核电厂安全壳首次整体在役试验方案优化

安全壳整体试验是压水堆核电机组一项特大型、高风险、高难度的试验,通过模拟设计基准事故工况下安全壳内的峰值压力,在事故峰值压力平台下,进行安全壳整体泄漏率测量及各压力平台安全壳结构试验,以验证其密封和结构性能。安全壳整体试验是国家核安全局监管的一个重要见证点,试验结果直接决定是否能够启动反应堆发电。301大修安全壳整体试验是3号机组首次在役试验,本次试验汲取了秦山第二核电厂以往6次安全壳整体试验的经验和其他电厂的反馈,试验方案更加科学,试验的组织管理更为规范。文章对301大修安全壳整体试验的经验进行了论述和总结,希望对电厂以后的安全壳整体试验提供参考。     

安全壳泄漏率测量仪表体积权重分配方法研究

安全壳整体泄漏率是安全壳打压试验中一个重要的验收指标,安全壳内温度、湿度探头所代表的体积分布方案及体积权重的准确度对安全壳的整体泄漏率测量结果有直接影响。通过对安全壳打压试验期间安全壳内气体温度和湿度分布进行分析,利用最优路径思想,提出一种安全壳打压试验泄漏率测量仪表的体积权重分配计算方案。结合核电站安全壳打压试验实测数据,对该研究成果与法国电力公司计算结果进行了比较,最终给出该体积权重计算方法的可行性结论。     

安全壳整体试验标准ANSI/ANS-56.8-1994在田湾核电厂的应用

为有效测量反应堆安全壳整体试验的泄漏率,田湾核电厂依据美国安全壳整体试验标准ANSI/ANS-56.8-1994开发了一系列完整的泄漏率计算程序,并先后在田湾核电厂1/2#机组首次在役整体试验中应用,效果显著。本文介绍了ANSI/ANS-56.8-1994标准在试验中的数据处理过程,以期能提供给国内核电厂安全壳整体试验以借鉴。     

秦山三期重水堆核电工程安全壳结构强度验证试验和整体密封性试验

作为我国首座无钢衬里安全壳,秦山第三核电有限公司认真研究了其混凝土吸纳/缓释效应强、贯穿件薄弱等特点,精心准备试验方案和应急处理措施,最终取得了安全壳密封性试验结果和试验耗时居世界同类电站领先地位的佳绩。在试验中开创性地使用了安全壳内部压空自供应系统,实现了不停运壳内工艺系统进行试验的目标;集成、开发了专用于安全壳强度验证试验和安全壳整体泄漏率试验的测试系统;在国内安全壳试验领域率先成功组织了高气压环境下的大规模作业。     

海阳核电1号机组冬季SIT、ILRT期间温度控制方案总结

海阳核电1号机组为AP100核电厂在冬季实施安全壳结构完整性试验和安全壳整体泄漏率试验的首台机组,试验要求安全壳内大气及其金属温度保持在10℃~48.9℃之间,但海阳市冬季日平均气温低于10℃,给试验带来了极大的挑战。海阳核电1号机组在试验期间采用封堵屏蔽厂房、VCS/VYS联合运行、在屏蔽厂房增设暖风机等一系列温度控制措施,成功地保证了试验的顺利进行。     

安全壳泄漏率在线监测系统原理及数据分析

介绍了秦山第二核电厂安全壳泄漏率在线监测系统（EPP系统）的应用。当安全壳泄漏率达到运行限值时,系统自动报警,及时通知机组操纵员采取必要的行动。使用过程中发现,EPP系统会偶尔出现＂安全壳泄漏率异常＂的非真实报警,该虚假报警对机组的正常运行会造成影响。分析了虚假报警的原因并指出,EPP系统的监测数据具有一定的延迟性,安全壳的压空注入流量的准确性对EPP系统的监测数据有很大影响。     

十年大修项目的运行风险分析和风险控制

岭澳核电站L101大修(1号机第一次大修)实施了十年项目安全壳打压试验,L201大修(2号机第一次大修)实施了一回路水压试验、压力容器在役检查和安全壳打压试验三大十年项目。L201大修是大亚湾和岭澳两电站第一次完整实施代表性十年大修项目的大修,其中一回路水压试验为国内商运核电站首次实施。在研究各试验要求和进行风险分析的基础上,对核电站十年大修项目的运行活动和试验活动进行了有效的风险控制,编写了一整套十年大修专项总体运行程序,建立了以运行程序为主线,通过主隔离、TSD、TCA和工作票管理,有效地控制各项活动风险的运行控制体系,解决了不同试验状态之间以及试验和机组启动的接口问题,为十年大修的顺利完成打下了坚实的基础;在大修过程中,证明了这套程序和体系的有效性和科学性,这些成功经验为以后两电站及国内核电站十年大修提供了参考,具有广泛的社会价值。     

安全壳整体泄漏率计算方法的比较分析

对国际上常用的3种安全壳整体试验泄漏率计算方法进行了系统介绍。分别应用上述3种方法对田湾核电厂安全壳整体试验数据进行计算分析,同时对各计算方法的差异以及对结果的影响进行了探讨。结果表明,试验工况下应用3种计算方法所得到的泄漏率计算结果基本相同。     

高寒地区安全壳打压试验

针对高寒气候对安全壳打压试验可能造成的各种影响,从设计、设备、施工、调试等角度分析试验风险点并提出解决方案。主要解决的问题有:低温条件下试验载荷对安全壳附属部件的影响,以及低温对安全壳整体泄漏率测量的影响等。在红沿河核电厂1号机组冬季安全壳打压试验的应用表明,所提出的方案可有效克服高寒地区恶劣气候对试验造成的影响。     

基于WGOTHIC程序的非能动安全壳冷却系统传热特性分析

本文基于WGOTHIC程序对非能动安全壳冷却系统(Passive Containment Cooling System,简称PCS)原型及其整体性能试验台架进行建模,分析了基准工况和恶劣工况下安全壳内的压力变化和传热特性变化过程。结果表明:恶劣工况下PCS系统的冷却能力受到了一定限制,使安全壳在事故初期的冷却降压速率略有下降,但从长期来看仍可有效实现安全壳的降温降压。事故后安全壳内热阱吸热速率迅速下降,通过安全壳内壁面冷凝吸收的热量比例逐渐增大,最终通过安全壳壳体壁面"冷凝—导热—蒸发"通道载出能量的速率和事故中破口输入能量的速率将达到平衡。     

Thermodynamic consequences of leakages in a double containment during severe accidents

For a large nuclear power plant under normal operating conditions a leakage rate for the containment of 0.25 vol.%/day is admissible. During a successfully controlled LOCA leakages of the containment will be released through filters by the annulus^* air exhausting system into the environment. During a core melt accident a pressurization of the containment has to be expected, which could lead to a failure of the containment due to overpressurization. When openings in the containment steel shell occur before a catastrophic failure, a depressurization into the annulus takes place. The area of the openings determines the depressurization rate and the thermodynamic conditions in the annulus. Furthermore the behaviour of the components being necessary for accident mitigation is influenced too. This paper discusses the thermodynamic consequences of leaks in the containment shell of a German PWR during a core melt accident. The results of those calculations are the necessary boundary condition for the estimation of fission product retention in the annulus.     

安全壳卸压排放过程模化分析

针对大型非能动先进压水堆安全壳卸压排放过程中涉及的重要热工现象，采用系统性的关键现象识别及重要性分析方法，得到了大型非能动先进压水堆卸压排放过程中的现象过程识别与排序表（PIRT）。结果表明：排放管线及鼓泡器中对安全壳卸压排放过程影响程度较高的现象为临界和摩擦流、两相压降、几何尺寸及流动状态；乏燃料水池中对安全壳卸压排放过程影响程度较高的现象为冷凝、传热、几何尺寸、流体混合、不凝性气体及热分层。利用关键现象识别及重要性分析结果与现有缩放实验台架的搭建经验及研究结果，得到了安全壳卸压排放过程验证性试验装置搭建中应该遵循的相似准则，从而为安全壳卸压排放验证性试验装置的搭建提供设计基础和理论依据。     

Pneumatic pressure tests of steel containment models — Recent developments

This paper describes the results of recent pneumatic pressure tests of steel containment models. These tests are part of the Containment Integrity Program whose objective is the qualification of methods for predicting containment response during severe accidents and extreme environments. Sandia National Laboratories is conducting this combined experimental and analytical program for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The long-range plans for the program include the following three containment loading conditions: static internal pressurization, dynamic internal pressurization, and seismic loadings. Steel, reinforced concrete, and prestressed concrete containment types are being considered.In the present experimental effort, models of steel containment structures are being subjected to static internal pressurization. The first set of models are about the size of hybrid-steel containments. Tests of these models are nearly finished. Testing of a large steel model, about of full size, will complete the static pressure experiments with steel models. Analysis of the models is paralleling the experimental effort.The Containment Integrity Program is being coordinated with other NRC programs on potential leakage of penetrations in containments. The results from all of the programs should provide a basis for predicting the structural and leakage behavior of containments during temperature and internal pressure loadings.     

Leak rate test of personnel airlock for LWR containment subject to pressures and temperatures beyond design

As part of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (USNRC) Containment Integrity Program, a full-size personnel airlock for a nuclear containment building was subjected to conditions simulating a severe accident.The objective of the test was to characterize the performance of an airlock when subjected to conditions that exceeded design. The gasket tested was a “double dog-ear” configuration made from an elastomer known as EPDM E603. The data obtained from this test will be used by SNL as a benchmark for development of analytical methods.Strain, temperature, displacements, pressure, and leak rate data were measured and recorded from over 330 transducers. The test lasted approximately 60 hours. Data were recorded at regular intervals during heating, pressurization and depressurization.The airlock was originally designed for 340°F and 60 psig. The airlock inner door and bulkhead were exposed to a maximum air temperature of approximately 850°F and a maximum air pressure of 300 psig. Two heating and pressurization cycles were planned; one to heat the air to 400°F and pressurize to 300 psig, and the second to heat to 800°F and pressurize to 300 psig. No significant leakage was recorded during these two cycles. A third cycle was added to the test program. The air temperature was increased to approximately 850°F and held at this temperature for nearly 12 hours. Pressure was increased and the inner door seal failed at a pressure of 150.5 psig. The maximum leak rate recorded past the inner door seal was 706 SCFM. The outer door seal did not fail.     

Results of large-scale test of discontinuity region in a prestressed concrete containment

The test described in this paper is part of an Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) program (Research Program RP2172-2) to provide a test-verified analytical method of estimating capacities of concrete reactor containment buildings under internal overpressurization from postulated degraded core accidents.Phase 2 of the EPRI program, on which this paper is based, includes tests of five large-scale specimens with steel liner plates. The specimens represent structural elements of prestressed concrete containment buildings. Four full-scale square wall element specimens and one specimen representing the wall/basemat junction region were tested. This paper describes results of the wall/basemat junction region test.Results of this experimental work indicate that highly localized strains in the steel liner plate caused by internal overpressurization or other accident conditions can result in liner tearing and subsequent containment leakage. It appears that this liner tearing occurs in a controller manner. Extrapolating from these test results, leakage and depressurization is more likely to occur than global failure.     

秦山核电厂安全壳系统B、C类密封性试验

叙述了秦山核电厂安全壳系统B、C类密封性能试验概况,主要包括试验范围、泄漏率分配、试验结果和总体评价等。     

AP1000小破口叠加重力注射失效严重事故分析

应用新版MELCOR程序,建立了AP1000一二回路、非能动安全系统及安全壳隔室的热工水力模型,并以热段小破口叠加重力注射系统失效事故为例,对该严重事故进程在压力容器内阶段进行模拟计算,对缓解措施的功能进行了分析和评价。结果表明：自动卸压系统（ADS1～4）的成功实施,可使来自堆芯补水箱和安注箱的冷却水快速有效地注入堆芯,在冷却水完全耗尽前,堆芯始终处于淹没的状态。ADS4爆破阀开启后,使回路压力快速与安全壳压力平衡;非能动安全壳冷却系统对抵御严重事故下由于衰变热和非冷凝气体带来的缓慢升温升压是行之有效的措施;点火器在氢气浓度较低时点火,缓解了安全壳大空间发生全局燃爆而引发安全壳超压失效的风险,但连续点火燃烧会引起局部隔室温升远超出设计温度而危及后备缓解设施的存活。     

Hydrogen management and overpressure protection of the containment for future boiling water reactors

New design and evaluation method for hydrogen management of containment atmosphere have been developed for application in the future boiling water reactor (BWR). These are intended as a part of consideration of severe accidents in the course of design so as to assure a high level of confidence that a large release of radioactivity to the environment that may result in unacceptable social consequences can reasonably be avoided. Emphasis on hydrogen management and protection against overpressure failure is based on the insights from probabilistic safety assessments (PSAs) that late phase overpressure (and associated leakage) and molten corium concrete reaction (MCCI) need attention to ensure that containment remains intact, in case energetic challenges to the containment such as DCH (direct containment heating) or FCI (fuel coolant interactions) are practically eliminated by design or resolved from risk standpoint of view. The authors studied the use of palladium-coated tantalum for hydrogen removal from containment atmosphere in order to avoid pressurization of the containment with small free volume by non-condensable gas and steam. Its effectiveness for ABWR (advanced boiling water reactor) containment was evaluated using laboratory test data. Although further experimental studies are necessary to confirm its effectiveness in real accident conditions, the design is a promising option and one that could be backfitted upon necessity to existing plants for which pressure retaining capability cannot be altered. Also new evaluation method for flammability control under severe accident conditions was developed. This method employes a realistic assessment of the amount of oxygen and hydrogen gases generated by radiolytic decomposition of water under severe accident conditions and their subsequent transport from water to containment atmosphere.     

Testing of large-scale concrete containment structural elements

The tests described in this paper are part of an Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) program (Research Project 2172-2) to provide a test-verified analytical method of estimating capacities of concrete reactor containment buildings under internal overpressurization from postulated degraded core accidents.Experimental study in Phase 2 of the investigation, on which this paper is based, includes tests of five large-scale specimens with steel liner plates representing structural elements of prestressed concrete containment buildings. Four square wall element specimens and one specimen representing the wall/basemat junction region were tested.This experimental work indicates that under internal overpressurization or other accident conditions, highly localized strains in the steel liner plate can result in liner tearing and subsequent containment leakage. These results support the theory of leak before break where liner tearing occurs in a controlled manner and leakage and depressurization occur rather than global failure.     

Leakage behavior of inflatable seals subject to severe accident conditions

The paper describes tests to determine the leakage behavior of inflatable seals when subjected to containment pressures that exceed the design basis.² Inflatable seals are used to prevent leakage around personnel and escape lock doors in about 10% of the commercial nuclear power plant containment structures in the United States. All of the installations are in either Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) or Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Mark-Ill type containments. This work is a part of an overall effort at Sandia National Laboratories to develop proven techniques for evaluating the performance of Light Water Reactor (LWR) containment buildings for beyond design basis loadings.Inflatable seals were tested at both room temperature and at elevated temperatures representative of postulated severe accident conditions. Parameters that were monitored and recorded during each test were the internal seal pressure and temperature, chamber (containment) pressure, leakage past the seals, and temperature of the test chamber and fixture to which the seals were attached. An empirically based, analytical method is presented to predict the containment pressure at which significant leakage past inflatable seals can be expected.