Overview of the pulp and paper industry from a chemical industry perspective

The major processes of the pulp and paper industry are overviewed with particular emphasis given to existing chemical requirements; processing trends are identified which may affect future chemical requirements. The pulp and paper industry represents a vast market for chemicals. On the papermaking side, overall chemical usage will probably increase due to ever greater product sophistication and emphasis on value-added grades. On the pulping side, the pressing needs for fibre conservation and more effective utilization of fibre sources can only be achieved through continuing exploitation of chemical developments.     

Membrane process opportunities and challenges in the bioethanol industry

Increasing oil prices and growing environmental concerns in recent years have driven the development of renewable biofuels. Until now, most of the bioethanol production concepts are based on sugar and starch crops as feedstock, while research on second generation of bioethanol concepts is investigating the use of cellulosic biomass such as straw, wood, etc. as feedstock. The first part of the paper will review membrane opportunities in the present bioethanol production concepts, while the second part will provide an outlook on the future potentials of membrane technologies in the second generation concepts. For both production concepts, application opportunities for conventional membrane processes such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) as well as the emerging membrane processes pervaporation (PV) and vapour permeation (VP) will be presented. Overall, this paper demonstrates that membrane technology as a highly selective and energy-saving unit operation has a great potential in the bioethanol industry of today and in future. Hence, membrane technology will contribute to solving future energy and environmental problems.     

超滤微滤处理制浆黑液技术的研究进展

介绍了目前国内外制浆黑液的主要处理方法,重点阐述了国内外采用超滤、微滤技术处理制浆黑液的研究进展,详细介绍了无机膜和有机膜在浓缩、预处理制浆黑液方面取得的效果。在制浆黑液的循环利用方面,超滤、微滤技术在投资和运行成本上具有较大优势,但是需要与其它膜过程集成,并进行系统工艺优化,提高整体回收、利用水平才具有工业化前景。最后,本文认为膜技术是经济、高效处理制浆黑液的重要发展方向。     

锰过氧化物酶(MnP)的研究进展

锰过氧化物酶是一种能降解木素的酶,由担子真菌中的特定种属产生,广泛应用于生物制浆、纸浆的酶法漂白、有机污染物的降解和环境的生物修复等方面。本文全面介绍了锰过氧化物酶的产生菌、催化机理、以及基因工程方面的研究成果,并对其可能带来的工业应用前景以及今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

草类废纸CMD制浆和加用表面活性剂的研究

本文报道了一种草类废纸在液膜溶液中脱墨的制桨方法。分析了该法制浆的特点、表面活性剂结构对液膜性质、制浆效果、纸页强度的影响。     

漆酶在造纸工业中应用的最新研究

漆酶是近年发现在造纸工业中最具潜力的生物酶,具有催化氧化木素的能力。文章综述了漆酶在制浆造纸工业中应用的最新研究进展,例如漂白、造纸废水处理、去除树脂、增加湿强度等诸多方面。     

制浆黑液的超声膜法碱回收工艺

利用超声波的空化作用和超搅拌作用,研制出了制浆黑液的超声膜法碱回收工艺,该工艺可以有效地减缓黑液膜法碱回收时的膜污染,同时降低碱回收时的耗电量。配合混凝沉淀及生物处理,处理后的黑液可达到造纸业的中段水标准。     

Recent Developments in Protein Recovery and Purification

This article deals with emerging techniques for the purification of proteins, with an emphasis on those methods which have potential for scale-up. These include membrane processes, some new adsorption and affinity techniques, supercritical gas extraction, 2-phase aqueous liquid/liquid extraction, and electrokinetic methods. Many are at an early stage of development for their use in the food industry. However, it is likely that in the future they will broaden substantially the options available for processing both ‘solid’ and ‘liquid’ streams. Significant and sustained research and development will be needed to convert these techniques to off-the-shelf established technologies.     

The nanofiltration and reuse of effluent from the caustic extraction stage of wood pulping

One of the bleach stages in the treatment of wood for the manufacture of pulp is the extraction of lignin with sodium hydroxide. The resulting wash water is highly coloured at a pH of 7 to 10 and a conductivity of 4 to 7 mS/cm.The high colour precludes its reuse in the bleaching section of the pulping process. The use of nanofiltration for the removal of colour bodies from the effluent while allowing most of the inorganic salts to pass through the membrane is described. In particular, aspects such as pretreatment and membrane cleaning will be addressed.     

全球气体膜分离技术的研究和应用趋势——基于近20年SCI论文和专利的分析

为把握整体气体膜分离产业研究和创新状况,在Web of Knowledge(WOK)平台的Web of Science®数据库和Derwent(德温特)专利数据库检索了有关气体膜分离技术的文献,并采用文献计量学的方法进行分析。结果表明,1995-2014年全球相关论文共2972篇,专利4266项。气体膜分离技术现处于研究的成长期,已形成核心作者群。气体膜分离材料的研究热点为混合基质膜、沸石膜和炭膜,但工业化应用以传统有机高分子材料为主,气体膜分离技术主要的研究和应用领域为氢回收、空分和脱碳。美国和日本的研究和应用优势较明显,我国气体膜分离的研发主体为高校和科研院所,尽管发文量位居世界第二,但科研质量和国际影响力仍需提高,科研成果转化率不高。预计未来气体膜分离的研究重点会在沸石膜和炭膜等新型膜材料的空间结构的设计合成和碳捕获的技术应用上,渗透汽化膜的应用和挥发性有机物(VOCs)分离也是未来的研究方向。     

膜分离技术处理放射性废水

介绍了膜技术在中、低浓度放射性废水处理中的研究和应用进展.膜组合技术处理放射性废水净化率可达98%～99.9%、净化因子可达100～1000.指出反渗透、纳滤、超滤、微滤和电渗析是目前应用的主流膜技术,并对其工艺特点作了评述.今后膜技术在核工业放射性废水处理中将获得更广泛的应用.     

面向健康产业应用需求的膜技术与膜材料

健康产业发展潜力巨大,其中,医药、医疗和保健行业占有重要地位,但其面临医药资源利用率低、生产工艺污染严重、高端产品依赖进口、质量标准体系不完善等制约因素。将膜分离技术应用于医药、医疗和保健行业,解决发展面临的诸多问题,对于推进我国健康产业发展将发挥重要作用。鉴于国内外尚无针对膜技术应用于健康产业进展的相关文献报道,本文针对面向健康产业应用的膜技术及膜材料进展进行了综述,探讨了健康产业应用对膜材料提出的要求及标准,重点研究了微滤、超滤、反渗透、纳滤、膜生物反应器、渗透汽化、气体分离、人工脏器等膜材料现状,分析了制约其发展的关键问题并提出相关建议,以期为相关部门及行业人员提供参考。     

Membranverfahren in der Umwelttechnik

Membrane processes in environmental protection . Reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration are well established processes in areas like the production of fresh water from sea- or brackish water and the treatment of spent cutting emulsions from the metal working industry. New and interesting applications of these processes can be expected in environmental protection and in the treatment of process effluents. For reverse osmosis, the capacities of presently available membranes will be discussed with respect to chemical resistance and to the rejection of organic components in aqueous solutions. Results of experiments with various real-life systems will be reported: landfill drainage water; protein-rich process water of the fish industry; recovery of ε-caprolactam; solvent-contaminated waste water. These examples demonstrate the economical and engineering potential of membrane processes in treating process effluents. These examples also demonstrate that, in most cases only a combination of membrane processes and a conventional process, like evaporation, will give optimal results.     

材料介导细胞固定化技术在生物发酵中的应用

细胞固定化技术具有高效、反应操作简便、能长时间保持细胞活力且可反复利用、稳定性好、耐受性强等优点,在生物发酵等领域显示出巨大的应用潜力。本文介绍了近年来高分子载体材料、无机载体材料和复合载体材料的细胞固定化技术在生物发酵领域的研究进展,分析了不同材料介导固定化细胞在复杂的环境,如低或高pH、毒性底物和高浓度产物等条件下与游离细胞生长代谢性能差异;并阐述了新型高分子膜材料（中空纤维膜和微米/纳米纤维膜）作为载体在生物发酵中的优势和应用;最后展望了通过设计新型优良聚合物载体来实现人工混菌体系在生物发酵中的可控性和鲁棒性。材料作为生物与非生物中物质界面上的活性和可调成分,为细胞提供了适宜的微环境,在生物发酵领域将得到更广泛应用。     

生物技术生产纤维素酶及其应用研究进展

简要介绍纤维素酶的酶学性质、降解机制、生产工程菌的选育、纤维素酶的应用情况,以及对纤维素酶生产与应用方面存在的问题和未来发展趋势进行了分析与探讨。纤维素酶在食品、酿造行业、农副产品深加工、饲料、医药、环境保护和化工等领域有着非常广阔的应用前景和应用潜力。我国纤维素酶的生产及应用研究近年来取得了很大进展,今后必将在应用深度和广度上进一步扩展。     

皇竹草预处理制备新型再生纤维素膜

以农林废弃物皇竹草茎为原料,采用蒸汽爆破和乙醇自催化制浆的方式分离出纤维素,将其溶解在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯代盐([bmim]Cl)中形成纤维素溶液并在水中再生得到纤维素膜。实验表明,汽爆采用1.55 MPa,维压5.45 min;乙醇制浆采用60%(V/V)乙醇溶液,160℃,维持2 h,可制备出α-纤维素含量达到92.65%,聚合度620,灰分低于0.3%的皇竹草纤维素。离子液体溶解并在水中再生的纤维素膜是一种无大孔结构的致密膜,其拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别达到了165 MPa和5.90%,具有良好的液体渗透性能。     

低级脂肪醇与水的分离方法研究进展

介绍了用于分离醇／水混合物的渗透汽化法、蒸汽渗透法、共沸精馏法、萃取精馏法、超临界萃取和吸附法,具体分析了各类方法的特点和应用前景。认为膜方法将是这一领域最有前途的技术。     

生物化工及膜分离技术分析

通过生物化工技术,不仅能够实现生物医药行业和农业的发展,对于提升现有社会经济发展水平也起到非常重要的作用。而膜分离技术作为生物化工产业中重要技术,保证相关人员对膜分离技术的了解,对于推动生物化工产业发展起到无可替代的作用。将分别概述生物化工以及其中涉及的膜分离技术,之后阐述各类膜分离技术在生物化工中的应用,确保科技工作者对于生物化工以及膜分离技术有所掌握。     

半导体多相光催化氧化技术与制浆废液的资源化概述

制浆造纸废水是重要的环境污染物之一,其中尤以制浆废液污染最为严重。木质素是制浆废液的主要成分,也是木材的主要成分之一,是一种重要的植物资源。半导体多相光催化氧化技术是当前世界水处理研究中最为活跃的领域之一,具有反应条件温和、速度快、效率高、工艺简单洁净、无二次污染等优点。文章简要地叙述了制浆废液的治理现状、半导体多相光催化氧化技术在制浆废液治理中的应用、制浆废液资源化的可行性以及木质素降解产物的应用等。     

Petrochemicals — viable raw materials for tomorrow’s soap and detergent industry?

This paper attempts to address the complex question of petrochemical raw materials’ future role in supplying the soap and detergent industry. The following points are emphasized: (a) The basic resource oil and natural gas, although not in unlimited quantities as in the past, will be available in the future, (b) The petrochemical industry will continue to receive its required share of the available petroleum resources, and the detergent industry will continue to receive the feedstocks they require, (c) The cost pressures which will be impacting the surfactant manufacturers will be similar to the overall inflation rates affecting the entire economy.