where the term Janus droplet refers to a chemically biphasic droplet. It is demonstrated that Janus droplets are formed from elongational breakup of coflowing core fluids which are constrained by a sheath fluid on both sides of them. Rhodamine B is adopted as an indicator to indentify generated Janus droplets. Monodisperse Janus droplets have been generated in a controllable manner such that those with average diameters of 26 ± 1.24 μm, 31 ± 1.44 μm and 34 ± 2.28 μm are formed in accordance with flow rate ratios between the sheath fluid and the core fluids, 30.7, 36.4 and 44.4, respectively. Generation of Janus droplets, demonstrated in the present study, has seen a new application in the areas of biotechnology and bioengineering, where enhanced mixing inside the micro bubbles can be utilized without the aid of other means of droplet generation and merging.     

超疏水表面液滴的冷凝成长特性研究

利用聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)为基底采用光刻技术制备了微方柱状超疏水表面,分析了冷凝条件下超疏水表面液滴的冷凝生长特征,发现液滴的生长过程可分为微液滴成核冷凝独立生长、冷凝微液滴合并生长以及大液滴生长3个阶段。超疏水表面初始合并的液滴呈Wenzel-Cassie状态和Wenzel状态,随着冷凝液滴的成长,液滴的液-固接触面积与粗糙结构表面的表观面积之比f随着冷凝液滴尺寸的增大而增大,Wenzel-Cassie状态向完全Wenzel状态转变。最后分析了超疏水性破坏的原因。     

静电喷雾润滑液滴的粒径分布特性研究

为掌握静电喷雾润滑液滴的粒径分布特性,将图像识别检测技术应用到荷电润滑液滴的粒径测量中.开展了采集图像中液滴区域的特征抽取和识别分析,建立了液滴的平面二维直径和空间三维直径的转换关系,提出了一种实用的气雾液滴粒径分布特性的检测方法.在建立液滴采集装置的基础上,进行了气雾不同截面液滴的采集和识别试验.实验结果表明,随着静电电压升高,喷雾索特平均直径减小,雾滴颗粒趋于均匀,雾化质量明显改善;在距喷嘴60 mm～140 mm的3个截面上,随着距离的增加,雾滴索特平均直径增大,雾滴趋于发散.     

The effect of swirling flow in the mixing chamber of atomizer and the length/diameter ratio of atomizer exit on the distribution of coal particles in CWM spray

This research is aimed to investigate how the swirling phenomena in an atomizer and the ratio of length/diameter of the atomizer exit affect the size distribution of coal particle in spray. CWM slurries are injected by a swirling twin-fluid atomizer. Five different caps and a swirler are designed and fabricated into an existing twin fluid atomizer. The droplets are sampled by test tubes and microscope slides coated with magnesium oxide. The data analysis are done by photo technique and Malvern particle sizer. The experimental results reveal that there are many droplets which do not have any coal particles. Those are simply water droplets. The population ratio of droplets without coal particles to total sampled CWM droplets is increased as the sampling position moves outward in the radial direction from the axis of spray. The length/ diameter ratio of an atomizer exit and the swirling phenomena in an atomizer affect a lot the spray pattern and the spray angle but they make no noticeable effects on the size distribution of coal particles in droplets and spray.     

水喷雾场瞬态蒸汽浓度分布研究

考虑到喷雾形成的雾场中,雾滴生存环境的湿度对雾滴的动力学特性、热特性与蒸发特性有着重要的影响,因此对雾场湿度的动态变化进行研究是一项关键的工作。综合考虑变化的蒸发源项与蒸汽扩散之间的相互作用,建立了一维瞬态的湿度控制方程;采用多分散系模型,分析了喷雾区域及其水蒸汽的扩散区域内相对湿度随时间、空间的变化规律;并讨论了雾滴与空气的相对速度、雾滴体积分数、平均粒径及环境相对湿度等因素对于雾场及扩散区域的相对湿度分布的影响。     

Improvements on a laser scattering technique for droplet size measurements applied to a gas-liquid separation equipment

The knowledge of droplet size distributions in a gas-liquid separation equipment is of high relevance due to the importance of removal efficiency in these systems. Different techniques could be used to measure droplet size, being one of them the diffraction of a laser beam. The laser is located behind glasses, being the formation of droplets on the glasses one of the main problems encountered when using this technique.Due to this major problem, different innovative solutions have been proposed and implemented to the gas-liquid separation column in order to obtain satisfactory results. A shutter mechanism, a purge gas and combination of these two solutions were tested. It was shown that the modified technique is suitable for liquid droplet measurements under ambient conditions.It has been also shown that the combination of these two solutions reduced considerably the amount of droplets that interacts with the glasses, allowing getting better data.     

Topographic contrast of partially wetting water droplets in environmental scanning electron microscopy

Partially wetting water droplets with sizes smaller than the capillary length acquire a distinct spherical cap shape controlled by the equilibrium contact angle, which is specific for different substrates and conditions. Images of such droplets in an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) show strong topographic contrast. This contrast across the droplets can be analysed within a simple theoretical model, as the droplet sides are inclined smooth surfaces. Very small droplets have ESEM intensity profiles which deviate from this topographic model. Such deviations indicate that other sources of electron signal may be important for such droplets, and also demonstrate the limits of the analytical model. For droplets sufficiently large that they lie within the range of the topographic contrast model, values of contact angles on different substrates can be deduced. These are found to agree with independent direct measurements, as well as the results given in the literature. The possibilities of using this technique to analyse physical properties of different substrates are discussed.     

基于BP神经网络的液滴图像识别方法

通过CCD监测白酒和掺入50％水的白酒两种不同液体液滴的生长过程,针对最大的液滴提取特征参数,利用主成分分析技术对特征参数进行优化,确定了5项有效的特征参数。最后采用BP神经网络识别不同的液滴。结果表明：不同液体液滴的轮廓特征参数是有区别的。因此,结合模式识别的图像液滴分析技术可以应用于分析和鉴别液体。     

牛顿型液-液两相流中分散相液滴碰撞模型及实验研究

通过分析气固两相流中颗粒的碰撞率模型及其影响因素,提出牛顿型液-液两相流中的液滴碰撞率模型,并分析了在剪切流场中液滴发生椭球形变形后的碰撞概率.利用双圆筒装置形成薄层剪切流场,假设液滴碰撞后即发生聚合,根据不同时刻取样的粒径分布来验证液滴的碰撞概率,理论模型与实验结果基本一致.     

Numerical study on bouncing and separation collision between two droplets considering the collision-induced breakup

The main purpose of the present study is to perform numerical study on bouncing and separation collision between two droplets considering the collision-induced breakup. In this study, the collision model proposed in our previous study is used for simulation of collision-induced breakup, and we modify this model to consider the effect of liquid property on the behavior of droplet-droplet collision. This collision model is based on the conservation laws for mass, momentum, and energy between before and after collision and provides several formulae for post-collision characteristics of colliding droplets and satellite droplets. Improving the accuracy of the model, in this study, appreciate criterion for bouncing collision is added and dissipation energy during collision process is newly modeled. To validate the new model, numerical calculations are performed and their results are compared with experimental data published earlier for binary collisions of water, propanol, and tetradecane droplets. It is found from the results that the new model shows good agreement with experimental data for the number of satellite droplets. It can be also shown that the predicted mean diameter by the new model decrease with increasing the Weber number because of the collisioninduced breakup, whereas the O’Rourke model fails to predict the size reduction via the binary droplet collision.     

微量供油条件下润滑油液滴的生长与脱附

润滑油液滴的生长与脱附性能对于微量供油过程和微量润滑效果有重要影响。采用试验和数值仿真相结合的方法,研究微量供油条件下、在重力环境中的润滑油液滴在毛细管出口端的生长与脱附行为,考察毛细管管径和表面润湿特性变化对润滑油液滴脱附性能的影响。结果表明,润滑油液滴的生长与脱附是毛细力、黏性力、表面张力和重力等共同作用的结果;减小毛细管管径或增大润滑油液滴在毛细管表面的接触角,均可有效减弱毛细效应,降低润滑油液的爬移高度和脱附粒径,改善液滴脱附性能;毛细管管径由1.2 mm减小至0.7 mm过程中,液滴脱附粒径减小了4.5%;接触角由5°逐渐增加至90°的过程中,液滴脱附粒径减小了9.3%;通过选用低表面能材料制作微量供油的毛细管可以显著增大接触角。     

Electrospray: From ions in solution to ions in the gas phase,what we know now

There is an advantage for users of electrospray and nanospray mass spectrometry to have an understanding of the processes involved in the conversion of the ions present in the solution to ions in the gas phase. The following processes are considered: Creation of charge droplets at the capillary tip; Electrical potentials required and possibility of gas discharges; Evolution of charged droplets, due to solvent evaporation and Coulomb explosions, to very small droplets that are the precursors of the gas phase ions; Production of gas phase ions from these droplets via the Ion Evaporation and Charge residue models; Analytical uses of ESIMS of small ions, qualitative and quantitative analysis; Effects of the ESI mechanism on the analysis of proteins and protein complexes; Determination of stability constants of protein complexes; Role of additives such as ammonium acetate on the observed mass spectra. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:898–917, 2009     

Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication with Oil Droplets

In oil–air lubrication, lubricants are supplied in the form of oil droplets to tribo-pairs. Numerical work has been carried out to investigate transient EHL characteristics when a series of oil droplets are entrained along the center line of the contact zone. Results show that the spacing distance between oil droplets is an important parameter for continuous EHL film formation. For oil droplets with the same volume, the effective lubrication time increases first and then decreases as the droplet distance increases. An optimum droplet distance can be found for the maximum effective lubrication time with continuous EHL films. Moreover, entrainment speed, lubricant viscosity and oil/solid interface can also affect the effective lubrication time significantly and change the optimum droplet distance accordingly. Numerical results showed a close correlation to the experiments. This study is useful to basic understanding of lubrication by limited lubricant supply.     

液滴撞击多孔表面动力学特性研究进展

液滴与多孔表面碰撞时，多孔表面的孔隙所引起的毛细力作用将对液滴的动力学行为产生一定的影响。研究液滴撞击多孔表面后的铺展、渗透、蒸发、传热等问题对调控多孔表面液滴的铺展以满足不同领域的应用需求具有重要的意义。总结归纳了液滴撞击多孔表面的理论、数值和实验方面的研究方法，对液滴撞击速度、液滴直径、孔隙率、孔径、韦伯数、黏度和表面张力等主要因素对液滴撞击动力学特性的影响规律进行综述，提出液滴在多孔表面的研究可从更加符合液滴撞击多孔介质的理论模型建立，新型多孔介质内部液滴特性及热物理参数测试技术等方面进行。     

Lubricant Transfer in Disk Drives

For disk drives with Z-tetraol-coated disks, the ingress of airborne solid particulates into the disk drive was found to result in disk-to-head lubricant transfer. In addition, high humidity was found to enhance the transfer process. Water soluble electrolytes such as alkali halides are most ubiquitous airborne solid particulates. Molecular dynamics calculations were performed to examine (a) the condensation process of H₂O, (b) the effect of alkali halide on the process, (c) the difference between the end-groups of Z-dol and Z-tetraol. It was shown that the OH units of Z-tetraol end-groups would embed themselves into facial layer of water?Celectrolyte droplets, thus encapsulating and stabilizing the droplets, while the OH units of Z-dol would not do so. The lubricant transfer observed uniquely for Z-tetraol-coated disks is attributed to inorganic particulates such as NaCl entering the drive interior, landing on the disk surface, attracting water, and forming Z-tetraol encapsulated water?Celectrolyte droplets. These droplets are viscous and are readily picked up by the slider.     

An electron microprobe study of the influence of beam current density on the stability of detectable elements in mixed-salts (isoatomic) microdroplets

This paper shows that a means of accurately measuring beam current during microprobe analysis of inorganic fluid microdroplets is essential, since certain elements were sublimated from such specimens under easily achieved beam current densities, i.e. S at 1·8 nA/μm², K at 2·5 nA/μm², Na at 3·5 nA/μm², P at 5·3 nA/μm². In comparison, Cl was volatilized even under the mildest conditions used (0·35 nA/μm²), and Ca, Mg and Co were stable under the severest operating conditions (7·1 nA/μm²). Elements were less stable in large (3 μm diameter) droplets than in small (1 μm) droplets under identical irradiation conditions. The onset of volatilization is a direct function of the current delivered per unit area and not of the total integrated dose. The addition of 50 g/l of urea to the mixed-salts (isoatomic) solution, or (a) the mounting of the droplets so that the carbon-celloidin support film was interposed between them and the electron source, and (b) top-coating the droplets with carbon, did not, in general, raise the threshold of volatilization of a given element, but did effectively retard the rate of loss at current densities above the volatilization threshold. A literature survey confirmed that similar losses can occur from biological tissue specimens, albeit at higher beam current densities. Finally, the possibility that local specimen heating during electron/specimen interaction is a cause of element loss during microprobe analysis is discussed.     

等离子射流与喷涂粒子微观交互作用研究现状

从微观角度看,等离子喷涂层实质上是由大量喷涂粒子在等离子射流中经过一系列复杂的理化变换之后,撞击基体并迅速铺展凝固所形成的,因而熔滴撞击基体前的理化特性对涂层的组织结构、缺陷密度、力学性能等指标具有重要影响。通过对喷涂粒子基本特征参数、射流中的传热机理、传质机理与粒子加速行为四个方面的总结,详细综述等离子射流与喷涂粒子的交互作用过程。总体来说,温度、速度是粒子的基本特征参数,而采用一些综合温度与速度的复合参数（如熔融指数、雷诺数、韦伯数等）对熔滴的理化特性具有更好的表征效果;粒子的加热过程由表及里,受到热导率、比表面积、热容量、飞行路径及射流特性等多种因素影响,部分熔滴容易由于温度过高而发生汽化现象;处于熔融状态的粒子具有较高的活性,因而容易在射流中与气体介质发生反应,包括O₂、N₂、H₂等,同时粉体内部也会发生一定的元素迁移或化学反应;粒子在射流中由于受到气流拖拽力、重力、热泳力及气压梯度力的综合作用而不断加速,同时会由于射流特性及熔化状态的差异而发生不同程度的破碎或细化现象。