射频等离子体活性水处理对火腿发色的影响

探讨射频等离子体活性水（radio frequency plasma activated water,RF-PAW）处理对肌红蛋白颜色及火腿发色的影响,对比亚硝酸钠溶液与RF-PAW的发色效果以及这2 种发色剂用于火腿发色后亚硝酸盐的残留量。结果表明,等离子体处理6 min以内得到的PAW,不会对高铁肌红蛋白（metmyoglobin,metMb）的颜色产生显著影响,会使氧合肌红蛋白逐渐氧化成metMb,颜色由鲜红色变为红棕色;肉眼观察发现,采用RF-PAW、亚硝酸盐溶液（nitrite,NI）作为亚硝酸盐来源来腌制火腿,都能使新鲜猪肉发色,且RF-PAW腌制的火腿发色效果更好,RF-PAW中的活性物质并未对火腿发色造成不良影响;色差分析结果显示,PAW腌制出的火腿有更高的a*、C*值以及更低的b*值,色素含量测定显示,PAW处理的火腿具有更高的亚硝化肌红蛋白色素百分比（43.52%）,说明PAW腌制比NI腌制形成更多的亚硝化肌红蛋白色素,使火腿的红色更深;通过亚硝酸盐残留测定发现,NI腌制的火腿亚硝酸盐残留量为54.45 mg/kg,而PAW腌制的火腿亚硝酸盐残留量为52.79 mg/kg,均小于国标限量值70 mg/kg。该研究结果为肉品低温等离子体保鲜与腌制技术的工程化应用提供理论基础和科学指导。     

五香牛肉复合低硝腌制剂的研究

为降低亚硝酸钠在五香牛肉中的添加量及残留量,采用天然色素部分代替亚硝酸钠的发色作用,配合使用异Vc钠和乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)代替亚硝酸钠的抗氧化及防腐作用。通过单因素试验及正交试验,以红度值a~*、亚硝酸钠残留量、脂肪氧化值(硫代巴比妥酸值TBARS)、菌落总数作为评价指标,与亚硝酸钠腌制的产品作对比,研究适合五香牛肉的低硝腌制剂配比。结果显示,添加高粱红0. 032%、红曲红0. 022%、甜菜红0. 004%,配合使用亚硝酸钠0. 006%、异Vc钠0. 035%、Nisin0. 01%,产品的色度、抗氧化性及抑菌效果与亚硝酸钠腌制产品相比均无显著差异(p 0. 05),而亚硝酸钠残留量下降了46. 2%。该复合低硝腌制剂应用于五香牛肉的腌制是可行的。     

影响腌制雪里蕻亚硝酸盐含量的因素研究

采用不同温度、不同盐浓度、不同酸性环境和细菌污染,添加姜汁、Vc等辅料腌制雪里蕻,探讨雪里蕻菜腌制过程中亚硝酸盐含量的变化规律。结果表明,食盐浓度低,亚硝酸盐生成快,腌制到第10 d,亚硝酸盐含量达到最大值;温度高（25℃）,＂亚硝峰＂生成早,亚硝酸盐含量比低温（10℃）时要低;添加了姜汁和Vc的腌雪里蕻菜亚硝酸盐含量低于对照;细菌污染使亚硝酸盐含量升高;高酸环境能促使亚硝酸盐的降解。     

呼吸滚揉技术对牛肉腌制效果的影响

研究以新鲜牛肉为对象,采用不同条件的呼吸式滚揉腌制技术,对比普通真空滚揉,通过对牛肉腌制过程中色泽、发色率及亚硝酸盐渗透深度等指标的测定,研究呼吸式滚揉对牛肉腌制效果的影响。结果表明,呼吸滚揉能明显改变牛肉的亮度值L*及红度值a*,提高最终发色率并加快腌制液成分的渗透速度,有效缩短腌制时间。在一定范围内,增大呼吸滚揉加压时的压力可提高腌制效果。     

复合护色助剂对牛肉制品亚硝酸盐残留和色泽的控制技术

以牛肉为研究对象,分析不同护色助剂处理后其制品中亚硝酸盐残留量和色度值的变化,比较不同护色助剂对牛肉制品安全和色泽的控制效果。结果显示:复合护色助剂茶多酚300 mg·kg~(-1),D-异抗坏血酸钠750mg·kg~(-1)与抗坏血酸360 mg·kg~(-1)、内酯450 mg·kg~(-1)合用,制成的牛肉亚硝酸盐残留量最少,即14.78 mg·kg~(-1)。复合护色助剂腌制的牛肉在L*,a*和b*值上与对照组没有显著性差别(p0.05)。随着贮藏时间的延长,二者的L*,a*和b*值都没有发生太大的变化。试验表明,使用复合护色助剂腌制的牛肉其色泽能够达到传统腌制方法的效果,并且在货架期内色泽稳定性较好。     

复合无硝腌制剂在乳化香肠中的应用效果研究

研究一种由多种添加剂复合而成的无硝腌制剂对乳化香肠的腌制效果。与使用亚硝酸钠的传统腌制方法相比,添加此复合无硝腌制剂腌制后的乳化香肠在色度、抗氧化性、质构和感官品质方面均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,而在贮藏期间其菌落总数和亚硝酸钠残留量显著（P〈0．05）降低,说明其能够延长乳化香肠的货架期,提高食用安全性。结果表明,此种复合无硝腌制剂取代亚硝酸钠应用于乳化香肠的腌制过程是可行的。     

硝酸盐亚硝酸盐的讨论与应用

当前，肉制品加工单纯采用硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐作为发色腌制剂已发展为改善风味、促进色泽、提高品质的一个重要环节，并将继续地深入探索。在腌制剂使用方面，有的生产者较为模糊，不论品种、产品、生产周期、腌制时间以及加工环境等，一律采用亚硝酸盐作为发色腌制剂，这是不正确的，应有所区别。有的人认为，硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐可致畸、致癌，因此对加工后的肉制品采用不食状态，也是不正确的。     

超声波处理对牛肉腌制速度的影响

研究超声波辅助处理对牛肉腌制速度的影响。用超声波分别对腌制肉进行不同时间处理,利用亚硝酸盐的发色作用,以测定亚硝酸钠的渗透深度作为测量指标。结果表明:超声波处理辅助腌制牛肉可以加快腌制液的渗透速度,缩短腌制时间,并且随着超声处理时间的延长,作用更加明显;另外,超声波处理辅助腌制还可以使腌制液均匀的向肌肉组织渗透,达到均匀腌制效果。     

蛋黄粉在香肠中的发色应用研究

以蛋黄粉作为肉制品发色剂,研究蛋黄粉对香肠色香味及亚硝酸盐残留量的影响。通过单因素试验和优选试验法,得出蛋黄粉和亚硝酸钠的最佳配比。结果表明在其他辅助添加剂不变的情况下,蛋黄粉添加量10g/kg、亚硝酸钠添加量为0.01g/kg时,可得到发色效果好且亚硝酸盐残留量极低的低硝香肠。     

亚硝基血红蛋白(HbNO)的合成制取及其应用于香肠中降低NO2-残留量的研究

对亚硝基血红蛋白(HbNO)的合成制取条件进行了研究.并对制得的亚硝基血红蛋白代替NaNO2或NaNO3应用於香肠等肉制品中进行试验,呈色效果良好,产品色泽鲜亮,稳定持久,风味独特,NO2残留量为1.75×10-6,有效降低了肉制品中NNO2残留量,达到了低硝的目的,有效地保证了肉制品安全性.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the