雷电流波形对500kV输电线路耐雷水平的影响

为了研究雷电流波形对超高压输电线路耐雷水平的影响,本文首先在理论上分析了超高压输电线路耐雷水平与雷电流波形的关系。利用EMTP仿真软件中的基础元件建立了雷电流模型、输电线路杆塔模型、绝缘子闪络模型、进线端模型。利用EMTP仿真软件得出超高压输电线路在不同雷电流波形下的耐雷水平。通过所得到的数据分析得出在不同的雷电流波形作用下超高压输电线路耐雷水平及其过电压的变化规律,为超高压输电线路如何采用既经济又安全的绝缘水平提供一定的依据。     

雷电流监测装置安装位置对测量结果的影响分析

为了了解实际雷电流的波形参数,需在高塔或输电线路等构筑物上对雷电流波形进行监测,但实际测量到的结果是受构筑物影响后的雷电流。笔者主要讨论雷电流监测装置安装位置对于监测结果的影响。在构筑物模型中考虑了雷电流传播过程中的衰减、畸变以及冲击接地电阻等的因素,采用电磁暂态分析程序对不同高度的构筑物进行仿真计算。分析结果表明,构筑物在不同安装位置处得到的雷电流差别很大,顶部监测到的电流受到的影响很小,底部监测到的雷电流受到的影响非常大,雷电流测量设备应当安装在构筑物顶部,这样测量到的雷电流参数比较准确。     

雷电流识别与在线检测系统设计

对于雷电流波形检测,硬件触发和软件触发均有可靠性低和波形采集不完整等问题。为此根据雷电流的幅度﹑斜率﹑半峰值时间,提出雷电流识别方法和循环触发,来提高触发的可靠性和波形检测的完整性。详细介绍了雷电流在线检测系统的设计与实现,来检测雷电流的波形、幅值、极性、雷击杆塔号及雷击时间等。最后,用C++编写终端上位机,并通过实验验证了检测系统的实用性。     

基于罗氏线圈和CEEMDAN的雷电流波形测量方法

浪涌保护器中嵌入雷电流波形测量模块为其老化分析提供了数据支撑。针对目前浪涌保护器中雷电流测量存在不能记录完整电流波形、噪声较大的问题,通过分析雷电流波形的时频特性,设计由罗氏线圈传感器、低噪声宽带放大、单端转差分、高速模数转换器和现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）等组成的雷电流波形测量系统。FPGA完成采集信号的处理、数据的缓存发送以及雷击计数等功能。通过差分电路和自适应噪声完备集合经验模态分解相结合的方法减小噪声对雷电流波形的影响,采用阈值与斜率联合触发方式,提高雷电流冲击次数计数的准确度。利用雷电防护实验室的雷电流组合波发生器对系统和去噪方法进行了实验测试,结果表明,系统能完整精确地记录雷电流波形,峰值1~10 kA范围内雷电流采集无漏触发现象,峰值的最大测量误差为1.27%,半峰值到达时间的测量误差≤0.2 μs,前峰平均坡度测量误差≤2.04%。系统将推动浪涌保护器的智能化发展,并为雷电研究提供数据支撑。     

电流瞬态波形的测量

应用霍耳电流传感器取样进行触点灯泡负载或适中等检验中的电流瞬态波形测量,解决了传统的取样电阻法容易改变负载特性或因信号太弱使外界干扰信号明显而难以测量的问题;解决了互感器法只能测交流、不能测直流的问题。给出了可操作的适中试验电路。     

染污绝缘子污闪全过程泄漏电流波形及谐波特性分析

污闪是高压输电线污秽绝缘子沿面放电的极端结果,要预防污闪必须及时准确地做出表面污秽度的预测。为此,针对泄漏电流与绝缘子表面污秽度之间的紧密联系,基于污闪发展全过程的3区段思想,通过反复的实验测试,研究污秽沿面放电全过程中泄漏电流的3区段典型波形,提取出波形的区段变化特性;利用频域谐波分析方法,揭示出污闪过程中3区段泄漏电流的主要谐波成分的变化特点和规律;利用系统波形畸变率来分析波形质量的原理,建立了污闪发展全过程泄漏电流波形的畸变率,确立了3区段波形畸变率的变化范围。研究表明,电流波形、谐波以及波形畸变率都是泄漏电流特性很好的描述参量,这些特性参量的变化规律与绝缘子片数、污秽度和绝缘子形状等参量无关,具有可推性和一致性。实验分析证明,泄漏电流波形、谐波以及波形畸变率从图形和量值两方面出发,可以为污闪区段预警提供更明确的理论指导,有利于更清晰地建立污闪预警系统。     

雷电流的跟踪测量

介绍了以单片机为主控 CPU的雷电流跟踪测量装置 ,简述其工作过程、硬件构成、软件设计。该装置通过罗哥夫斯基线圈作为传感器进行信号采集 ,然后通过一系列的模拟电路和数字电路实现对雷电流幅值的记录和存储等。装置能实施多点测量 ,大容量记录 ,长时间连续工作研究应用表明 ,该雷电流跟踪测量装置工作可靠、成本低廉 ,具有一定的实用价值。     

雷电流全参数及避雷器状态在线监测研究

为给分析判断雷击线路杆塔号、雷击形式及实现快速定位提供充分的依据,研究了一种雷击输电线路和避雷针的雷电流全参数在线监测系统,采用罗氏电流传感器和前置机,配合GPRS公共平台远端传输接收数据,首次得到了雷击杆塔的电流波形、幅值、极性和雷击点位置。此外,还研究了线路用带间隙避雷器的运行寿命和配网避雷器运行状态的在线监测指示器,其中采用大电流通过次数的计数方法以确定带间隙避雷器的剩余寿命,设计的状态指示器的起始动作电流<100A,大电流时能可靠动作,告警和吊牌复位机构满足可靠性要求。配网避雷器采用阻性电流分量作为检测对象,当检测到的阻性电流达到设定阈值时,装置将自动发出双重故障指示。在多个变电站实际运行的结果表明:该装置动作可靠、标识明确、使用方便,减少了检修和停电导致的经济损失,提高了配电网的供电可靠性。     

阻性终端对雷电电流的影响

以VDTC(Yariable Discharge Time Constant—变化的放电时间常数雷电回击摸型)雷电通道模型为基础，衍生出仿真雷电通道的等效电路，由此电路仿真出相应的雷电电流放形，此波形与原始雷电流波形特征参数较吻合；利用此等效电路进行仿真计算，探讨阻性终端对雷电电流的影响。研究结果表明，阻性终端对雷电电流具有一定的抑制作用。     

High‐current lightning discharges in winter

Lightning electric‐field waveforms related to power line faults in winter have been identified. Most of those waveforms appear to be associated with upward lightning discharges with absolute peak currents of over 100 kA. They are quite different from common return‐stroke waveforms, and the lightning discharges which produce these characteristic waveforms are called GC (Ground to Cloud) flashes. These high‐current lightning discharges are distributed around the coastline in different ways depending on their polarities. The spatial distributions of high‐current lightning discharges around Japan are also investigated. It is revealed that the region of Honshu Island along the coastline of the Sea of Japan belongs to the area in which the density of high‐current lightning flashes is the highest in Japan through the year. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(1): 8–15, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20874     

Study of lightning current by remanent magnetization

A study of remanent magnetization is made at the areas of lightning strikes. In the case of triggered lightning (Okushishiku, Hokuriku district), the magnetic direction of the specimens shows a clockwise rotation pattern around the point of lightning strike. At an archaeological site in Miyagi Prefecture, an anticlockwise pattern of the magnetic direction was detected. These results indicate that a stable remanent magnetization is acquired by the strong magnetic field induced surrounding the lightning current, both in negative and positive lightning flashes. Also, a detailed analysis of magnetization clarifies the electric current flow underground caused by the lightning. The study of remanent magnetization will become a useful method to elucidate the path of the lightning current. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 123(4): 41–47, 1998     

Characteristics of lightning surges observed at 77 kV substations

In order to improve power supply reliability, it is necessary to prevent lightning faults in transmission lines and substation apparatus. However, faults are caused occasionally in lower-voltage power systems, particularly at the 77 kV level. The governing factor for insulation strength of substation apparatus is the lightning impulse voltage, and it is necessary to know the voltage level and distribution in a substation caused by lightning surges in order to investigate rational insulation coordination. For this purpose, the authors measured lightning surges at two 77 kV conventional substations from 1990 to 1993. In this paper, the characteristics of induced lightning surges and back flashover lightning surges are described. Comparisons of related surge voltages at two substations, the power line phases in grounding faults, and the equivalent capacitance of the substations are also discussed.     

Insulation characteristics of CO2 gas for nonstandard lightning impulse oscillations: Evaluation method of nonstandard lightning impulse waveform for CO2 gas insulation

SF₆ gas is widely used in electric power apparatus such as gas‐insulated switchgears (GIS), because of its superior dielectric properties; however, it has been identified as a greenhouse gas at COP3 in 1997, and alternative insulation gases to SF₆ have recently been investigated. One of the candidates is CO₂ gas, which has lower global warming potential (GWP). However, CO₂ gas has a lower withstand voltage level than SF₆ gas; therefore, it is necessary to rationalize the equipment insulation level and reexamine the insulating test voltage for electric power apparatus as low as possible. From our previous investigation, in SF₆ gas insulation system, we obtained that the insulation requirements of the real surges (called nonstandard lightning impulse waveform) are not as severe as those of the standard lightning impulse waveform. This paper describes the evaluation method for real surges, based on insulation characteristics of CO₂ gas gaps. Furthermore, the method was applied to typical field overvoltage waveform in the lightning surge time region for 500‐kV systems and it is obtained that the equivalent peak value of the standard lightning impulse waveform is possibly reduced by 10 to 15%. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(3): 1– 9, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20560     

220 kV新杭线Ⅰ回路27年雷电流幅值实测结果的技术分析

根据220 kV新杭线Ⅰ回路全线1962—1988年实测得到的716次雷击记录,分析了该线雷击闪络原因,求得了绕击率和雷击跳闸率;并根据雷击跳闸率的变化和雷电流在杆塔中的分流情况,说明改进防雷措施。根据全线雷击点位置的统计确定了多雷区和易击点,为该线有重点、有选择性地加强防雷措施提供了实测依据。此外,还对这些实测数据进行分类统计,得到了该线雷电流幅值累积概率分布等雷电自然参数。     

闪电定位仪观测结果的修订分析

对江苏省电力部门和江苏省气象部门的两种不同闪电定位系统记录的地闪资料统计分析,发现电力部门的闪电观测记录明显比气象部门的多,而二者变化趋势基本一致,介绍了经采用剔除不可靠观测记录以及用回击、电流处理方法修正处理后的两套系统探测数据的对比分析发现,电力部门和气象部门的闪电记录相差很小,有关南京地区的闪电月分布、日分布、闪电密度空间分布大抵相符,表明这种对观测结果进行修正的方法是有效的,有利于双方资料的共享与互补。     

雷电流参数实时测量系统设计

设计了一种雷电流参数实时测量系统。首先,介绍磁带测量雷电流参数的机理。然后,利用单片机对磁带机进行控制,实现对雷电流的实时测量,并利用GPRS无线通信网络、Internet通信网络实现雷电流参数的远程传输。最后,采用VisualC＋＋编写数据监控中心软件,对测量模块传送来的信息进行处理,得出雷电流的幅值、陡度。实验证明,该系统能对大范围、区域性的雷电流参数进行测量,同时能够快速定位雷击点、准确掌握雷电活动规律、对雷害实施有效的监测和预警,具有一定的工程实用价值。     

雷击建筑物时的雷电流分布研究

建立了雷电流、雷电防护系统、配电变压器等配电网络的模型，利用国际通用的电磁暂态分析程序EMTP研究了TT系统（一种典型的低压与电系统）在遭受雷击时，雷电流在TT系统中的分布。并研究了单相和三相供电、不同波形的雷电流、传输线的线路阻抗对雷电流分布的影响。     

Rocket‐triggered lightning current waveforms in winter and investigation of extra‐fast current change

Since 1986, the authors have been taking part in triggered lightning experiments in winter, at Okushishiku, Ishikawa, for the purpose of observing the entire lightning current waveforms with coaxial shunt resistors and an electro‐optical measuring system. Extra‐fast current changes of the order of 1,000 kA/μs were recognized by sharp pulse records superposed on the positive current waveform obtained by a shunt resistor of relatively high residual inductance. This was not the case with a resistor of lower inductance. Furthermore, a positive lightning current waveform which looks like the composite result of bi‐polar discharges has been observed by an advanced measuring system of high performance. This paper deals with these current‐related topics of triggered lightning discharges, which will be analyzed hereafter in detail. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(2): 18–23, 1999