Evaluation of Flavonoid and Resveratrol Chemical Libraries Reveals Abyssinone II as a Promising Antibacterial Lead

Lead on! In the course of screening flavonoid and resveratrol libraries, abyssinone II, a naturally occurring prenylated flavonoid, was found to exhibit relatively good antitubercular and antibacterial activity. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that abyssinone II hyperpolarizes the bacterial membrane potential and inhibits the biosynthesis of key cellular macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and protein).     

Recent Advances in the Research of Heterocyclic Compounds as Antitubercular Agents

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem, with approximately one‐third of the world′s population infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, eight million people in the active disease state, and two million dying annually. Furthermore, the prevalence of TB/HIV co‐infection, and the emergence of multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) and extensively drug‐resistant tuberculosis (XDR‐TB) have further aggravated the spread of this disease and thus mortality by it. There is an urgent need for novel antitubercular agents with improved properties, such as lower toxicity, shortened duration of therapy, rapid bactericidal action, and enhanced activity against MDR strains. Fortunately, a number of new potential antitubercular candidate drugs with heterocyclic rings, which are most likely to be effective against resistant strains, have entered clinical trials in recent years. This review highlights recent advances in the research of novel heterocyclic compounds, with particular focus on their antimycobacterial activity, mechanisms of action, toxicity, and structure–activity relationships (SARs).     

4-Substituted thioquinolines and thiazoloquinolines: potent, selective, and Tween-80 in vitro dependent families of antitubercular agents with moderate in vivo activity

Two new families of closely related selective, non-cytotoxic, and potent antitubercular agents were discovered: thioquinolines and thiazoloquinolines. The compounds were found to possess potent antitubercular properties in vitro, an activity that is dependent on experimental conditions of MIC determination (resazurin test and the presence or absence of Tween-80). To clarify the therapeutic potential of these compound families, a medicinal chemistry effort was undertaken to generate a lead-like structure that would enable murine efficacy studies and help elucidate the in vivo implications of the in vitro observations. Although the final compounds showed only limited levels of systemic exposure in mice, modest levels of efficacy in vivo at nontoxic doses were observed.     

人呼吸道合胞病毒与结核分枝杆菌融合蛋白TB10.4-F1的免疫原性

目的在大肠杆菌中表达并纯化人呼吸道合胞病毒(Human respiratory syncytial virus,HRSV)和结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)的融合蛋白TB10.4-F1,检测其免疫原性。方法将重组工程菌TB10.4/pET28a/BL21和TB10.4-F1/pET30a/BL21经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE分析蛋白的表达形式;表达的融合蛋白TB10.4和TB10.4-F1经His TrapTMHP层析柱进行亲和层析一步纯化后,免疫BALB/c小鼠。小鼠分为TB10.4(30μg/只)、TB10.4-F1(30μg/只)及PBS(200μl)组,分别于0、2、4周免疫小鼠,于每次免疫前1 d经尾部取血,分离血清,ELISA法检测小鼠血清中特异性的IgG水平;于末次免疫2周后摘眼球取血,分离血清,ELISA法检测特异性IgG水平及中和抗体滴度。结果表达的重组融合蛋白TB10.4和TB10.4-F1的相对分子质量分别约13 300和59 600,均以包涵体形式表达,表达量分别占菌体总蛋白的53.9%和12%;纯化后的重组融合蛋白TB10.4和TB10.4-F1纯度分别可达95%和80%;与TB10.4组相比,TB10.4-F1组IgG水平明显升高,IgG1/IgG2a值明显降低,但仍大于1;TB10.4-F1组小鼠血清中RSV特异性中和抗体滴度可达log102.699。结论融合蛋白TB10.4-F1免疫原性强,能激发出较为平衡的Th1/Th2反应,并产生抗HRSV的中和抗体。融合蛋白TB10.4-F1有望成为预防HRSV感染的候选疫苗。     

Novel 1,4‐Substituted‐1,2,3‐Triazoles as Antitubercular Agents

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a pressing unmet medical need, particularly with the emergence of multidrug‐resistant and extensively drug‐resistant tuberculosis. Here, a series of 1,4‐substituted‐1,2,3‐triazoles have been synthesized and evaluated as potential antitubercular agents. These compounds were assembled via click chemistry in high crude purity and in moderate to high yield. Of the compounds tested, 12 compounds showed promising antitubercular activity with six possessing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values <10 μg mL^?1, and total selectivity for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth inhibition. A second set of 21 compounds bearing variations on ring C were synthesized and evaluated. This second library gave an additional six compounds displaying MIC values ≤10 μg mL^?1 and total selectivity for Mtb growth inhibition. These compounds serve as an excellent starting point for further development of antitubercular therapies.     

纳米燃速催化剂对7-氨基-6-硝基-4,5-二氧化呋咱热分解的影响

用DSC和TG研究了A120a、Fe20a、Ti02、SnOz4种纳米燃速催化剂对7-氨基-6-硝基-4，5-二氧化呋咱(CL-18)热分解特性的影响。结果发现它们均使CL-18的起始反应温度降低、终止反应温度升高；Fe2O3、TiO2、SnO2不仅提高了反应放热量而且使整个反应变得相对平稳，随催化剂含量的增加最大失重速率温度先升高后降低．但CL-18的固态残留物量随催化剂含量的增加却一直减少；SnO2和Al2O3对CL-18的两个活化能影响较大，使CL-18的第一活化能分别降低了13．18kJ／mol和16．25kJ／mol，第二活化能分别降低了40．49kJ／mol和43．96kJ／mol；然而Fe20。仅仅对第二活化能有较大影响，降低了40．41kJ／mol。     

Nitroarenes as Antitubercular Agents: Stereoelectronic Modulation to Mitigate Mutagenicity

Nitroarenes are less preferred in drug discovery due to their potential to be mutagenic. However, several nitroarenes were shown to be promising antitubercular agents with specific modes of action, namely, nitroimidazoles and benzothiazinones. The nitro group in these compounds is activated through different mechanisms, both enzymatic and non‐enzymatic, in mycobacteria prior to binding to the target of interest. From a whole‐cell screening program, we identified a novel lead nitrobenzothiazole (BT) series that acts by inhibition of decaprenylphosphoryl‐β‐d ‐ribose 2′‐epimerase (DprE1) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The lead was found to be mutagenic to start with. Our efforts to mitigate mutagenicity resulted in the identification of 6‐methyl‐7‐nitro‐5‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1,3‐benzothiazoles (cBTs), a novel class of antitubercular agents that are non‐mutagenic and exhibit an improved safety profile. The methyl group ortho to the nitro group decreases the electron affinity of the series, and is hence responsible for the non‐mutagenic nature of these compounds. Additionally, the co‐crystal structure of cBT in complex with Mtb DprE1 established the mode of binding. This investigation led to a new non‐mutagenic antitubercular agent and demonstrates that the mutagenic nature of nitroarenes can be solved by modulation of stereoelectronic properties.     

7-氨基-6-硝基苯并二氧化呋咱的合成研究

以3,5-二氯苯胺为原料经过4步反应合成了7-氨基-6-硝基苯并二氧化呋咱(ANBDF)。在四氢呋喃溶剂中,3,5-二氯苯胺与氯乙酰氯反应得到3,5-二氯-N-氯乙酰基苯胺(Ⅰ),收率97.7%;(Ⅰ)在室温下于浓硫酸(98%)-发烟硝酸(98%)中硝化2 h,得到3,5-二氯-2,4,6-三硝基-N-氯乙酰苯胺(Ⅱ),收率92.3%。(Ⅱ)在冰乙酸中,与NaN3反应,不经分离直接在110°C下进行热解脱氮得到7-氯乙酰氨基-6-硝基苯并二氧化呋咱(Ⅲ),收率82.5%。(Ⅲ)碱性水解得到目标化合物7-氨基-6-硝基苯并二氧化呋咱(Ⅳ),熔点204~205°C,收率66%。讨论了关键反应的影响因素,并通过红外光谱、核磁共振、质谱及元素分析确定了目标化合物及其中间体的结构。     

天然纤维素溶剂的研究进展

系统介绍了国内外天然纤维素的溶解方法,包括酸体系、碱体系、含氯化合物体系和含氮化合物体系。     

Furoxan Derivatives of Pyrene – A DFT Study

Furoxan-fused pyrenes and their dinitroso derivatives (obtained by furoxan ring opening) are considered for density functional treatment at the level of B3LYP/6-31G(d,p). Embedded benzofuroxan moiety in the furoxan-fused pyrene system is thought to undergo ring opening and reclosure process analogously to benzofuroxan itself. The stabilities, structural features, NICS(0) values, IR, and UV-VIS spectral aspects, etc., are investigated comparatively for these isomeric furoxan-fused pyrenes and their isomeric dinitroso derivatives.     

结核分枝杆菌TB10.4与呼吸道合胞病毒F1蛋白的融合表达

目的在大肠杆菌中融合表达结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)TB10.4蛋白与呼吸道合胞病毒(Respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)F1蛋白。方法从MTB标准菌株H37Rv全基因组中扩增TB10.4(N/X)和TB10.4(N/B)基因,分别插入原核表达载体pET-28a和pET-30a中,构建重组表达质粒TB10.4(N/X)/pET-28a和TB10.4(N/B)/pET-30a;从F/18T/DH5α菌株中扩增F1(B/X)基因,与TB10.4(N/B)/pET-30a质粒连接,构建重组表达质粒TB10.4-F1/pET-30a;将质粒TB10.4(N/X)/pET-28a和TB10.4-F1/pET-30a分别转化感受态E.coliBL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达;表达的重组蛋白进行Western blot鉴定。结果重组表达质粒TB10.4(N/X)/pET-28a和TB10.4-F1/pET-30a经双酶切及测序证明构建正确;表达的重组TB10.4和TB10.4-F1蛋白相对分子质量约为13 000和59 000,可与鼠抗His单抗特异性结合。结论成功在大肠杆菌中表达了重组融合蛋白TB10.4-F1,为进一步研究其免疫原性及保护性奠定了基础。     

聚4-乙烯基吡啶氮氧化物的合成

以过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO)为引发剂，采用本体聚合方法制备了聚4-乙烯基吡啶(P4VP)，然后用冰醋酸为溶剂，钨酸钠为催化剂，过氧化氢为氧化剂，氧化聚4-乙烯基吡啶合成了聚4-乙烯基吡啶氮氧化物(PVNO)，探讨了反应条件对PVNO特性粘数的影响。另外，采用TG-DTA研究了氧化产物的热稳定性。