瞬变电磁在找水中的应用

根据瞬变电磁感应的基本原理,采用同线排列、动源测量的装置,利用不接地回线发送瞬变电流方波的方法对内蒙古乌拉特中旗某饮用水井进行测量,从视电阻率剖面图上发现:该水井是从平行状高阻体中间的断层伸入地下含水层,含水层与围岩区分明显,水流均匀,水量较大,水量不受季节性影响.同时,采用50 m×50 m线框对石嘴山某故障水井进行测量,从视电阻率剖面图上发现:由于该水井处于黄土沉积层中,地下泥沙含量较大,长期抽水致使泥沙沉积井底,导致该水井无法正常抽水,并非地下水源干涸.在对已知水井视电阻率剖面图分析的基础上总结出地下水存在时,视电阻剖面图的一些规律:①可利用的地下水应有顶板,即水层上部应有高阻体盖层,或围岩应为高阻体;②低阻体应有一定的规模,以水平状低阻体为宜;③低阻体产状变化较大或较陡立时,在含水层应有团块状低阻体存在,且该类水源受季节性影响较大,一般水量较小.根据上述规律,利用地下不同介质的导电性差异和视电阻率的变化来分析、推测地下水存在的可能性,为找水提供有用的信息.     

二维横向不均匀性对频率域电阻率测深的影响

当地表或地下存在异常体时,电性的横向不均匀性会导致视电阻率测深曲线产生畸变。为了揭示横向不均匀性对频率域电阻率测深影响的规律,首先根据高频平面电磁波的趋肤效应,计算出异常体正上方测点测深曲线受电阻率横向不均匀性影响的起始工作频率,然后利用有限元法对含低阻体的二维模型进行正演计算,总结了横向不均匀性对视电阻率测深曲线的畸变特征。研究结果表明,地下介质的横向不均匀性影响与极化模式、异常体属性(厚度、宽度、电阻率)、频率相关。     

垂直线源井—地电阻率法三维有限元模拟

详细推导了垂直线源的正常电位及其异常电位的变分问题,再利用有限单元法正演模拟了当地下存在三维低阻异常体时地下半空间的电场分布,计算并绘制了过井口主测线上视电阻率剖面图。正演结果显示线源供电测量方式能较好地显示异常体的水平投影位置和埋深,达到分辨异常体的目的。实际工作中,可利用钻杆作为线源供电,通过动态观测地面电位的变化,计算视电阻率,判断地下异常体的位置。     

时间域谱激电法地-井观测响应数值模拟

针对地面激发-井中观测方式所得时间域谱激电响应开展研究.应用Gaver-Stehfest(G-S)逆拉氏变换法对Cole-Cole模型进行频率-时间转换,对比解析解与数字滤波解验证有效性,计算不同时刻和谱参数条件的极化电阻率;基于等效电阻率原理,采用有限差分法实现不同充电时刻地下激电场的数值模拟;建立含有典型极化体的三维地电模型,对不同参数条件的地-井方位观测方式所得时变响应进行正演模拟和视物性参数换算分析.结果表明:随时间变化的地-井观测响应及视电阻率、视充电率换算结果可反映目标体在不同观测时间的极化状态,不同谱参数的目标体所产生的时变响应存在差异;适当物性前提和观测条件下,通过时变响应曲线剖面和数值可识别不同类型极化体;改善观测条件可获得更强的异常响应,以更好的反映时间谱特征.     

电阻率超前探测监测隧道冷冻法施工效果的可行性分析

采用有限单元法对隧道电阻率超前探测进行数值模拟,研究冷冻法施工前后,地下水变化导致的电阻率超前探测视电阻率改变。冷冻法未完成时,超前探测视电阻率为低阻异常;冷冻法完成后,超前探测视电阻率为高阻异常。结果表明,电阻率超前探测可以准确监测隧道冷冻法的施工效果。     

电阻率剖面法对称四极装置视电阻率曲线分析

各向同性均匀半空间中球体异常的电阻率对称四极剖面法视电阻率曲线,当极距较大时,低阻球体正上方会出现一个极小值,高阻球体正上方会出现极大值,前人文献基本上是这样描述的。但是当供电极距减小到2.5倍球体半径以下时,类似偶极装置的视电阻率曲线,低阻球体在球心地面映射点不会出现极小值,而是出现一个局部极大值,视电阻率最小值在球心两侧对称出现;高阻球体在球心地面映射点上不会出现极大值,而是出现一个局部极小值,视电阻率最大值在球心两侧对称出现。     

用相对视电阻率差确定砂层出水量

利用生产上常用的“四极对称电阻率测深法”和我们研究成功的新方法“五极垂向电位测深法”测得地下相同深度的相对视电阻率差值,它在数值上恰好等于砂层出水率q.(m~3/h·m·m);利用砂层“相对视电阻率差”曲线异常面积可准确可靠地确定机井单位出水量q(m~3/h·m),进而可计算出机井单井出水量 Q(m~3/h).解决了以往“物探找水”只能测定地下水水质而不能确定出水量这一长期未解决的课题.“相对视电阻率差”曲线还可以准确确定地下水埋藏深度,能够较详细地划分地层剖面.     

基于深度学习SSD算法的高密度电法智能解译方法技术研究

高密度电法在探测灰岩区地下溶洞病害体方面得到广泛应用,但高密度电法反演结果依赖于初始模型,存在多解性,地质解译容易受专业人员主观因素影响。为此,本文从具有唯一性的视电阻率数据出发,研究了基于深度学习的SSD(Single Shot Multi-box Detector)目标检测算法的视电阻率异常智能解译方法技术。针对岩溶地质病害,设计了不同填充类型、形状、规模、数量的溶洞电性异常模型,利用Res2dmod软件进行视电阻率正演计算,构建了包含1 400个样本的高密度电法视电阻率智能解译学习样本库(样本和标签)。基于TensorFlow框架,建立了基于深度学习SSD算法的高密度电法视电阻率异常智能解译方法技术,使用学习样本库训练网络权值,训练结束后对高密电法温纳装置视电阻率异常进行智能解译,单个视电阻率剖面异常智能解译耗时不到1 s,各类目标(填充型溶洞、未填充型溶洞)平均准确率为90.68%。研究结果表明：基于SSD算法的高密度电法视电阻率异常智能解译技术可显著提高高密度电法视电阻率解译效率,避免专业人员主观因素影响。     

近矿围岩充电法中不同参数异常规律的理论研究

以点源电流场中的体极化球体为例,通过理论计算总结出当充电点位于地面不同位置和地下不同深度时,不同参数的剖面和平面异常分布规律：一次场电位和电位梯度参数反映矿体能力很差,而纯异常和视电阻率参数反映能力较强;二次场的电位参数反映能力较差,而电位梯度和视极化率参数反映能力较强。因此在实际工作中应重视整理反映能力较强的各参数的资料;另外,充电点位置不同,对反映能力较强参数的异常大小和分布特征等均有所影响。因此在条件允许情况下,适当选择充电点位置对提高找矿效果有重要意义。     

高密度电法λ参数在探测基岩低阻异常中的应用

高密度电阻率法是利用岩(矿)石电学性质的差异为基础的一种电法勘探方法,其应用范围十分广泛,可在工程、资源勘探方面应用,近年来在城市基岩勘探工作中应用频繁。本文用高密度电阻率法中的三极(联合剖面)装置,在探测基岩中进行模拟实验。三极装置是一种测深方法,具有探测深度大的特点,能较准确地反映基岩面的起伏情况,但对基岩中的低阻体反映不佳。利用视比值参数λ可以较准确地反映高阻基岩中的低阻异常。     

Water abundance of mine floor limestone by simulation experiment

The water abundance of mine floor limestone needs to be solved urgently as the average depth of coal mining in China has increased gradually. A method is presented to discuss water abundance with the numerical and physical layered geoelectrical model being established in the half-space, full-space and full-space with tunnel, respectively. The parameters of water abundance are changed in this study, which includes water quantity, water content and volume of abnormity of water-containing abnormity. Results indicate that the different work fields have different macroscopic influences on the apparent resistivity,and the water abundance parameters of water-containing abnormity have quantitative relationship with the apparent resistivity mean in abnormal regions(three-dimensional space region). The quantitative relationships are shown as following: firstly, the amount of water injection has negative linear correlation with the apparent resistivity mean; secondly, when abnormity is unsaturated, there is a negative power function relationship between water content and apparent resistivity mean; thirdly, the volume of abnormity and apparent resistivity mean behave as a decreasing power function law.     

利用纵向电导进行一维直流电测深直接反演

根据DarZarrouk曲线与视电阻率曲线基本重合的性质,以及纵向电导和横向电阻的概念,推导出一种利用视电阻率曲线直接反演垂向电阻率分布的方法。把大地表示为一维层状均匀模型,每个极距对应一个深度,深度之间地层电阻率不变,把某个深度之上的横向电阻率和纵向电阻率用对应的视电阻率代替。公式中不用求对数,只需简单的运算即可把视电阻率随极距变化的曲线直接转换为电阻率随深度变化的曲线。算例表明,本方法能反演复杂的一维模型,可以为进一步的精确反演提供初始模型。     

大功率TEM法在锡铁山矿区深边部找矿中的应用效果

锡铁山铅锌矿区大功率TEM法深边部找矿研究发现,除少数异常在老地层上以外,几乎所有的异常均在滩间山群上。03线2 942 m标高走向坑道勘探发现了隐伏Ⅳ矿带片岩型矿床,与2000年发现的TEM异常吻合,从而明确了TEM法在锡铁山深边部找矿的指导意义。TEM响应电位异常曲线反映规则低阻形体的异常特征,如陡产状厚板状低阻体的双峰盖帽特征、缓产状板状低阻体的箱形或似箱形特征等,构成低阻形体的物理模型。勘探验证结果是铅锌矿体与近矿局部炭质层和黄铁矿体组成的宏观低阻形体,可视为矿床的地质模型。这两个模型是客观存在事物的两个侧面表现,它为识别矿致异常提供了科学依据。     

Effects of silica fume and steel fiber on chloride ion penetration and corrosion behavior of cement-based composites

This project was aimed to evaluate the chloride permeability and corrosion behavior of cement-based composites which comprised fibers and silica fume in the mixes. Resistivity, polarization resistance, ponding and rapid chloride penetration results of specimens were obtained through tests. Test results indicate that resistivity, open circuit potentials and direct current polarization of specimens with w/b ratio of 0.35 are higher than those of specimens with w/b ratio of 0.55. For length-diameter ratio of 65, resistivity and direct current polarization of specimens with fiber length of 35 mm were similar to those of 60 mm. In addition, the open circuit potentials of specimens with fiber length of 60 mm were slightly higher that those of 35 mm. The resistivity decreased with increasing steel fiber content, and the open circuit potential and direct current polarization increased with increasing steel fiber content. The specimens containing silica fume were found to provide higher resistivity, open circuit potentials and direct current polarization than the control specimens. The incorporation of steel fiber and silica fume in composites achieved more significantly decreases in resistivity and increases in direct current polarization than steel fiber composites or silica fume composites. The penetration depth and six-hour total charge passed of specimens for w/b ratio of 0.35 were lower than those for w/b ratio of 0.55. For length-diameter ratio of 65, the penetration depth of specimens for fiber length of 35 mm was similar to that of 60 mm. The penetration depth decreased with increased steel fiber content in the composites. By regression analysis, a good correlation between open circuit potential and direct current polarization, and chloride penetration depth and direct current polarization.     

非无穷远三极剖面法在新疆F油田的试验效果

非无穷远三极剖面法是一种能在地面直接圈定油气藏边界范围的新型直流电阻率勘探方法,它以油气藏与围岩之间的电阻率差异为依据,其理论基础是等位面与电流线处处正交。在新疆F油田做了非无穷远三极剖面法的野外试验。试验结果表明,该方法能够有效地发现那些与围岩具有明显电阻率差异,其规模相对埋深足够大的各种类型油气藏,可以比较准确地圈定其边界范围,确定油气层的埋藏深度,在一定条件下还可较准确地划分复杂异常中单个含油砂体油水分界面。这次试验为非无穷远三极剖面法在新疆乃至其他地区的推广应用积累了宝贵经验。已显示出其良好的推广应用前景。     

Analytical model and application of stress distribution on mining coal floor

Given the analysis of underground pressure, a stress calculation model of coal floor stress has been established based on a theory of elasticity. The model presents the law of stress distribution on the relatively fixed position of the mining coal floor: the extent of stress variation in a fixed floor position decreases gradually along with depth, the decreasing rate of the vertical stress is clearly larger than that of the horizontal stress at a specific depth. The direction of the maximum principal stress changes gradually from a vertical direction to a horizontal direction with the advance of the working face. The deformation and permeability of the rock mass of the coal floor are obtained by contrasting the difference of the principal stress established from theoretical calculations with curves of stress-strain and permeability-strain from tests, which is an important mechanical basis for preventing water inrush from confined aquifers.     

电测深法各装置形式之探测效果研究

选取2-5层水平层状地电模型,采用不同的电阻率和深度组合,正演了四极、三极、偶极、五极纵轴和微分五种装置的电测深曲线.结果发现,对同一水平层状地电模型,五种装置的测深曲线无任何实质性差异,亦即它们的探测效果不可能有实质性差异。这一结论与有些学者所持的微分测深装置具有独特探测效果一说强烈冲突,谨希望能引起业内同仁的注意与探讨。     

直流电阻率法检测垂直铺膜深度问题研究

为了研究垂直铺塑防渗工程防渗膜检测中不同铺膜深度的电测深曲线特性,通过室内试验对若干组饱和砂土层垂直铺设不同深度防渗膜的简化模型运用直流电阻率法进行测量。结果表明,膜上土表处测点垂直膜走向测线的电测深曲线在每一层土的探测范围内表现出等梯度变化的特征,且各段的梯度与膜的铺设位置有密切的对应关系。     

Early-age Electrical Resistivity and Reactive Capacity of Mineral Admixtures in Mortars

1 IntroductionPozzolanic capacity of mineral admixture in concreteis usually tested by direct reaction with Ca(OH)2whilemonitoringthe consumption of lime (or strength develop-ment) .In theory,it is possible to completely react withall the calcium hydroxide , but this happens in practiceinfrequently.Some standards for methods ,among whichthere are chemical analysis and physical tests ,are devel-opedin some countries to allowaccurate characterizationof pozzolanic materials[1-3].And crrently,th…