Partial discharge measurement in the ultra high frequency (UHF) range

The paper provides essentially a summary of PD measurements applying the UHF range in order to increase the detection threshold, to improve the localization accuracy and to perform on-line measurements of Partial Discharge (PD) in noisy environments. The electromagnetic UHF technique offers good signal to noise ratios, because external PD signals and disturbances can be shielded effectively. A new developed method allows the localization of PD in gas-insulated substations (GIS) by frequency domain measurements. The basic idea is the displacement law of Fourier transformation. The interference phenomena of superposed signals from two sensors give information about the time delay of the sensor signals. On-site PD measurements are made at cable connectors by means of monopole antennas housed in a barrel sleave, while the cable is in service. Thus a sensitive PD measurement even in noisy environment is possible. PDmeasurements on several 72 kV cable connectors were performed in an unshielded laboratory. On-site measurements during operation showed the great potential for condition assessment. For decoupling sensitive UHF PD signals from the inner of a power transformer tank UHF sensors applied through drain/oil valves are used. Experimental studies indicate that all relevant types of PD possibly occurring within a transformer emit high frequency spectra to be detected with UHF sensors. Furthermore in laboratory experiments and on-site measurements very moderate UHF signal attenuations have been observed.     

导电硅橡胶弹性体的性能与影响因素

介绍了在一定用途的绝缘聚合物上加适量导电填料(导电炭黑)生产导电塑料与导电硅橡胶弹体等导电聚合材料的方法。聚合材料的导电率随填料量的增加先缓慢上升,当填料量达到渗透极限后则以指数曲线快速上升。这种材料的机、电性能取决于原料和加工方法,与温度、拉伸、压力、电场状况等多种因素相关。此材料产品可应用于高电压及电子技术、医疗技术等领域。     

基于TEV法的电缆终端局部放电状态监测装置的研制

研制了一种基于TEV (暂态对地电压)法的电缆终端局部放电（PD）状态监测装置。基于TEV法原理建立了电缆终端PD传播的波阻抗模型;在此基础上研制了一种用于PD检测的新型贴片式传感器,对其设计方法和响应特性进行了分析,并且提出了一种电缆终端远程无线监测方案并试制了一套装置样机,装置采用PRPD（局部放电相位分析）技术完成PD的统计分析与识别。通过现场实测数据表明,该装置的设计原理和检测效果能够满足电缆终端状态监测的需要。     

高压电缆终端在线局部放电测试分析

介绍了综合运用高频(high frequency,HF)与超高频(ultrahigh frequency,UHF)2种测试技术成功实现对运行中高压电缆终端局部放电进行测试的实例.方法是首先利用UHF检测系统初步巡检,然后根据现场情况分别采用多种信号检取方式从被试电缆终端取样测量信号,进行HF深入测量.测试的结果:获得了...     

局部放电HF/UHF联合分析方法的现场电缆终端检测应用

使用局部放电检测方法检测高压电缆终端内的绝缘缺陷问题.根据高压电缆终端产生局部放电的不同信号传播特性,设计基于高频HF(High Frequencv)和超高频UHF(Ultra High Frequencv)检测原理的局部放电信号传感器以及便携式检测设备等,并开展现场电缆终端的局部放电在线检测.高频电流传感器可耦合接地线上流过的高频放电电流信号,而超高频传感器则感应空间传播电磁波信号.利用便携式检测设备实时采集数据结果,通过提取脉冲信号波形和多传感器信号联合比较分析等手段,对检测到的脉冲信号进行区分,排除外界干扰,分辨来自电缆终端内部的真实局部放电信号.现场检测结果表明,基于HF和UHF的局部放电联合分析方法,能够提高电缆局部放电辨别的准确性和有效性.     

On-line partial discharge detection in cables

This paper describes an on-line PD (partial discharge) detection technique applicable to power cables. The method can be applied to both wire screen and solid shielded cables. In wire screen shielded cables, PD components with frequencies <100 MHz can be detected at distances over 150 m from the source, PD activity with levels as low as 20 pC can be detected within 100 m. However, in the case of solid shielded cables, PD levels of ⩾50 pC can be measured within 60 m in the frequency range <50 MHz. This method also can be utilized to check cable accessories such as splices and terminations. PD pulses with frequencies to ~300 MHz can be measured near the joints and terminations. The suitability and the sensitivity of the VHF technique were checked against two other alternative PD detecting techniques (pulse phase analyzer and high speed digital oscilloscope) by performing PD measurements in standard air gap and defects induced in EPR-insulated cable under laboratory-controlled conditions. The suitability and sensitivity of the VHF method were as good as the two alternative PD detection techniques     

高压电缆附件局部放电超高频检测与分析

为保障XLPE电力系统安全运行,开展高压系统附件局部放电(PD)检测研究,建立了110kV交联聚乙烯电缆接头的数学物理模型并利用时域有限差分法对其内部产生的PD超高频(UHF)电磁波的传播特性进行数值仿真。研究检测位置和金属护套以及半导电层等4种因素对UHF信号波形畸变和能量衰减的影响,并通过实验室电缆接头PD实测验证的仿真结果表明:金属护套和半导电层对UHF信号波头和频率有较大的衰减作用,在-20dB衰减条件下,UHF传感器距离接头的理论值应<3m,且上限频率≤500MHz。     

局部放电特高频检测校准影响因素研究

局部放电特高频(UHF)法广泛应用于电气设备在线监测,由于UHF信号传递函数的影响因素相当繁复,至今未能实现定量校准。为研究UHF检测技术定量校准的影响因素,分析了典型局部放电源的放电机理,通过试验研究了UHF信号的传播规律以及天线测量特性。研究表明,基于特征参量放电量的UHF检测校准可靠性与放电源有较大关联,电晕放电与悬浮放电的校准曲线更能准确表征设备绝缘缺陷的严重程度,内部气隙放电与沿面放电的准确性则相对较差。UHF信号能量衰减至平稳期所需距离随频率增高而变小,而UHF信号频率变化时不影响传感器在不同角度测量的信号能量衰减变化规律。因此,UHF信号校准必须综合考量具体的放电类型与测量条件。研究结果可为构建UHF校准体系的进一步研究提供参考,对推进UHF法在电力设备故障诊断和绝缘状态评估中的应用具有重要意义。     

Cost-effective on-line partial discharge of measurements for cables

On-line partial discharge (PD) measurements are an efficient method for detecting certain insulation defects of cables. These include defects in cable joints and terminations, and defects due to mechanical impact. Noninvasive, efficient, and widely applicable, portable on-line PD measurement techniques are strongly favored by the electricity industry. Three on-site PD measurements for cables are described in this article to illustrate how the techniques achieve cost-effective insulation diagnosis to protect the main assets.     

油中局部放电UHF频带选取及干扰的抑制

为消除变压器局部放电对现场测量的干扰,在对绝缘油中局部放电特高频信号频谱特征研究基础上,给出了特高频法测量绝缘油中局部放电的频率范围;为满足实际测量要求。采用包络检波方法对放大后的特高频信号进行降频处理;同时,提出了高频与特高频联合测量方法,用来消除现场局放测量中的干扰。对现场测量数据的处理结果表明,所提出的方法可很好抑制干扰信号。     

变压器局部放电超高频检测中的混频技术研究

信号的提取和分析是局部放电超高频检测中的重点和难点，文中提出用混频技术提取局部放电信号超高频分量的新方法。用混频技术进行超高频数字信号处理的仿真实验，结果表明该技术既可保留信号包络的峰值和相位特征，又降低了超高频信号的频率。基于混频技术建立变压器局部放电超高频在线监测系统，并对典型局放模型进行实验，结果表明混频技术的应用可以有效地提取中心频率在400—800MHz之间(最小步长5MHz)、带宽为10、20、40或80MHz的局部放电超高频信号，准确地计算放电相关参数，抗干扰性强且提取的放电信息丰富，可用于变压器局部放电超高频在线监测和智能化诊断。     

油中局部放电检测脉冲电流法与超高频法比较

为了研究局部放电检测中超高频法参量与脉冲电流法参量之间的关系,比较分析了局部放电检测中超高频法和脉冲电流法在原理上的区别。利用脉冲电流法和超高频法对油纸绝缘的几种典型模型下的局部放电活动同时进行测量,比较分析同一模型下的局部放电中超高频法参量与脉冲电流法参量之间的关系并探讨了局部放电检测中脉冲电流法对超高频法的标定问题。研究表明,在反映放电活动强弱上,超高频法的参量和脉冲电流法的参量之间有着相同的变化趋势,但是二者之间不存在直接的线性关系。     

变压器局部放电超高频在线监测天线研究

针对传统局部放电超高频检测天线频带窄、尺寸大的缺点,设计了一种用于在线监测变压器局部放电的多频带、尺寸小的超高频天线。通过研究了分形理论和天线测量原理,在现有四阶Hilbert分形曲线的技术基础上,利用Ansoft Designer电磁场仿真软件建立天线模型,并通过仿真计算,优化配置了天线的几何参数,设计制造了平板结构的四阶Hilbert分形局放超高频监测天线。利用设计的四阶Hilbert分形天线对四种典型油纸绝缘缺陷进行局部放电超高频信号监测,并采用文中设计的天线与现有技术的三阶Penao分形天线、三阶Hilbert分形天线在实验室进行局部放电对比测量,分析了天线实测效果,实验结果表明该天线能够有效应用于变压器局部放电超高频在线监测。     

Discrimination between internal PD and other pulses usingdirectional coupling sensors on HV cable systems

On-site partial discharge (PD) measurement is required to ensure proper installation of extra high voltage (EHV) cable systems accessories. To achieve high sensitivity and good localization, two problems have to be overcome. First, the strong high frequency in long XLPE cables requires that the sensors be located along the cable, preferably directly at the accessories. Secondly, the detection system must be able to distinguish internal PD from other pulses. This paper describes a solution based on directional coupling sensors and a data visualization system, which displays phase-amplitude diagrams for individual PD sources which are identified by the direction of pulse propagation. It has been applied to on-site measurements, type and routine testing of HV cable joints and stress cones. Due to the reliable discrimination between internal PD from the accessory measured and from other pulses, testing can be done in unshielded rooms even using terminations with internal PD and corona. The method works independently well on line voltage, resonance sources, oscillating voltages and 0.1 Hz cosine-square voltage. It has been used to verify the cable accessories installed in the 6.3 km long 380 kV cable system in Berlin, Germany     

直流电压下油纸绝缘中局部放电的超高频特性

为研究直流电压下油纸绝缘中局部放电的超高频特性,组建了一套直流电压下局部放电试验系统以及由局放超高频检测和超宽带检测组成的测量系统,其中脉冲电流超宽带检测的作用是确保超高频检测获取的信号来自于试品自身的局部放电。试验设计了6种油纸绝缘局放模型以模拟换流变压器的典型缺陷,并引入毫瓦分贝(DBM)频谱分析对超高频信号进行了统一化处理,以比较不同缺陷模型对应的超高频信号。直流下试验结果表明:局部放电电流脉冲具有极快的上升沿,能激励起大于300MHz的超高频电磁波,它可以通过超高频传感器加以耦合接收。各种缺陷模型局部放电的DBM频谱分布各异,超高频段能量幅值最大处也不一样。因此若想以高信噪比实现直流下局部放电超高频信号的在线监测,需要使用中心频率可调的窄带滤波器。这些特性为直流输电系统中使用油纸绝缘的电工设备进行局部放电超高频信号在线监测提供了试验依据。     

GIS中电磁波传播特性的仿真研究

为研究UHF信号在GIS中的传播特性,采用时域有限差分法进行了仿真建模和计算。GIS内部的局部放电会在腔体中激励超高频(UHF)电磁波信号,UHF法是通过对局部放电时产生的超高频电磁波信号进行检测,获得局部放电信号的有关信息以实现对设备的绝缘状态诊断和评估。UHF法抗干扰能力较强、灵敏度高。仿真结果表明,UHF信号在GIS内传播时呈现明显的时延特性,有利于局放源的定位;UHF信号的强弱和检测点与局放源的夹角Φ有关,Φ=0°和180°时信号的能量最大;局放脉冲越陡,在GIS腔体中激励的高次模波分量越大。     

The case for frequency domain PD testing in the context of distribution cable

Frequency domain PD testing offers a rich set of PD characterization tools, the most basic of which are described in the article. PD detection sensitivity under field conditions is one to two orders of magnitude greater than for time domain testing as a result of (i) no need to trigger on the first PD pulse above the broadband noise, and (ii) the filtering effect of the cable between the PD detection site and the terminations. As a result of this greatly increased sensitivity and the rich set of characterization tools, frequency domain PD testing has been developed into a highly sensitive and reliable tool for characterizing the condition of distribution cable during normal operation, the sensitivity and accuracy of which have been confirmed through independent testing.     

基于曲流技术和遗传算法的局部放电检测微带天线

基于微带天线原理设计了一种新型全向型局部放电特高频天线传感器。采用曲流技术对微带天线结构进行改进,增加天线的工作带宽。采用遗传算法对改进结构参数进行优化设计,使天线工作带宽达到最高。改进型微带天线的工作带宽为450 MHz~2 800 MHz,覆盖了局部放电特高频信号的主要频率范围。同时天线具有体积小、近似全向测量、增益高和灵敏度高的优点。模拟绝缘缺陷局部放电检测试验结果表明,该型天线可以有效检测典型局部放电特高频信号,满足变电站现场局部放电检测要求。     

局部放电UHF检测量纲标准化的探讨

特高频(UHF)局部放电检测技术取得了广泛应用,但不同产品的检测结果量纲表示方法不统一,相互之间缺乏可比性,从而难以对此类检测系统性能进行统一有效的量化评价。本文重点探讨了局部放电特高频检测的量纲问题,基于局部放电特高频信号的物理本质和局部放电UHF耦合器的特性,提出了采用“局部放电辐射信号的脉冲电场强度幅值”来表征特高频局部放电信号强度的思想。通过对当前主流局部放电特高频检测产品的量纲表示进行了深入的解析,探讨了以电场强度的量纲“uV/m”来统一局部放电特高频检测结果的技术可行性。     

GIS局部放电超高频检测法有关问题的仿真研究

气体绝缘组合电器(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)中的局部放电在腔体中产生超高频(ultra high frequency,UHF)电磁波信号。为研究GIS局部放电源与UHF信号的关系,利用时域有限差分法计算局部放电产生的UHF信号;通过改变放电源和探头的参数,研究了局部放电产生的UHF信号的特性。仿真分析结果表明:UHF信号的幅值与局部放电脉冲幅值成线性关系;UHF信号与放电源的径向位置、放电通道长度、放电脉冲波形以及放电源与探头的夹角有关。单纯 UHF信号很难解释局部放电量的大小,但UHF信号可在一定程度上反映出GIS的绝缘状态。