Highly Active Catalyst from [PdCl2(NH2(CH2)12CH3)2] on NH4ZSM-5

A palladium catalyst highly active for the cyclohexene hydrogenation has been obtained by heterogenisation of [PdCl₂(NH₂(CH₂)₁₂CH₃)₂] on zeolite NH₄ZSM-5. TOF is more than twenty times higher than for the homogeneous catalyst or the activated carbon heterogenised complex. Changes in the electronic state of palladium have been observed by XPS analysis. Palladium reduction is produced upon heterogenisation on the NH₄ZSM-5 zeolite.     

A Tuneable Bifunctional Water‐Compatible Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Selective Aqueous Hydrogenation of Phenols

A water‐tolerant bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst is able to effectively catalyse the selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone in water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature with >99.9% selectivity to cyclohexanone at phenol conversions >99.9%. The catalyst was found to be highly active and reusable, giving identical activities and selectivities after >5 uses. Moreover, this reported simple bifunctional catalyst is also able to hydrogenate a range of substituted phenols in high yields under the investigated aqueous conditions.     

活性炭催化还原三乙烯四胺合钴(Ⅲ)离子的实验研究

以水作为还原剂,活性炭作为催化剂,实现三乙烯四胺合钴(Ⅱ)离子的再生,使脱硝吸收液保持持续高效的脱硝效果。模拟工业应用的实际情况,在固定床反应器内研究了活性炭催化还原三乙烯四胺合钴(Ⅲ)离子的反应过程。实验结果表明:活性炭对三乙烯四胺合钴(Ⅲ)离子具有很好的催化还原效果;反应的最佳p H值为1.82—1.96;温度升高,再生反应速率加快;最佳流量为10 m L/min;再生反应速率随着溶液初始浓度的增大而增大。     

A study about the effect of the temperature of hydrogen treatment on the properties of Ru/Al2O3 and Ru/C and their catalytic behavior during 1-heptyne semi-hydrogenation

The 1-heptyne selective hydrogenation carried out at 150 kPa, and at 283 and 303 K using Ru/Al₂O₃ and Ru/C as catalysts, was studied. Catalysts were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation technique using RuCl₃ as precursor. Ru/Al₂O₃ was treated in hydrogen at 373 or 573 K and Ru/C only at the last temperature. Catalysts were characterized by hydrogen chemisorption, TPR and XPS. Ru dispersion after treatment in hydrogen at the highest temperature is similar for both catalysts. Ru is present as Ru⁰ in Ru/C, while Ru⁰ and Ru electron-deficient species are present on the catalysts surface after hydrogen treatment at the two temperatures using Al₂O₃ as support. The best catalytic behavior was observed for the highest temperature of hydrogen treatment and for 303 K reaction temperature. As a consequence of a shape selectivity effect of the C support, the best conversion is obtained with the alumina supported catalyst.     

The Role of the Chiral Modifier on the Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Methyl Pyruvate on Pt(111)

Using density functional calculations we have investigated the enantioselective hydrogenation of methyl pyruvate (MP) to methyl lactate over Pt(111). Chirality was induced to the surface by adsorption of the chiral modifier naphthyl-ethylamine (NEA). In our calculations, we have investigated both the role of hydrogen in the formation of the observed docking complex and the role of the functional group of the modifier. As a result, we could identify the importance of the amine group for the interaction between reactant and modifier and propose that the observed docking complex is formed between semihydrogenated MP and NEA.     

Encapsulated Cobalt Oxide on Carbon Nanotube Support as Catalyst for Selective Continuous Hydrogenation of the Showcase Substrate 1‐Iodo‐4‐nitrobenzene

A carbon nanotube supported catalyst containing cobalt/cobalt oxide (Co/Co₃O₄) nanoparticles encapsulated within a shell of nitrogen‐doped graphene layers (Co₃O₄/NGr@CNT) was prepared. It shows excellent chemoselectivity in the hydrogenation of 1‐iodo‐4‐nitrobenzene, which contains an iodine substituent highly sensitive against hydrodehalogenation. In contrast to traditional activated charcoal‐supported catalysts such as Pt‐V/C or the closely related Vulcan carbon black supported Co₃O₄/NGr@C, the advantageous morphological properties of the CNT support allow for the application of the new Co₃O₄/NGr@CNT as a fixed bed catalyst in a continuous flow reactor. Under optimized conditions, no dehalogenation side products could be detected. This remarkable selectivity in combination with its mechanical stability under operation conditions render Co₃O₄/NGr@CNT a catalyst particularly relevant for application in continuous processes based on a packed bed reactor.

     

Mild and Efficient Heterogeneous Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes Facilitated by a Pyrolytically Activated Dinuclear Ni(II)-Ce(III) Diimine Complex

We communicate the assembly of a solid, Ce-promoted Ni-based composite that was applied as catalyst for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes to afford the corresponding organic amines. The catalytically active material described herein was obtained through pyrolysis of a SiO₂-pellet-supported bimetallic Ni-Ce complex that was readily synthesized prior to use from a MeO-functionalized salen congener, Ni(OAc)₂·4 H₂O, and Ce(NO₃)₃·6 H₂O. Rewardingly, the requisite ligand for the pertinent solution phase precursor was accessible upon straightforward and time-saving imine condensation of ortho-vanillin with 1,3-diamino-2,2′-dimethylpropane. The introduced catalytic protocol is operationally simple in that the whole reaction set-up is quickly put together on the bench without the need of cumbersome handling in a glovebox or related containment systems. Moreover, the advantageous geometry and compact-sized nature of the used pellets renders the catalyst separation and recycling exceptionally easy.     

三价钴胺络离子还原的实验研究

用活性炭作催化剂,在间歇反应器中对三价钴胺络离子的还原过程进行了研究,考察了搅拌速率、活性炭粒度、反应温度等因素对还原过程的影响。实验结果表明:活性炭对[Co(trien)(H2O)2]3+离子的还原具有显著的催化作用;当搅拌速率大于300 r/min时,外扩散对反应的影响消除;当活性炭粒度超过120目时,内扩散对反应的影响消除;还原反应的速率随温度的升高而加快。利用实验数据对反应的本征动力学进行了拟合,得到[Co(trien)(H2O)2]3+离子的还原反应为一级反应,反应化能为12.9 kJ/mol。     

配位离子液体［3（CH3CH2）4N+Cl-·（NH2）2CO］的合成及表征

采用尿素和氯化四乙基铵为原料，合成了一种新型的配位离子液体，并通过红外和X－射线粉末衍射对其结构进行了表征。结果表明，尿素和氯化四乙基铵发生反应，使得原来尿素羰基峰由1690.72cm－1转移到了1619.10cm－1。由X－射线粉末衍射图可以看出，在2θ = 30.37°处有新的衍射峰。通过差热－热重分析，配位离子液体在室温到250℃可以稳定存在，与其他有机溶剂相比具有良好的稳定性。     

Characteristics and Catalytic Properties of Pd/SiO2 Synthesized by One-step Flame Spray Pyrolysis in Liquid-phase Hydrogenation of 1-Heptyne

In this study, Pd/SiO₂ catalysts with 0.5–10 wt.% Pd loadings were prepared by one-step flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) and characterized by N₂ physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), CO chemisorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The average cluster/particles size of Pd as revealed by TEM were ca. 0.5–3 nm. The turnover frequencies (TOFs) of the flame-made catalysts decreased from 66.2 to 4.3 per s as Pd loading increased from 0.5 to 10 wt.%, suggesting that the catalytic activity was dependent on Pd particle/cluster size. However, there were no appreciable influences on 1-heptene selectivity. The flame-made Pd/SiO₂ showed better properties than the conventional prepared catalysts. Their advantages are not only the presence of large pores that facilitates diffusion of the reactants and products, but also the high-catalytic activity of as-synthesized catalysts so that further pretreatment is not necessary.     

Synthesis and characterizations of a layered antimony (III) phosphonate: [NH2CH2CH2NH2][Sb2(O3PCH(OH)CO2)2]

In the presence of ethylenediamine template agents, a layered antimony (III) phosphonate, [NH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂][Sb₂{O₃PCH(OH)CO₂}₂] (1) has been synthesized by hydrothermal reaction at 140 °C and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as well as by infrared spectroscopy, elemental and thermogravimetric analysis. The structure of compound 1 comprises [SbO₄E] trigonal bipyramids (E is the lone pair electrons occupying an axial position) and [O₃PC] tetrahedra connected by [O₃PCH(OH)CO₂]³⁻ to form a 2D layered structure with a one-dimensional channel system, and the ethylenediamine template agent is located inside the channels.     

Selective hydrogenation of nitriles to imines over a multifunctional heterogeneous Pt catalyst

Imines and their derivatives are versatile synthetic intermediates for the industrial preparation of both bulk and fine chemicals and for pharmaceuticals, but preparing these compounds efficiently through direct hydrogenation of nitriles are hindered by overhydrogenation to secondary amines. Here we report a highly efficient multifunctional catalyst system for selective hydrogenation coupling of nitriles to secondary imines using a heterogeneous Pt catalyst that was deposited on a nickel‐based metal‐organic framework (MOF) containing DABCO. The catalyst showed excellent synergy in promoting the hydrogenation of a variety of nitriles, giving significantly improved activity and selectivity (up to >99% yield) even under atmospheric pressure of H₂. It is suggested that the Lewis base (DABCO) sites on the Ni‐MOF inhibit further hydrogenation of the imines. The influence of H₂ pressure, reactant concentration, stirring speed, and reaction temperature was investigated. The kinetics and mechanism of hydrogenation of benzonitrile (BN) by the Pt/Ni‐MOF catalyst has been studied. The reaction showed a first‐order dependence on both BN concentration and H₂ pressure. A kinetic model was proposed based on the mechanism of nitriles hydrogenation and compared with experimental observations. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3565–3576, 2014     

Synthetic Modifiers for Platinum in the Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Ketopantolactone: A Test for the Mechanistic Models of Ketone Hydrogenation

Various derivatives of (R)‐1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethylamine have been synthesized and tested as chiral modifiers of Pt/alumina in the enantioselective hydrogenation of ketopantolactone. The best modifiers (ee up to 79%) possess an ester function in the α‐position to the amino group. The modifiers performed far better in AcOH than in toluene, indicating that protonation of the N atom is important in enantioselection. The striking non‐linear behaviour of modifier mixtures with cinchonine indicates that the alkaloid adsorbs much stronger on Pt than the naphthylethylamine derivatives. Two mechanistic models are proposed for interpretation of the results, involving an N H O or N⁺ H O bond between the amine‐type modifier and the keto carbonyl O atom of ketopantolactone, in apolar and protic media, respectively. In both cases the H atom originates from the modifier and not from the substrate (“half‐hydrogenated‐state”). The higher ee achieved in acidic medium is attributed to the better proton donor ability of the protonated amine modifiers. The models are applicable also to the hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate.     

Ni/Al_2O_3催化喹啉加氢反应

制备了负载型催化剂Ni/Al2O3,并用XRD进行表征。结果表明,在240℃和1 MPa的温和条件下,3%Ni/Al2O3催化喹啉加氢生成1,2,3,4-四氢喹啉的选择性达95.3%,喹啉转化率达86.9%。产物种类较少,便于提纯和分离。     

β‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acids from Simple Ketones by Carboxylation and Asymmetric Hydrogenation

We present a new asymmetric synthesis of β‐hydroxycarboxylic acids from ketones, performed by carboxylation using CO₂ followed by asymmetric hydrogenation. First, the carboxylation of ketones gives β‐ketocarboxylic acids. The effects of temperature, reaction time, and amount of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) promoter on the carboxylation were investigated. The DBU can be recycled. For the second step, the asymmetric hydrogenation of these β‐ketocarboxylic acids, we determined the effect of solvent choice, H₂ pressure, and substrate substitution. Hydrogenation yield and enantioselectivity are solvent‐dependent, and the mechanism could proceed through hydrogenation of either the enol or the keto forms of the bound substrate. This synthesis is industrially advantageous due to the limited number of reactants required, their low‐cost, and the potential for recycling unused materials.     

活性炭负载[Rh(COD)Cl]2催化剂的制备及其催化性能

以氧化活性炭(OAC)为载体、自制[Rh(COD)Cl]_2为活性组分,制备了负载型催化剂[Rh(COD)Cl]_2/OAC(COD为1,5-环辛二烯),用XPS、N2吸-脱附、FTIR等对其结构进行了表征与分析,以β-蒎烯加氢反应为探针反应,考察了载体种类、氧化剂HNO3浓度、[Rh(COD)Cl]_2与OAC质量比对负载型催化剂[Rh(COD)Cl]_2/OAC性能的影响,在此基础上优化了β-蒎烯加氢工艺条件,并测定了催化剂([Rh(COD)Cl]_2/OAC)的重复使用性。结果表明,催化剂的最佳制备条件为:氧化活性炭为较佳载体,HNO3浓度为7.23mol/L,[Rh(COD)Cl]_2与OAC质量比为1∶8.3,此时β-蒎烯转化率均值为99.94%;顺式蒎烷选择性(以只生成蒎烷计,下同)均值为88.64%;顺式蒎烷收率均值为88.59%;β-蒎烯加氢工艺的最佳条件为:反应温度50℃,反应压力3.5 MPa,催化剂用量为β-蒎烯质量的3.5%,反应时间4.0 h,此条件下β-蒎烯转化率均值为99.88%;顺式蒎烷选择性均值为89.00%;顺式蒎烷收率均值为88.90%,[Rh(COD)Cl]_2/OAC催化剂在β-蒎烯加氢反应中表现出较佳的催化活性。催化剂重复使用4次后,β-蒎烯转化率仍可达89.64%,活性组分Rh的流失是造成催化剂失活的主要原因。     

沉淀法制备氧化亚铜颗粒及其在(CH3)2SiCl2单体合成反应中应用

通过调控沉淀法中样品老化时间制备了粒径0.10~0.15, 0.5~1和1~2 mm的球状Cu2O催化剂,研究了其粒径对直接合成(CH3)2SiCl2反应性能的影响. 结果表明,在所制粒径范围内,催化剂粒径对硅粉转化率影响不大,转化率约为12%;目的产物选择性随催化剂粒径增大而逐渐降低,3种粒径的Cu2O催化剂上(CH3)2SiCl2的选择性分别为86.48%, 80.65%和74.31%. 对反应前后触体的表征显示,硅粉表面以催化剂颗粒为中心发生了辐射状刻蚀反应,且随催化剂粒径增大,反应积碳量增加.     

Synthesis and activity of a trinuclear platinum complex: [{trans-PtCl(NH3)2}2mu-{trans-Pt(3-hydroxypyridine)2(H2N(CH2)6NH2)2}]Cl4 in ovarian cancer cell lines

This paper describes the synthesis, characterisation, and cytotoxicity of a novel trinuclear platinum complex code named TH1. In addition to its activity against human ovarian cancer cell lines: A2780, A2780(cisR), and A2780(ZD0473R), cell uptake, DNA-binding, and the nature of the compound interaction with pBR322 plasmid DNA have been determined. TH1 is found to be significantly more cytotoxic than cisplatin - two times more active than cisplatin against the parent cell line A2780, thirteen times more active against the cisplatin-resistant cell line A2780(cisR) and 11.5 times more active against the cell line A2780(ZD0473R). Whereas the resistance factors for cisplatin as applied to the cell lines A2780 and A2780(cisR), and A2780 and A2780(ZD0473R) are 12.9 and 3.0 respectively, the corresponding values for TH1 are 1.98 and 0.5. The results suggest that TH1 has been able to significantly overcome resistance in A2780(cisR) and A2780(ZD0473R) cell lines. Whereas cisplatin binds with DNA forming mainly intrastrand GG adduct that causes local bending of a DNA strand, TH1 should bind with DNA forming mainly interstrand GG adducts that would cause more of a global change in DNA conformation. Provided it has favourable toxicity profile, TH1 has the potential to be developed into a highly active anticancer drug with a wider spectrum of activity than cisplatin.     

A New Class of Heterogeneous Platinum Catalysts for the Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes

A new series of nanostructured platinum catalysts able to catalyze the selective reduction of nitroarenes has been developed. The materials, made of organosilica physically doped with nanostructured platinum(0), are stable and efficient. Reactions in general proceed with high yield and often go to completion, while the catalysts can be reused in further reaction runs. This establishes a new class of relevant solid catalysts for synthetic organic chemistry named SiliaCat Platinum‐Hydrogel.