长江水文测验体系创新实践与方向性问题探讨

为了满足大规模新增水文站网运行管理和"大水文"发展的需求,及提高人力资源配置效率,结合长江水文多年发展和改革创新的经验,提出了构建水文监测创新体系的四大体系,即水文监测管理体系、水文监测服务体系、水文监测技术支撑体系、水文监测质量控制体系。同时,分析了在当前新常态背景下,水文行业在水环境水生态监测、水资源中长期预测预报、水文信息化建设、海绵城市与城市发展等方面面临的新问题和发展方向。     

公众科学在水文领域的应用现状与未来

水文数据对水资源可持续管理与利用至关重要，但受到监测成本和技术的限制，给水文数据的获取和长期监测网络的搭建带来压力。公众科学是一种新兴且具有成本效益的数据获取手段，可有效缓解数据短缺、时空分布不均、分辨率低等数据瓶颈，在国际的水文学领域已有了一定的应用研究，但目前国内研究甚少，且未对该研究成果和未来发展前景进行汇总分析。因此，本文开展了公众科学在水文领域的应用现状和未来的综述分析，首先，从定义、公民参与的形式和涉及水文研究阶段、与水文学发展相互作用方面对公众科学进行了概述。其次，通过文献计量和项目统计的方法分析了水文背景下公众科学的现状，研究表明：公众科学在水文学中的研究呈上升趋势，尤其是近5年快速发展，研究涉及地表水、地下水、饮用水、生态环境等方面，且覆盖全球范围；研究主要集中于欧美国家发达国家，而我国仍处于初步发展阶段；公众科学对水文学的贡献主要是数据获取和补充，在公民深入参与多阶段水文研究仍具有很大的潜力。同时，回顾了公众科学在降雨、流量/水位、水质、土壤湿度等领域的应用情况，其中传感器、物联网、新兴技术的发展可更好地服务水文研究。最后，从水文数据市场、水文分析技术和水文知识探索三方面探讨了公众科学在水文学应用中的前沿问题与未来展望，以期为未来公众科学在水文领域的发展指明方向。     

我国水文科学技术研究发展状况初探

近年来尤其是20世纪90年代以来,随着计算机、网络、遥感、地理信息系统等高新技术,以及系统理论、模糊分析、灰色理论等新理论在水文领域的推广应用,我国水文科学技术研究取到了飞速发展。结合水文科学技术主要研究内容——水文基础理论、水文预报技术、水文信息技术、水资源可持续利用和水环境保护,对我国水文科学技术研究发展状况进行了综合阐述。     

Development of Hydro-Informatic Modelling System and its application

The understanding of hydrological cycle is the core of hydrology and the scientific base of water resources management. Meanwhile, simulation of hydrological cycle has long been regarded as an important tool for the assessment, utilization and protection of water resources. In this paper, a new tool named Hydro-Informatic Modelling System (HIMS) has been developed and introduced with case studies in the Yellow River Basin in China and 331 catchments in Australia. The case studies showed that HIMS can be employed as an integrated platform for hydrological simulation in different regions. HIMS is a modular based framework of hydrological model designed for different utilization such as flood forecasting, water resources planning and evaluating hydrological impacts of climate change and human activities. The unique of HIMS is its flexibility in providing alternative modules in the simulation of hydrological cycle, which successfully overcome the difficulties in the availability of input data, the uncertainty of parameters, and the difference of rainfall-runoff processes. The modular based structure of HIMS makes it possible for developing new hydrological models by the users. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40671031), National Key Basic Research Development Program of China (Grant Nos. G1999043601 and 2006CB403407) and National Key Technology R&D Program (Grant No. 2006BAB06N07)     

分形在水文水资源水环境中的应用研究与展望

较系统的论述了当前分形理论在水文水资源水环境中的应用,主要有：水文现象中分形特征的分析计算;分形在水文水资源评价、分类当中的应用;分形在水文水资源水环境的预测中的应用。总结了分形理论在水文中应用存在的问题：分形特征分析较多,但应用到评价、分类中较少,特别是在水文预测上应用较少。提出了未来研究的展望：将分形理论应用到评价、预测中,并加强分形理论与其它理论、方法的比较和结合,为水文评价、预测提供一种新思路。     

相关回归分析法在水文数据处理中的应用

相关回归分析法是数理统计常用的一种方法,利用该方法对水文资料进行统计分析,结果表明,该方法符合水文现象特性,具有较高的精度,能很好地运用于水文工作中。     

基于二元演化模式的流域水文模型

随着人类社会的发展,人类活动对流域水过程的影响越来越大。传统流域水模型已无法模拟人类活动影响下的流域水过程。具有物理基础并且考虑流域空间特性变化的流域水模型可以解决这个问题。提出基于二元演化模式的流域水模型研究方向,以全面考虑自然过程和人类活动对流域水过程的影响。     

桥涵水文2020年度研究进展

桥涵水文主要是依据河流和水文环境等各项因素进行桥梁设计,是桥位环境设计的一项重要基础工作。通过梳理近年来桥涵水文的发展状况,从桥涵水文中的一些关键问题,如桥涵水文研究方法、设计洪水流量、桥梁基础冲刷的成因、影响因素和桥梁墩台冲刷深度的计算等方面阐述桥梁水文的发展成就,对当前的研究难点和未来的研究热点进行了简要的概括。     

Strontium hydrogeochemistry of thermal groundwaters from Baikal and Xinzhou

This paper reports our work on the strontium hydrogeochemistry of thermal groundwa-ters in the Baikal Rift System (BRS) in Russia and Mongolia and the Xinzhou basin of the Shanxi Rift System (SRS) in northern China. Though similar in geological background, groundwaters from the BRS and the Xinzhou basin have different strontium isotope compositions. Both the strontium contents and the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of thermal water samples from Xinzhou are higher than those of most samples from Baikal. The major reason is the difference in hostrock geochemistry. The hos-trocks of the Xinzhou waters are Archaean metamorphic rocks, while those of the Baikal waters except the Kejielikov spring are Proterozoic or younger rocks. In the study areas, cold groundwaters usually show lower 87Sr/86Sr ratio due to shorter water-rock interaction history and lower equilibration degree. Strontium hydrogeochemistry often provides important information about mixing processes. Ca/Sr ratio can be used as an important hydrogeochemical pa     

水文学演进历程的特征剖析

在重温水文学定义和内涵之基础上,比较了近代大物理学背景下水文学与天文学演进的历程,并按照描述性—解释性—人本性的思路,勾画了水文学发展历程的特征,梳理出水文学发展沿革的两条主线：①从问题维度出发,依照水文学所回答或解决的问题,把水文学划分为＂地理水文学—工程（应用）水文学—水资源水文学＂;②从学科维度出发,根据水文学不同时期重点研究的内容和研究方法,将水文学的发展方向诠释为＂物理水文—化学（环境）水文—生态水文＂。最后指出：生态水文是水文科学解决全球变化以及由此引发的各类水问题的新途径、新方法,也是水文科学的前沿方向。     

Strontium hydrogeochemistry of thermal groundwaters from Baikal and Xinzhou

This paper reports our work on the strontium hydrogeochemistry of thermal groundwaters in the Baikal Rift System (BRS) in Russia and Mongolia and the Xinzhou basin of the Shanxi Rift System (SRS) in northern China. Though similar in geological background, groundwaters from the BRS and the Xinzhou basin have different strontium isotope compositions. Both the strontium contents and the⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of thermal water samples from Xinzhou are higher than those of most samples from Baikal. The major reason is the difference in hostrock geochemistry. The hostrocks of the Xinzhou waters are Archaean metamorphic rocks, while those of the Baikal waters except the Kejielikov spring are Proterozoic or younger rocks. In the study areas, cold groundwaters usually show lower⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio due to shorter water-rock interaction history and lower equilibration degree. Strontium hydrogeochemistry often provides important information about mixing processes. Ca/Sr ratio can be used as an important hydrogeochemical parameter. Case studies at Xinzhou show that thermal waters with lowest Ca/Sr ratios are most weakly affected by mixing with shallow groundwaters, as supported by our hydrochemical and sulfur isotope studies.

     

SCS模型在流域尺度水文模拟中的应用

流域的产汇流是很复杂的水文过程,也是水文水资源领域的主要研究对象,采用SCS模型对我国湖北省漳河灌区新埠河-桥河流域的水文过程进行模拟研究,并根据该流域实际水文情况和下垫面条件,对模型进行改进.通过对SCS产汇流模型参数和结构进行调整,可以大大提高模型效率.将改进后的模型应用于该流域水文模拟,模型应用结果表明:率定期产流合格率可以达到75%,汇流合格率达到87.5%;检验期产流合格率达到80%,汇流合格率能够达到75%,大大改善了模型模拟效果.     

南水北调中线工程水源区丹江口水库径流周期分析

时间序列分析是随机水文分析中常用的一种数据分析方法.该方法通过频谱分析,揭示水文时间序列的周期性变化规律.阐述了频谱分析的基本概念和理论,并将其应用于丹江口水库入库径流的周期分析中,针对丹江口水库1930-2005年的实测年径流资料,利用波谱分析方法提取水文时间序列的潜周期,并采用χ2分布进行周期性检验.计算结果表明,丹江口水库年径流量存在22 a及8 a变化的准周期,它对揭示丹江口水库上游水文周期的变化规律具有一定的探讨意义,为南水北调中线工程的水资源调度提供参考依据.     

Water resources assessment issues and isotope hydrology application in China

As one of the largest countries in the world, China has a highest population and great potential in water resources and land. Water is a key issue for sustainable development in the fu-rure, because the average water and land availability per-capita is much lower than the world averages. Water resources assessment plays a very important role. However, certain problems could not be solved due to lack of hydrological data, such as groundwater in arid and semi-arid zones. Environment isotope technologies have been applied and show promise of wide application.     

Water resources assessment issues and isotope hydrology application in China

As one of the largest countries in the world, China has a highest population and great potential in water resources and land. Water is a key issue for sustainable development in the furure, because the average water and land availability per-capita is much lower than the world averages. Water resources assessment plays a very important role. However, certain problems could not be solved due to lack of hydrological data, such as groundwater in arid and semi-arid zones. Environment isotope technologies have been applied and show promise of wide application.     

黄河流域时变增益分布式水文模型(Ⅱ)——模型的校检与应用

针对分布式水文的应用问题,结合黄河流域时变增益分布式水文模型,在黄河流域进行了实例研究.对黄河干流17个主要流量控制站进行了连续径流模拟.模拟总水量同实测总水量的相对误差在5%以内,其中有11个站效率系数(确定性系数)在0.8以上,其余的也在0.7以上.最后,运用模型分析了气候变化与人类活动对黄河流域降雨产流的影响.     

分布式水文模型在渭河流域水环境分析中的应用

在基于数字高程模型(DEM)的分布式水文物理模型基础上,将大流域划分为若干子流域,利用流域的地貌特征参数将子流域划分为汇流区间和山坡,模拟渭河流域的径流过程,分析径流形成机理,描述了网格单元的截留、蒸发量、下渗、地表径流、地下径流、融雪等水文物理过程,在每一个网格上用地形高程建立地表径流之间的关系.并与一维对流扩散水质模型相结合,根据已有年的相关资料进行了日径流过程及主要水质指标的模拟分析.结果表明,分布式水文模型与水质模型在渭河流域的耦合应用取得了良好的模拟效果.     

水文时间序列与水库优化调度的模拟研究

以某水库水资源系统为例，建立了同时产生径流与降雨系列的多站互相关随机模拟模型，并与二维离散差分动态规划模型（ＤＤＤＰ）相结合，构成了串联水库随机优化调度模拟模型．所建模型方法简单实用，仿真性好，输出信息量大，可操作性强．在确定性规划中同时考虑了水文现象的随机特性．     

Isotopic compositions of strontium in river water of Guizhou karst areas,China

We have carried out a study on the variation of strontium isotope composition of river waters, Wujiang and Yuangjiang River, in karst areas of Guizhou Province, China. The results obtained permit us to characterize the geochemistry of the river draining karst terrain and obtain a better understanding of main controls of catchment geology, chemical weathering of different rocks, and evaluate impact of human activities on the environment. The isotopic ratios of dissolved Sr in all rivers are between⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.7077 and 0.7110, totally lower than the weighted average of⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.7119 for the world large rivers. The Wujiang River waters have Sr concentrations from 1.0 to 6.1 μmol/L, while the Yuanjiang River waters have much lower Sr concentrations ranging from 0.28 to 1.3 μmol/L. Most of the river waters from the Wujiang river are characterized by low Ca/Sr and Mg/Sr, and⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, in which a majority of river waters are of⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios lower than the average Sr isotope ratio (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.709) of present seawater. The higher⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios are observed in the river waters in the lower reach of the Wujiang River, where the lithology is dominated by detrital rocks and dolomite. The water from Yuanjiang River show higher Ca/Sr, Mg/Sr and⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios due to weathering of silicates, as compared to the river waters from Wujiang river.     

Isotopic compositions of strontium in river water of Guizhou karst areas,China

We have carried out a study on the variation of strontium isotope composition of river waters, Wujiang and Yuangjiang River, in karst areas of Guizhou Province, China. The results obtained permit us to characterize the geochemistry of the river draining karst terrain and obtain a better understanding of main controls of catchment geology, chemical weathering of different rocks, and evaluate impact of human activities on the environment. The isotopic ratios of dissolved Sr in all rivers are between⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.7077 and 0.7110, totally lower than the weighted average of⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.7119 for the world large rivers. The Wujiang River waters have Sr concentrations from 1.0 to 6.1 μmol/L, while the Yuanjiang River waters have much lower Sr concentrations ranging from 0.28 to 1.3 μmol/L. Most of the river waters from the Wujiang river are characterized by low Ca/Sr and Mg/Sr, and⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, in which a majority of river waters are of⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios lower than the average Sr isotope ratio (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.709) of present seawater. The higher⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios are observed in the river waters in the lower reach of the Wujiang River, where the lithology is dominated by detrital rocks and dolomite. The water from Yuanjiang River show higher Ca/Sr, Mg/Sr and⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios due to weathering of silicates, as compared to the river waters from Wujiang river.