低温相变蓄热材料研究进展

蓄热技术是解决能源危机的重要手段之一,相变温度在60～80℃范围内的蓄热材料被广泛应用于太阳能储存、工业废热回收、电子器件热管理以及供暖和空调系统等领域。本文介绍了常用的可作为相变材料(PCMs)的有机物和无机物,探讨了复合相变材料的制备方法,分析了该类型相变蓄热材料的应用现状及发展前景。     

纳米技术在相变储热材料中的应用

结合纳米颗粒的特殊尺寸效应,把纳米技术运用到相变储热材料的制备和改进中,可获得纳米流体、纳米胶囊和复合纳米相变材料等一系列性能优异的纳米相变储热材料。新型的纳米相变材料逐渐被利用到生产和生活的各个储热领域,引领着相变储热技术的发展方向。本文综述了纳米相变材料的研究进展,介绍了纳米相变材料的应用,展望了纳米相变材料的未来发展方向。     

石蜡熔化蓄热的实验研究

石蜡是一种常见的相变材料,文章对石蜡的熔化蓄热进行了单管实验研究,并进行了差示扫描量热(DSC)测试,以所得的石蜡的相变温度为基础,研究石蜡在不同温度下的熔化情况,利用Agilent 34970A系统采集实验数据并处理,对其温度场的分布进行了分析比较。实验结果表明,石蜡的熔化是遵循一定规律的,开始阶段通过热传导熔化,等到出现一定液相时出现自然对流,并且加热温度越高,溶解越快,自然对流出现越早。石蜡导热系数比较低,因此应用范围受到了限制,文章为进一步改进石蜡的导热性能、使其得到更为广泛的应用提供了实验基础。     

相变材料及其在贮热中的应用

相变材料是绿色材料，种类达4300多种，用于贮热具有清洁和节能的特点。本文系统地介绍了相变材料分类及其特点，主要讨论了相变材料在太阳能、电力、工业热能、建筑物、纺织品等工业与民用方面的应用。     

一个封闭的潜热热能存储系统的第一与第二定律分析

First and Second Law analyses were conducted to evaluate the performance of a closed latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) system employing calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2-6H2O).The First and the Second Laws of thermodynamics were applied to the system from viewpoint of energy and exergy analyses,respectively. The energy storage tank in the system is neither fully mixed nor fully stratified. It may be considered as semithermal stratified. Experiments that include both charging and discharging periods were performed on sunny winter days in 1996. The energy and exergy variations and the overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the closed LHTES system were calculated for the complete charging and discharging cycle of the selected fifteen clear-sky winter days. Mean energy and exergy efficiencies were found to be 55.20% and 34.83%, respectively.     

石蜡/纳米石墨复合相变储热材料的换热与放热效率

相变储热是提高能源利用率的重要手段之一,相变储热材料的换热系数与放热效率研究对太阳能高效利用具有重要意义。通过变换铝管管径、循环风速以及空气温度,计算出复合相变储热材料的换热系数及放热效率。结果表明:铝管管径不变,循环风速小于3m/s时,空气温度对换热系数影响很小,差值在1W/(m2·℃)左右;换热系数、放热效率都随风速的增大而有所提高,放热效率最大可达95.3%;随着管径增大,换热系数逐渐减少,放热效率却逐渐增大;适合石蜡/纳米石墨复合相变储热材料的最佳条件为管径30mm、循环风速3m/s以及空气温度90℃。     

复合蓄热材料的研制与应用

以KAl(SO4)2·12H2O为相变材料,以多孔陶瓷为基体,采用熔融浸渍法制备了复合相变蓄热材料。此复合相变材料结合了潜热蓄热材料与显热蓄热材料的优点,并克服了无机盐相变材料相变过程无定型的缺点及陶瓷蓄热显热小的缺点。将自制的复合蓄热材料实际应用于咖啡壶加热设备中,实验结果表明加入复合蓄热材料后的咖啡壶每小时节能率达38.8%。     

融化过程中作为潜能储存材料的月桂酸的热特性的实验研究

The objective of this study was to establish the thermal characteristics of the lauric acid (95% purity) as a latent heat storage material filled in the annulus of vertical concentric double pipe during its melting process,The temperature data were used to determine the thermal characteristics,including the temporal temperature variations and the effects of the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid on the heat transfer coefficient and the heat charging fraction during the melting process,The results indicated that the time to reach to heat charging fraction of 1.0 could be altered by changing the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid.     

An Experimental Study on Thermal Characteristics of Laurie Acid as a Latent Heat Storage Material during Melting Process

The objective of this study was to establish the thermal characteristics of the lauric acid (95% purity) as a latent heat storage material filled in the annulus of vertical concentric double pipe during its melting process. The temperature data were used to determine the thermal characteristics, including the temporal temperature variations and the effects of the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid on the heat transfer coefficient and the heat charging fraction during the melting process. The results indicated that the time to reach to heat charging fraction of 1.0 could be altered by changing the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid.     

Dynamic Charging Performance of a Solar Latent Heat Storage Unit for Efficient Energy Utilization

The dynamic charging performance of a solar heat storage system involving a packed bed containing spherical capsules is studied. The dynamic charging process of the solar heat storage system is simulated according to the energy balance equations. Paraffin is used as the phase change material (PCM) and water is used as the heat transfer fluid (HTF). The temperatures of the PCM and HTF, melting fraction and solar heat storage capacity are illustrated and analyzed. The influences of inlet temperature, initial temperature and flow rate of HTF, and the porosity of the packed bed on the charging time and heat storage capacity during the heat storage process are also discussed.     

相变储能材料的研究进展

综述了用于节能领域的相变储能材料的分类及其性能、优缺点;重点论述了新型相变材料的研究发展;并探讨了相变材料在太阳能利用、医疗、建筑节能等领域的应用;展望了未来相变材料的发展方向和应用前景。     

Study of the Crystallization and Melting Behavior of a Latent Heat Storage by Computed Tomography

Thermal energy storage based on phase changes is a promising technology. However, heat transfer can often be problematic. A latent heat storage based on the single tube design is analyzed in a computer tomograph. The different densities of the solid and liquid phase change material (PCM) MgCl₂·6H₂O enable a clear identification of the phases in the computer tomographic images. No supercooling or phase segregation of water from the PCM was observed during melting or crystallization. The volume change, though often neglected, seems to be the biggest issue of the design of latent heat storage systems.     

相变储能材料的应用展望

综述了相变储能材料的研究进展状况，对相变储能材料的分类和应用情况进行了介绍，对相变储能材料未来的发展进行了展望，针对不同的环境进行相变材料的研究，指出如何解决军用和民用领域中需要控制温度的问题。     

Ex-Ante Optimal Design of Sustainable Phase Change Materials for Latent Heat Storage

Energy consumption for residential heating can be reduced using new insulation solutions in the form of phase change materials (PCMs) integrated within the building structure. This work proposes a framework for the optimal design of PCMs considering operational as well as sustainability aspects at the early stages of the material development process. The proposed framework applies computer-aided molecular design tools and considers a practical simulation model to calculate the functional performance of the PCM, as well as a variety of constraints to impose desirable bounds on the material thermophysical properties and its impact on environment and safety.     

相变储能材料在温室大棚中应用研究进展

采用相变储热材料(PCMs)潜热储蓄技术是最有效热能贮存方式之一,将其应用于温室节能有重要意义.本文综述了低温相变储热材料在温室大棚中的应用条件及类型,国内外低温相变储热材料的研究现状.分析了温室储热材料的性能与存在问题,展望了低温相变储能材料的发展方向和应用前景.     

Experimental Investigation of Performances of Microcapsule Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage

Performances of microcapsule phase change material (MPCM) for thermal energy storage are investigated. The MPCM for thermal energy storage is prepared by a complex coacervation method with gelatin and acacia as wall materials and paraffin as core material in an emulsion system. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the microstructure of the MPCM. In thermal analysis, a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was employed to determine the melting temperature, melting latent heat, solidification temperature, and solidification latent heat of the MPCM for thermal energy storage. The SEM micrograph indicates that the MPCM has been successfully synthesized and that the particle size of the MPCM is about 81 μm. The DSC output results show that the melting temperature of the MPCM is 52.05 °C, the melting latent heat is 141.03 kJ/kg, the solidification temperature is 59.68 °C, and the solidification latent heat is 121.59 kJ/kg. The results prove that the MPCM for thermal energy storage has a larger phase change latent heat and suitable phase change temperature, so it can be considered as an efficient thermal energy storage material for heat utilizing systems.     

微相分离促进剂对聚氨酯相变储能材料热性能的影响

对相变性能优异的高分子固-液相变材料聚乙二醇进行改性，以其作为聚氨酯的软段，以4，4＇-二苯基甲烷-二异氰酸酯（MDI）-1，4-丁二醇（BD0）为硬段，通过在合成过程中加入少量十八醇作为微相分离促进剂，制备出-种新型的聚氨酯相变储能材料，通过DSC、FT—IR、SEM测试手段研究了微相分离促进剂对聚氨酯相变储能材料分子结构和相变储热性能的影响。研究结果表明：十八醇的加入能作为分子间润滑剂均匀分布在软、硬段的相畴界区，使两相的相容性变差，有效改善微相分离和提高软硬段结晶能力，2％的十八醇含量是聚氨酯微相分离的最佳点，此时材料的相变潜热最高。     

相变介质组成对粉煤灰基高温定形复合相变材料蓄热性能的影响

分别以Al粉、Al-12Si、Al-20Si合金粉为相变介质,粉煤灰为基体材料,采用混合烧结法在空气、真空两种烧结氛围下制备金属/陶瓷基高温定形复合相变材料,探讨相变介质中硅铝相对含量及烧结氛围对材料蓄热性能的影响。结果表明:分别用三种金属粉制备复合相变材料时,Al的氧化难以避免,致使Si的相对含量均超过共晶点组成,凝固时其状态点始终处于共晶相+Si相的两相区,未被氧化的Al都转变成为Al-Si共晶相。空气中烧结有利于Al形成致密氧化膜从而阻止其进一步反应,材料的密度、相变潜热都比真空中烧结高。三种复合相变材料中,由Al粉制备的热稳定性最差,由Al-12Si合金粉制备的相变潜热、保留率最高,热稳定性及蓄热性能突出。     

Effects of thickeners on thermophysical properties of Alum as phase change material for energy storage

The main objective of this research is to characterize, via experimental analysis, the effects of thickeners on thermophysical properties of Alum (KAl[SO₄]₂·12H₂O) as phase change material (PCM) for energy storage. Six thickeners, including sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), sodium polyacrylate (PAAS), polyacrylamide (PAM), polyvinyl alcohol, xanthan gum (XG) and methylcellulose (MC), are added in Alum. Then the thermophysical properties and the cycle stability are tested and analyzed by step cooling experiment, differential scanning calorimeter, hot disk, scanning electron microscopy, high-low temperature alternating test chamber, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). The results showed that the adding of 2 wt% CMC-Na, 1 wt% PAAS, 2 wt% PAM, 5 wt% XG, and 1 wt% MC to Alum can effectively reduce the subcooling of Alum while still maintaining the latent heat at a high level. After stability test with 60 melting-solidification cycles, the results indicate that Alum with 1 wt% MC has the best thermal cycle stability and has the highest latent heat (230 J/g). The latent heat is only 8.1% lower than that of pure Alum after 1 cycle, and 11.1% higher than that of pure Alum after 60 cycles. The XRD, FT-IR, and thermogravimetry results show that it has good chemical and thermal stability.     

大型磷复肥装置磷石膏湿排干堆工艺与技术剖析

针对磷复肥生产排放大量磷石膏带来的堆存和环境问题,并应运而生了湿排干堆技术,认为本行业普遍选用的翻盘和转台两种真空过滤机都可改造为双加料双卸料的满足湿排干堆工艺要求.从返回的残余渣和冲洗水、维护工作量,运行稳定性和节省能耗等方面分析,认为双加料双卸料的翻盘真空过滤机更适用于磷石膏湿排干堆工艺,并在湖北省大型磷复肥装置中得到了推广应用.