AP1000小破口事故下非能动氮气安注箱的瞬态特性研究

根据AP1000非能动氮气安全注入水箱的结构和工作原理建立了热工水力模型并开发了计算分析程序TACAP。利用TACAP计算得到了AP1000非能动氮气安全注入水箱在两种小破口失水事故（包括25.4 cm等效直径冷管破口和5.08 cm等效直径冷管破口）下的瞬态特性,得到了箱内水位及注入流量等关键参数的瞬态变化。计算结果表明：安注箱在小破口失水事故后能提供高效的安全注入,对一回路快速地进行冷却和降压,有效地缓解事故后果。TACAP计算结果与西屋公司NOTRUMP程序计算结果基本一致,表明了TACAP程序的适用性和正确性。     

GSI-191不同破坏压力材料对应的碎片影响区域半径计算方法研究

安全壳内高能管道发生破口之后,高速喷射的流体会冲击附近的设备和结构,产生不同类型的碎片。这些碎片会随地坑内的流体迁移到再循环滤网表面上,甚至会穿过滤网进入一回路管道和设备中,堵塞长期冷却循环通道,影响事故后堆芯热量的导出。本文研究了破口喷射参数和不同材料破坏压力对应的碎片影响区域(Zone of Influence)半径计算方法。根据不同的破口类型和破口上游流体参数,计算破口处的喷射压力和质量流量。分析高速喷射流形成的几何形状和压力分布,计算沿喷射流方向不同距离的喷射压力和径向压力,最后根据材料的破坏压力折算成碎片影响区域半径ZOI,可作为电站碎片分析的分析参考。     

压水堆核电站大破口失水事故分析

压水堆核电站安全分析报告是核安全监管部门对其进行安全审查的重要文件,大破口失水事故是核电站运行的设计基准事故,是安全分析报告中的重要内容。本文使用RELAP5/MOD3.2进行压水堆冷管段大破口失水事故的计算,对比发现一回路冷管段发生双端断裂大破口时燃料元件包壳温度峰值(PCT)最高,且长时间维持在较高温度,此条件下反应堆最危险。计算结果表明,事故发生后,一回路压力迅速下降,堆芯冷却剂的流动性变差,导致堆芯裸露,燃料包壳温度又重新回升。通过安注系统和辅助给水系统等一系列动作,能保证燃料元件包壳温度不超过1 204℃的限值。     

失水事故下一回路水动力载荷分析

以M310反应堆冷却剂系统为对象,在计算假想失水事故(LOCA)时的一回路水动力载荷的基础上,着重分析了破口打开时间、破口面积、打开方式等破口假设特性对一回路管道、蒸汽发生器一次侧的水动力载荷的影响,并对主管道破口和辅助管道接管嘴破口下的水动力结果进行了对比分析。结果表明破口面积是影响失水事故下一回路管道和主设备上的水动力载荷的关键因素之一,辅助接管嘴破口下产生的水动力载荷与主管道上的破口产生的水动力载荷量级相当;蒸汽发生器(SG)出口接管嘴破口下SG一次侧的水动力载荷较入口接管嘴破口下的水动力载荷波动更明显。此外失水事故后蒸汽发生器隔板受到的压差远大于稳态运行下的压差值,因而在隔板设计时必须予以考虑。本文的研究成果对新堆型研发中的一回路LOCA水动力载荷分析有重要的参考价值。     

不同破口尺寸下系统热工与安全壳耦合响应研究

在反应堆破口事故分析中,通常采用两步法计算和分析反应堆发生破口事故后的喷放状态与安全壳压力响应。首先采用系统程序计算破口事故中的一回路中的流动状态和破口质能释放,安全壳此时仅采用边界条件方式进行模拟。第二步,将系统回路破口的喷放参数作为的安全壳程序的输入参数进行计算。基于现有分析程序,开发了新的分析工具,即系统热工分析和安全壳分析耦合程序LOCUST/CATALPA。基于开发的耦合程序分析,研究了在不同破口尺度大小下,发生中小破口事故分析后的安全壳压力响应和喷放状态。结果表明,相比较于单独的系统程序计算,耦合计算可获得更加稳定和合理的计算结果,并可简化计算流程。管道破口尺度越大,安全壳压力响应对破口喷放影响越显著。     

船用核动力装置小破口失水事故放射性后果分析

建立了小破口失水事故下热工水力分析与放射性源项计算耦合模型,利用研发的反应堆源项放射性计算软件(Nuclear source radioactive compute,NSRC),分别就不同破口尺寸的堆舱放射性泄漏进行了分析和研究,进一步研究了小破口失水事故,冷端安注和热端安注对堆舱放射性影响。结果表明:破口尺寸大小、安全注射位置及破口隔离时间直接影响堆舱放射性泄漏大小。本工作的分析结果为小型船用堆在小破口设计基准事故下,放射性污染后果分析及事故处置提供了依据。     

主给水管道破口尺寸对CPR1000二次侧非能动应急热阱事故缓解能力影响研究

在主给水管道破裂事故下，针对不同破口面积，利用RELAP5/MOD3.4程序对CPR1000压水堆一回路和二次侧非能动应急热阱的主要热工水力参数瞬态特性进行分析计算，验证采用CPR1000二次侧非能动应急热阱对事故的缓解能力和不同破口面积对主要参数的影响。结果表明：CPR1000在发生主给水管道破裂事故后，二次侧非能动应急热阱可及时向蒸汽发生器补水，同时导出堆芯余热，保证反应堆处于安全状态，随着破口面积的增大，初始时刻一回路压力和温度升高更快，随着二次侧非能动应急热阱的投入，压力和温度又迅速降低，说明CPR1000二次侧非能动应急热阱在文中所研究的破口面积范围内可非常有效地缓解事故。     

基于MAAP4的百万千瓦级核电站大破口事故分析

本文采用严重事故一体化分析软件MAAP4(Modular Accident Analysis Program)对百万千瓦级压水堆进行分析,选取一回路大破口严重事故进行仿真,获得了该事故工况下核电厂关键参数的瞬态特性,与RELAP5计算结果进行了对比验证。在分析MAAP4模型的基础之上,进一步仿真该电站大破口事故后期进程,截取压力边界内外参数进行评估。分析结果表明:MAAP4在仿真安全壳和氢气分布上,预测事故结果置信度高,其中模拟的安全防护设计能够有效缓解事故进程,满足一般核电厂的安全评估要求,对概率安全评价(PSA)具有一定的参考意义。     

GASFLOW程序以及COM3D程序在反应堆氢气行为分析上的应用

反应堆在事故情况下的氢气风险一直是反应堆安全研究中非常重要的内容。利用氢气风险管理程序GASFLOW计算了反应堆一回路破口事故后安全壳内的氢气分布,对计算结果进行分析。在GASFLOW计算结果的基础上,应用COM3D程序模拟氢气燃烧和爆炸,研究了氢气浓度以及点火位置对火焰扩散的影响。     

铅铋循环回路小破口事故计算模型研究

铅铋循环回路小破口事故对加速器驱动次临界洁净核能系统(ADS)的安全有重要影响。通过建立一个铅铋循环回路小事故模型,计算分析未破口和小破口以后的铅铋循环回路参数。计算表明:小破口事故相比未破口回路压力下降梯度变大,流量迅速丧失;破口瞬态流量陡降至与进口平衡;破口与管壁压力都会随时间下降直到平衡。     

压水堆主管道双端断裂事故下管路系统的力和力矩分析

文章引入了国外采用的经验数据和公式，分析了其缺陷性，并从流体瞬变和流体力学理论出发对压水堆主管道双端断裂进行了分析和研究。先用特征线法求得回路系统在失水事故工况下的压力、流量变化曲线，再用控制体体积积分方法较为精确地计算出主管道的１１个断点分别断裂时，其他各点的受力和力矩。这些计算结果为压水堆核电站的核安全设计和分析提供了可靠保证     

基于ECC安注热混合试验的LOCUST 1.2分析与验证

在失水事故（LOCA）工况下安注系统投入使用时,蒸汽与安注冷却剂会发生流体热力学混合,热混合过程中冷腿段的冷却是直接影响堆芯再淹没与否的重要因素。中国广核集团有限公司自主研发了一款两相流热工水力系统分析软件LOCUST,可用于压水堆核电厂事故工况的分析计算。基于西安交通大学堆芯应急冷却系统（ECCS-XJTU）试验台架进行的堆芯应急冷却（ECC）安注热混合试验,本文使用LOCUST软件对ECC热混合试验进行了几何建模及计算分析。ECC热混合试验工况主要为不同流量下主管纯蒸汽与安注管过冷水的混合,蒸汽流量为25~125 kg/h,过冷水流量为100~500 kg/h。模拟计算结果和试验结果的对比分析表明：试验段出口质量流量计算值的最大相对误差在13.8%以内,混合后温度计算值的最大相对误差在8%以内,LOCUST在计算高温蒸汽和过冷水混合时的计算结果相对保守,总体上验证了LOCUST在LOCA下两相热混合安注计算的可靠性和准确性。     

PRHRS隔离阀前后破口事故对非能动堆芯冷却系统的影响分析

对于AP型核电站小破口失水事故(SBLOCA)试验进程,国内外有较为一致的认识,但对于相同尺寸破口在不同破口位置对试验进程、非能动堆芯冷却系统的影响仍需进一步研究。本文利用大型非能动堆芯冷却整体试验台架ACME开展了非能动余热排出系统（PRHRS）隔离阀前后破口事故试验工况研究,并以堆芯补水箱（CMT）侧冷管底部破口事故工况作为对比工况。试验结果表明：ACME开展的PRHRS隔离阀前后破口事故模拟工况事故进程符合典型SBLOCA进程,堆芯始终处在良好的冷却状态,非能动堆芯冷却系统的安全性得到有效验证;相同破口尺寸工况下,不同破口位置对事故进程有一定的影响,其中破口位置对CMT液位、安注流量的影响较为关键。对比工况中,PRHRS设备换热量也有较大不同,冷管破口和隔离阀后破口工况较隔离阀前破口工况换热量更大,但PRHRS换热管内部流动换热机理需进一步研究。     

Analysis of Effect of SBLOCA before and behind Isolation Valve of PRHRS on Passive Reactor Core Cooling System

For the test process of small break loss of coolant accident (SBLOCA) of AP type nuclear power plant, there is a more consistent understanding at home and abroad. However, the influence of the same size of the break on the test process and passive core cooling system in different locations still needs further study. In this paper, a large passive core cooling integrated test facility ACME was used to study the break accident test conditions of passive residual heat removal system (PRHRS) before and behind the isolation valve, and the bottom break test of the cold pipe of core makeup tank (CMT) was used as the contrast condition. The test results show that the accident process of PRHRS before and behind the isolation valve is in accordance with the process of SBLOCA, the core is always in a good cooling statement and the safety of passive core cooling system is effectively verified. There is a certain impact on the accident process for the same break size and different break locations, and the location of the break has a key impact on the CMT level and safety injection flow. In contrast, the heat transfer of PRHRS equipment is also quite different. The heat transfer of cold pipe break and break behind the isolation valve is greater than break before the isolation valve, however, the flow and heat transfer mechanism of PRHRS heat exchange tube needs further study.     

小型堆稳压器波动管双端破口试验研究

开展了模块化小堆稳压器波动管双端破口试验研究,获得了非能动安全系统的事故响应特性和一回路系统参数变化。试验研究结果表明,在稳压器波动管双端破口极端工况条件下,中压安注箱能在短时间内提供较大的稳定安注流量,及时补充系统水装量;高压安注系统运行过程比较复杂,安注流量与堆芯补水箱压力平衡管线内介质状态和中压安注系统运行状态密切相关,在1.7 h内呈间歇注入运行状态。在整个事故过程中,堆芯一直处于淹没状态,模块化小堆非能动安全系统能够确保稳压器波动管在双端破口极端工况条件下的堆芯安全。      

Small break loss of coolant accidents: Bottom and side break

A loss of coolant accident (LOCA) in a nuclear reactor can be caused, e.g., by a small break in the primary cooling system. The rate of fluid escaping through such a break will define the time until the core will be uncovered. Therefore the prediction of fluid loss and pressure transient is of major importance to plan for timely action in response to such an event. Stratification of the two phases might be present upstream of the break, thus, the location of the break relative to the vapor-liquid interface and the overall upstream fluid conditions are relevant for the calculation of fluid loss. Experimental results and analyses are presented here for small breaks at the bottom or at the side of a small pressure vessel.It was found that in such a case the onset of the so-called “vapor pull through” is important but swelling at sufficient depressurization rates of the liquid due to flashing is also of significance. It was also discovered that in the bottom break the flow rate is strongly dependent on the break entrance quality of the vapor-liquid mixture. The side break can be treated similarly to the bottom break if the interface level is above the break.The analyses developed on the basis of experimental observations showed reasonable agreement of predicted and measured pressure transients. It was possible to calculate the changing interface level and mixture void fraction history in a way compatible with the behavior observed during the experiments.Even though the experiments were performed at low pressures, this work should help to get a better understanding of physical phenomena occurring in a full scale small break loss of coolant accident.     

基于离散动态事件树的风险指引的安全裕度分析方法研究

风险指引的安全裕度是近十年来核工业界提出的新的安全理念。本文阐述了基于离散动态事件树的风险指引的安全裕度分析方法,给出该方法下核燃料包壳失效概率均值和标准差的数学表达式。针对简化压水堆模型下的全厂断电事故,提出了基于离散动态事件树的风险指引的安全裕度计算流程,计算了两种离散动态事件树分支规则下燃料包壳失效的风险指引的安全裕度及其不确定性。计算结果表明,不同的分支规则、模型参数分布、系统程序最大时间步长对核燃料包壳失效概率均值和标准差均有显著影响。提出了一种改进的可变概率阈值的分支方法,以更好地平衡风险指引的安全裕度分析过程中计算精度与计算资源的匹配问题。     

Transient flow analysis in reactor coolant pump systems during flow coastdown period

The rapid flow transient calculation in reactor coolant pump system is important in the safety analysis of a nuclear reactor. An accurate transient analysis of flow coastdown is also important and necessary for the design and manufacture of a reactor coolant pump. Only under the reliable work of a reactor coolant pump the safety of a nuclear power plant can be guaranteed. A mathematical model is developed for solving flow rate transient and pump speed transient during flow coastdown period. The detailed information of the centrifugal pump characteristics is not required. The flow rate and pump speed are solved analytically. The analytic solution of non-dimensional flow rate indicates that non-dimensional flow rate is determined by energy ratio β. The kinetic energy of the loop coolant fluid and the kinetic energy stored in the rotating parts are two important parameters in form of β. When the steady-state flow rate and pump speed are constant, the inertia of primary loop fluid and the pump moment of inertia are also two important parameters in flow transient analysis. For the condition all pump shafts are seized, the flow decay depends on the inertia of primary loop fluid. For the case that pump inertia is very large, the flow decay is determined by the pump inertia. The calculated non-dimensional flow rate and non-dimensional pump speed using the model are compared with published experimental data of two nuclear power plants and a reactor model test on flow coastdown transients. The comparison results show a good agreement. As the flow rate approaches to zero, the increase difference between experimental and calculated value is due to the effect of the mechanical friction loss.     

Natural circulation flow behavior at reduced inventory in a VVER geometry

This paper deals with the natural circulation flow characteristics of the VVER-440 geometry at reduced coolant inventory. Special emphasis is on the flow rate of the primary circuits during the two-phase flow regime. For studying two-phase natural circulation flow phenomena in a VVER geometry a series of cold leg small break loss-of-coolant accident (SBLOCA) tests was carried out in the PArallel Channel TEst Loop (PACTEL), a 1/305 volumetrically scaled model of a VVER-440 reactor. The tests were conducted with break areas ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 % of the scaled cold leg cross-sectional area of the reference reactor. A partial failure of the high-pressure injection system (HPIS) was assumed. The tests reveal a trend towards an increasing primary circuit mass flow rate with decreasing inventory. This contradicts the findings of earlier tests in multi-loop VVER geometry. With single-loop facilities, increased mass flow rates at reduced inventories have been reported before. The increase of the two-phase flow rate turns out to be a consequence of the combined effect of break size, pressure range and secondary side feed and bleed procedure. The physical phenomena of flow stagnation in the primary circuits, system pressurization, asymmetric loop flows, and loop seal clearing and refilling take place during the natural circulation cooling process from single-phase into two-phase and boiler–condenser modes. In addition, flow reversal in the undermost tubes of the horizontal steam generators (SG) is observed. These phenomena are discussed briefly while a general insight into the course of the tests is presented.     

失水事故排放过程中的不稳定性

叙述了低温供热堆发生上空腔小破口失水事故后，自然循环系统的不稳定性，揭示了在排放过程中，由于冷却剂闪蒸现象引起的系统两相流不稳定性，以及在排放不同阶段中流量振荡特性。