认知无线电多时隙联合频谱感知方法及优化

为了降低认知无线电中次用户对主用户的干扰,提出了次用户通过多个时隙的能量感知联合检测主用户的频谱感知方法。每个传输帧被分成若干个时隙,次用户在每个时隙的开始进行能量感知,通过合并多个时隙的感知结果,提高次用户对主用户的检测性能。为了最大化次用户的频谱效率,将主用户状态建模为二维马尔科夫随机过程,并根据该过程优化单时隙频谱感知时间。仿真结果表明：相比Liang的“先听后传”频谱感知方法,提出方法仅牺牲14％的频谱效率,却使干扰概率降低了28％;随着信噪比增加,提出方法的最大频谱效率逐渐接近“先听后传”频谱感知方法。     

认知系统中多天线协作频谱感知方案

针对认知无线电的核心问题——频谱感知,采用性能好的协作频谱感知,这里研究了认知无线电系统中一种多天线协作频谱感知方案,此方案中的噪声信号和主用户的信号均认为是独立复高斯随机信号。同时,次用户将检测到的信号通过波束成形后传向融合中心,而优化函数为发射功率受限的条件下,最大化全局的检测概率。理论推导和方针结果表明,所提出的方案有效地提高了检查概率,充分发挥了空间分集和多用户分集的优势,普遍提高了系统的感知概率。     

多信道频谱感知与频谱接入的优化与折衷

基于贝叶斯推理的多信道频谱感知方法和思想,文章通过多个认知用户随机地选择部分信道进行协作感知并利用特殊设计的贝叶斯推理法则来快速有效地获取所有信道的活动状态。贝叶斯推理的多信道频谱感知方法也是多分辨率频谱感知的基础,具有重要的应用价值。文章还通过分析多用户多信道条件下频谱感知和频谱接入之间复杂而微妙的内在联系,对其进行适当地优化与折衷,以提高认知系统的性能和效率。     

频谱异构认知无线电中基于吞吐量降的空时频谱机会感知

在认知无线电(CR)中,频谱感知是实现动态频谱接入的关键技术之一。为适当保护主用户并最大化次级用户的性能,目前大部分相关工作均是用虚报概率和漏检概率作为感知度量来确定最佳感知参数的。但这种度量是用主次用户的碰撞概率来衡量次级用户对主用户的影响的,没有考虑干扰强度的影响,仅适合同构频谱环境;在不同位置次级用户有不同接入机会的异构频谱环境中,并不能最大化频谱利用率。为此,该文首先定义了吞吐量降,并提出在异构频谱环境下采用吞吐量降作为一种新的感知度量。吞吐量降是指由于次级用户占用授权频谱而导致主用户吞吐量下降的百分比。在衡量次级用户对主用户的影响时,它综合了主次用户的碰撞概率和干扰强度两个因素;其次,研究了以吞吐量降为约束的次级用户吞吐量优化问题。最后,数值仿真证实了该方案比目前几种传统方案的频谱利用率显著提高。     

认知无线电中基于感知门限的频谱预测研究

频谱感知为未获得频谱授权的次用户提供频谱空穴,并监测主用户以防止对其造成干扰。然而频谱感知会带来时间和能量消耗,采用准确、主动的频谱预测技术可以改善频谱感知过程。文中通过研究感知门限对平均感知时间和频谱利用率的影响,提出了基于感知门限的频谱预测-感知机制,并利用频谱预测结果按照空闲概率从大到小的顺序进行感知。仿真结果表明,文中所提出的机制能够减少感知时间并提高频谱利用率。     

合作频谱感知安全技术研究

频谱感知是认知无线电实现动态频谱接入的前提和关键技术。由于阴影效应和多径衰落等因素,单个认知用户的频谱感知的结果可能不可靠,因此通过多个认知用户检测结果的融合来提高频谱感知的性能,即合作频谱感知。目前,合作频谱感知存在两类安全威胁：主用户假冒攻击（IE,Incumbent Emulation）和频谱感知数据篡改攻击（SSDF,Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification）。由于这两种攻击的存在,将会大大降低频谱感知的性能,减少认知用户接入空闲授权频段的机会。因此,有必要对这两类攻击开展相关的防御技术研究。     

协同频谱感知在非理想报告信道中的性能

针对非理想报告信道环境中的认知无线电多用户协同频谱感知问题,建立了协同感知三层模型;以单用户为例,分析了报告信道传输错误对单用户感知性能的影响;同时,基于Newman—Pearson准则推导了统计值传输和判决值传输条件下的最优协同频谱感知方法,并给出了平坦瑞利衰落环境下感知性能的上限。     

认知网络中的多用户MIMO线性协作频谱感知问题研究

研究了多用户MIMO的线性协作频谱感知问题以提高频谱检测的可靠性,推导了多用户MIMO线性协作感知系统的局部检测和全局检测策略,建立了在给定误警概率的情况下控制中心通过优化给各个用户的信号所分配的权值来最大化全局检测概率的优化模型。进一步,引入了遗传算法来求解上述全局检测优化问题的最优权值,期望能够有效降低算法在频谱感知过程中检测时间。仿真结果表明,多入多出能够明显提高协作频谱感知系统频谱检测可靠性,而遗传算法高效且稳定,相比较其他算法能够有效改善系统的检测性能。     

基于可靠次用户信息的协作频谱感知算法研究

对认知无线电系统最基本要求之一就是次用户必须有能力以高的精确率来确定主用户是否存在。而以前对认知无线电频谱感知的研究表明:在实际认知网络中次用户之间的相互协作可以提高其频谱检测性能。然而,对于协作频谱感知而言,随着协作次用户数目的增加,势必会增大用于传输本地检测结果到融合中心的专用控制信道带宽,从而增加系统开销。该文在控制信道带宽有限的约束条件下,提出一种通过考虑可靠次用户信息的协作频谱感知算法来进一步改善频谱检测的性能。该算法的基本思想:只有具有可靠的本地检测结果的次用户才发送自己的检测结果到融合中心,否则,该次用户不发送任何信息。同时,对提出的该算法在理论上进行了推导,通过仿真结果表明:在控制信道带宽受限的约束下,相比于传统的或门协作频谱感知算法,提出的算法能够大大改善对主用户的检测性能。     

基于最佳中继选择的协作频谱感知方案研究

 本文提出了一种基于最佳中继的多用户协作频谱感知方案,通过认知无线电网络中多用户间的相互协作,可以获得明显的空间分集增益,从而改善认知用户的检测性能．针对所提出的多用户协作感知方案,在瑞利衰落环境下分析了相应的系统检测概率,同时也理论推导了传统非协作方案的感知性能．根据检测概率的解析式,对非协作方案和多用户协作方案,进行了相应的数值实验和性能比较．与非协作感知方案相比,多用户协作方案能够显著提高主用户的检测概率．此外,随着候选中继用户数目增加,多用户协作方案对主用户检测概率的改善量越加明显．     

Collaborative spectrum sensing in the presence of secondary user interferences for lognormal shadowing

The performance of collaborative spectrum sensing is examined for lognormal shadowing channels when secondary user interferences (SUIs) occur. Both soft decision rule and hard decision rule are considered. Computer simulation shows that the SUIs can be ignored in some cases, depending on the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), the signal‐to‐interference ratio, the number of secondary users, the sample correlation, and the decision rule. Thus, by choosing appropriate system parameters, one may conduct collaborative spectrum sensing at the same time as secondary data transmission to save overheads. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

主用户活跃性对新的认知无线电系统容量的影响

在机会频谱接入认知无线电系统中,认知用户只有在通过感知确定信道空闲时才可以接入授权信道,因此频谱感知对于系统性能影响非常重要。本文提出了基于新帧结构的四元频谱感知模型,考虑主用户活跃性对认知网络吞吐量的影响,采用可同时最大化感知和数据传输时间的新帧结构模型,不需要考虑感知和吞吐量的均衡。理论分析新模型下感知时间,主用户活跃性,目标检测概率,主用户接收信噪比对系统吞吐量的影响,并与传统模型进行对比。     

基于DOA估计的认知无线网络频谱感知

认知无线电技术中频谱感知性能的优劣直接影响认知通信系统的性能。针对该特点提出了认知无线电网络中基于波达方向（ DOA)估计的主用户频谱感知模型,即单主用户多次用户和多主用户多次用户的系统模型,选取基于特征分解的多重信号分类（ MUSIC)算法分析两种模型的感知性能,包括虚警概率、漏检概率、最小总错误概率、算法复杂度等,获得了闭值表达式,最后在两种模型下对算法进行了仿真。仿真结果表明：各参数主要影响虚警概率,而漏检概率几乎不受影响,验证了方法的有效性。     

Replacement of Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio

Two major challenges exist in the development and deployment of cognitive radio networks: spectrum sensing and hidden terminal problem. In this research, we consider a network structure where the spectrum sensing task is separated from the unlicensed users (secondary users). The service provider for the secondary users needs to place sensing devices within the networks of licensed users (primary users). These sensing devices sense the primary users? activity. The sensing devices also decide whether to admit a secondary user?s transmission. A new cognitive cycle is proposed accordingly. The proposed protocol is analyzed using the theory of Lamé curve. The problem of optimally locating sensing devices and the properties of the proposed system are studied for single-user case and multi-user case. For the case without a separate control channel, a lowtemperature handshake technique is proposed for handshakes between the secondary users and the sensing devices. The other advantage of the proposed scheme is from the business model point of view: the expensive sensing devices will be implemented by the cognitive radio service provider, instead of being built in the secondary user devices which are usually consumer products demanding low cost.     

Soft Combination Schemes for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks

This paper investigates linear soft combination schemes for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. We propose two weight-setting strategies under different basic optimality criteria to improve the overall sensing performance in the network. The corresponding optimal weights are derived, which are determined by the noise power levels and the received primary user signal energies of multiple cooperative secondary users in the network. However, to obtain the instantaneous measurement of these noise power levels and primary user signal energies with high accuracy is extremely challenging. It can even be infeasible in practical implementations under a low signal-to-noise ratio regime. We therefore propose reference data matrices to scavenge the indispensable information of primary user signal energies and noise power levels for setting the proposed combining weights adaptively by keeping records of the most recent spectrum observations. Analyses and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed linear soft combination schemes outperform the conventional maximal ratio combination and equal gain combination schemes and yield significant performance improvements in spectrum sensing.     

认知无线电的合作频谱检测分析

认知用户需要持续快速地检测主用户的出现,对基于认知无线电的合作频谱检测机制进行了分析。在理想的两用户网络中,认知用户采用合作机制可以提高系统的平均侦测时间。在多认知用户网络中,参与合作的用户越多,单个认知用户对主用户的侦测概率越高。对于多用户网络,还考虑了整体的实现。     

Optimization of Time-Domain Combining Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks

In cognitive radio networks, the secondary users take chances to access the spectrum without causing interference to the primary users so that the spectrum access is dynamic and somewhat opportunistic. Therefore, spectrum sensing is of significant importance. In this paper, we propose a novel time-domain combining cooperative spectrum sensing framework, in which the time consumed by reporting for one secondary user is also utilized for other secondary users’ sensing. We focus on the optimal sensing settings of the proposed sensing scheme to maximize the secondary users’ throughput and minimize the average sensing error probability under the constraint that the primary users are sufficiently protected. Some simple algorithms are also derived to calculate the optimal solutions. Simulation results show that fundamental improvement of the achievable throughput and sensing performance can be obtained by optimal sensing settings. In addition, our proposed scheme outperforms the general frame structure on either achievable throughput or the performance of average sensing error probability.     

无线认知传感器网络协同频谱感知安全模型和攻击模型研究

无线认知传感器网络(WCSN)中的协同频谱感知技术能够大大提高检测主用户传输的概率.但是,在当前的协同频语感知方案中,通常假定所有协同次用户都是诚信可靠的,因而恶意次用户可能会通过报告错误检测结果来攻击网络.本文分析了无线认知传感器网络(WCSN )的基本概念和优势,给出了无线认知传感器网络体系结构,提出了协同频谱感知...     

Coexistence of primary users and secondary users under interference temperature and SINR limit

Spectrum sharing offers the opportunity for promising efficiency gains,and it will be a valuable tool in the era of future radios.To address this issue,we develop a multi-user cognitive radio sharing network based on opportunistic spectrum access and propose a new spectrum sharing strategy.The objective of our interest is to obtain the number of secondary users who can coexist peacefully with primary users to improve the utility of licensed spectrum,at the same time maximize the total goodput under the interference temperature and SINR constraints.Through analysis and simulation,the new strategy of spectrum sharing does improve the goodput performance as well as guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) of primary and secondary users.