Impact of adaptive comfort criteria and heat waves on optimal building thermal mass control

This article investigates building thermal mass control of commercial buildings to reduce utility costs with a particular emphasis on the individual impacts of both adaptive comfort criteria and of heat waves. Recent changes in international standards on thermal comfort for indoor environments allow for adaptation to the weather development as manifested in comfort criteria prEN 15251.2005 and NPR-CR 1752.2005 relative to the non-adaptive comfort criterion ISO 7730.2003. Furthermore, since extreme weather patterns tend to occur more frequently, even in moderate climate zones, it is of interest how a building's passive thermal storage inventory responds to prolonged heat waves. The individual and compounded effects of adaptive comfort criteria and heat waves on the conventional and optimal operation of a prototypical office building are investigated for the particularly hot month of August 2003 in Freiburg, Germany. It is found that operating commercial buildings using adaptive comfort criteria strongly reduces total cooling loads and associated building systems energy consumption under conventional and building thermal mass control. In the case of conventional control, total operating cost reductions follow the cooling loads reductions closely. Conversely, the use of adaptive comfort criteria under optimal building thermal mass control leads to both lower and slightly higher absolute operating costs compared to the optimal costs for the non-adaptive ISO 7730. While heat waves strongly affect the peak cooling loads under both conventional and optimal building thermal mass control, total cooling loads, building energy consumption and costs are only weakly affected for both control modes. Passive cooling under cost-optimal control, while achieving significant total cost reductions of up to 13%, is associated with total energy penalties on the order of 1–3% relative to conventional nighttime setup control. Thus, building thermal mass control defends its cost saving potential under optimal control in the presence of adaptive comfort criteria and heat waves.     

An internal assessment of the thermal comfort and daylighting conditions of a naturally ventilated building with an active glazed facade in a temperate climate

An active facade is often used to promote the flow of air through a building, however in order to ensure that this process is effective the facade should face a southerly orientation. This means that not only solar energy is transferred across the glazing but in sunny periods shading is needed to prevent excess brightness levels occurring on the working areas where it may result in the luminance distributions not complying with current lighting requirements. The building investigated is located in Sheffield, England and is one of the University of Sheffield's recently built green buildings. It has a high thermal mass which is used to promote the use of night cooling. This paper reports the initial findings of an internal assessment of the thermal comfort and daylighting conditions in such a building. The results have indicated that such designs are to be commended for their passive use of solar energy and can provide a high quality working environment.     

基于MIT Design Advisor的门窗设计——窗墙比对建筑能耗和热舒适度的影响

窗墙比是建筑热工设计中常用的一个指标,窗墙比的大小对建筑的能耗和采光等有着重要的影响,窗墙比不同对门窗幕墙热工性能的要求也不一样,我国建筑节能设计标准中对建筑不同朝向的窗墙比有着不同的要求。本文利用MIT Design Advisor模拟计算了不同窗墙比对建筑能耗和热舒适度的影响。     

Modeling coupled heat transfer and air flow in a partitioned building with a zonal model: Application to the winter thermal comfort

The assessment of building thermal comfort quality in the Mediterranean context necessitates detailed information concerning local air speed and temperature inside the space. We have extended the three-dimensional zonal model ZAER (Zonal AERial model) to enable predictions of air flow pattern and thermal distributions between and within rooms. Numerical simulations from the new program have been compared with data obtained from measurements on the experimental cell Minibat (CETHIL, INSA Lyon laboratory) and with the prediction of another zonal model as well as a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool. The comparison indicates that this new program is an effective model for predicting air flow and temperature distribution in a partitioned building. By coupling ZAER with a thermal comfort model, we study the influence of a passive solar component belonging to a south-oriented room upon the winter thermal comfort of an unconditioned Tunisian dwelling. The obtained results show that this simulation tool has the potential to describe realistically the thermal comfort within a dwelling, and that a Trombe wall can be a useful heating component to improve thermal winter comfort in the Tunisian context, even in another room.     

基于设计逻辑的参数化模型建立及其特点

如果设计理念是建筑方案的灵魂,设计逻辑则是将设计理念转化为具体建筑方案的过程中所遵循的法则,也是参数化设计的核心.本文主要探讨在参数化平台上从设计逻辑到参数化模型的建立过程以及参数化模型所具备的基本特性.并通过两个具体的案例来说明在参数化平台上对设计逻辑的构建,以及建立参数化模型的基本步骤.同时两个案例也展现了怎样通过参数化软件来优化和解决传统设计手法中存在的一些问题.     

The influence of thermal comfort and user control on the design of a passive solar school building-Locksheath primary school

This article describes the design of a Primary School at Locksheath, Hampshire, England. The design is the result of collaboration between the Hampshire County Council's Architect's Department and the Martin Centre for Architectural and Urban Studies, University of Cambridge. The design has been strongly influenced by considerations of energy conservation, maximum use of solar energy, and thermal comfort. Stress is placed on the role of the occupant in the control of the building. Predictive analysis indicates that the large conservatory incorporated makes a considerable reduction in heating energy demand.     

地区气候特征与气候适应性对节能住宅建筑热工设计的影响

以成都地区为例,从地区气候特征与气候适应性分析其对节能住宅建筑热工设计的影响,为节能住宅热工设计中的室内外气候计算参数的选择与确定,提供科学与实践的依据。     

Setting limits and targets for greenhouse gas emissions at local level:a case study based on the District of Winchester,UK

We introduce climate change and those aspects of global warming that are required to understand the rationale behind the setting of emissions targets. We then review recent evidence that indicates that immediate and substantial action needs to be taken globally to cut emissions of carbon dioxide in order to keep its atmospheric concentration at a ‘safe’ level. This limit implies a range of cumulative carbon dioxide emissions budgets for the UK from now until 2050. We adopt a figure at the low end of the range to derive a comparable budget for Winchester, UK. Given Winchester's consumption emissions of 1.52 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2004, we calculate an emissions pathway until 2050 consistent with this budget. This suggests annual reductions of 6.7% are required. Our methodology can be applied to other local authority areas provided relevant statistics are available.     

基于可持续发展角度的绿色建筑评价模型研究与设计

阐述了绿色建筑评价模型的概念,分析了国内绿色建筑评价模型的研究现状,探讨了主成分分析法与因素重组分析法在构建绿色建筑模型中的应用,并探索了利用灰色多层次评价法构建绿色建筑模型的方法,有助于提高绿色建筑评价的准确性。