C+10重芳烃催化加氢脱烷基反应研究

用等体积浸渍法制备了单层分散的MoO₃/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂。以C⁺₁₀重芳烃为原料,用固定床反应器考察了所制备的催化剂加氢脱烷基性能。研究表明,MoO₃/γ-Al₂O₃是C⁺₁₀重芳烃加氢脱烷基反应的高活性催化剂,并考察该催化剂在不同工艺条件下的加氢脱烷基性能。在反应温度（550～575） ℃、压力5 MPa、空速（1.0 ～1.5） h^-1和氢烃物质的量比为7～10条件下,C⁺₁₀重芳烃转化率达67%以上,C^-₉芳烃的选择性超过80%。100 h的性能评价结果表明,该催化剂具有较好的稳定性。     

反应条件对Ni-Mo/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂上噻吩加氢脱硫的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶技术，从Al₂O₃载体的表面改性出发，制备了TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体，用此改性载体制备了NiMo/TiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂；在中压固定床微反装置上考察了反应条件对噻吩加氢脱硫活性的影响。结果表明，在反应温度260～270 ℃、氢分压3.0 MPa、空速3.0～5.0 h^－1及氢油体积比480～550条件下，噻吩的转化率可达100％。     

二氧化碳加氢合成二甲醚CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSM-5型催化剂的研究

以乙醇为溶剂，草酸作沉淀剂，采用共沉淀浸渍法制备了性能优良的二氧化碳加氢合成二甲醚催化剂(CuO-ZnO-Al₂O₃/HZSM-5)，在245℃、2.0MPa、2400h-1、H₂/CO₂=2.79的条件下，CO2转化率达22.61%，二甲醚选择性为45.90%，甲醇选择性为14.81%，含氧化合物收率为13.73%。对CuO-ZnO-Al₂O₃/HZSM-5催化剂进行了反应条件及活性稳定性的初步考察。     

Al2O3对AlPO4催化剂的结构及其缩醛化反应活性的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了系列AlPO₄-Al₂O₃催化剂,利用XRD、TG-DTA、NH₃-TPD和催化剂评价等方法,研究了制备条件对催化剂结构和缩醛化反应催化性能的影响,结果表明,Al₂O₃的存在不仅能提高AlPO4的热稳定性,而且可以调节催化剂的表面酸性性能。在适宜的缩醛化反应条件下,400 ℃焙烧和Al₂O₃质量分数为15%的AlPO₄-Al₂O₃催化剂样品具有较好的催化活性,1,2-丙二醇转化率达28.1%,AlPO₄-Al₂O₃催化剂的缩醛化反应活性与表面弱酸中心的酸量成顺变关系。     

NiMo/ZrO2-Al2O3柴油深度加氢脱硫催化剂的研究

以ZrOCl₂·8H₂O和Al₂O₃为原料,采用包覆法制备了一系列不同ZrO₂含量的ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体,并用等体积浸渍法负载活性金属,制备了相应的NiMo/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃加氢脱硫催化剂,以柴油为原料考察了催化剂的加氢脱硫活性,利用XRD、N₂吸附和UV-Vis DRS等技术对催化剂及载体的基本物性进行了表征。结果表明,在催化剂载体中引入适量的ZrO2,保持了Al₂O₃载体的孔道结构,降低了活性金属和载体的相互作用,有利于提高催化剂的柴油加氢脱硫活性,当载体中ZrO₂质量分数为10%时,催化剂表现出最高的催化活性,脱硫率达99.25%,产品中硫低于10 μg·g^－1,满足柴油欧-Ⅳ的硫含量标准。     

V2O5/TiO2基SCR脱硝催化剂的制备及其催化性能

采用纳米TiO₂为催化剂载体原料,V₂O₅为催化剂,通过混合、球磨、干燥和焙烧等工艺制备选择性催化还原脱硝法催化剂,研究了催化剂的制备工艺和催化性能。通过差热分析研究催化剂的相变和烧结温度,通过模拟烟气分析装置表征催化剂的催化性能。结果表明,加入V₂O₅可以提高催化性能,以6%V₂O₅-94%TiO₂为配方的催化剂对NO的脱除率达97.5%,温度窗口为（300～420） ℃。     

KNaHC4H4O6·4H2O/Al2O3固体碱催化制备生物柴油

采用酒石酸钾钠（KNaHC₄H₄O6·4H₂O）和Al₂O₃制备了负载型KNaHC₄H₄O₆·4H₂O/Al₂O₃固体碱催化剂,将其应用于菜籽油和甲醇的酯交换反应制备生物柴油,并以生物柴油的转化率作为评价其催化活性的指标。分别考察了催化剂制备条件和酯交换反应条件对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,在催化剂用量为菜籽油质量的3.5％、醇油物质的量比为9∶1、反应温度65 ℃和反应时间3 h时,转酯化反应的转化率达96.3%。     

Nb2O5/α-Al2O3催化环氧乙烷水合制乙二醇研究

制备了Nb₂O₅/α-Al₂O₃催化剂并用于环氧乙烷水合制乙二醇反应，研究了反应条件对Nb₂O₅/α-Al₂O₃反应性能的影响，对催化剂的酸性进行了初步研究。在与工业生产乙二醇结果相近的情况下，使用Nb₂O₅/α-Al₂O₃催化剂，反应物床层停留时间由20～30 min缩短为2 min。而1 000 h寿命试验结果表明,该催化剂反应性能稳定，催化剂表征亦说明其具有良好的结构稳定性。     

Co-M/Al2O3上环己烷的选择性氧化研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Co-M/Al₂O₃(M=Cu，Zn，Ni)催化剂。在没有任何有机溶剂或助剂的条件下，研究了以空气为氧化剂的环己烷选择性氧化。所制备四种催化剂的活性为Co-Ni/Al₂O₃ >Co/Al₂O₃ >Co-Zn/Al₂O₃ >Co-Cu/Al₂O₃。在Co-Ni/Al₂O₃中Co、Ni的质量分数分别为4.0%和3.0%时活性最好。以Co-Ni/Al₂O₃为催化剂，在4.5 MPa、443 K下反应120 min，环己烷转化率达9.9%，环己酮和环己醇的总选择性达94.6%，n(酮)∶n(醇)为2.8。Co-Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂连续使用五次后活性基本不变。     

V2O5/Al2O3上异丁烷脱氢反应研究

用浸渍法制备了质量分数为12%V₂O₅/Al₂O₃负载型催化剂，考察了催化剂的活化气氛，反应中异丁烷与氢气的比例和反应温度对异丁烷脱氢活性的影响。结果表明，用N2作活化气，反应中异丁烷与氢气的体积比为1∶1时，在质量分数为12%的V₂O₅/Al₂O₃催化剂上异丁烷脱氢转化率和选择性较好，在625 ℃时，转化率达到52%，选择性为80%。     

高效稳定的铜镍催化剂在草酸二甲酯加氢中的应用

为了探索高效、稳定的草酸二甲酯（DMO）加氢制乙醇酸甲酯（MG）催化剂,采用水热合成法制备Cu-Ni/SiO₂催化剂,探索了不同Cu：Ni摩尔比对于催化剂活性的影响。通过XRD、TEM和XPS等表征,结果表明：利用二氧化硅微球作载体,铜镍物种的分散更加均匀。并且调变不同的Cu：Ni摩尔比,对Cu⁺在催化剂中的比例有一定的影响,从而影响乙醇酸甲酯的收率。在氢酯比为150、反应压力2 MPa、反应温度200℃和液时空速为0.5 h^-1的反应条件下,Cu：Ni摩尔比为1：1时的催化剂Cu₁Ni₁/SiO₂表现出了最好的催化性能,草酸二甲酯的转化率达到90%,乙醇酸甲酯的选择性达到了80%,催化剂能稳定运行100 h。上述结果可为研制催化活性高、选择性强、寿命长、易于生产乙醇酸甲酯的催化剂提供一定的参考。     

Fatty methyl ester hydrogenation to fatty alcohol part I: Correlation between catalyst properties and activity/selectivity

Fatty alcohols, derived from natural sources, are commercially produced by hydrogenation of fatty acids or methyl esters in slurry-phase or fixed-bed reactors. One slurry-phase hydrogenation of methyl ester process flows methyl esters and powdered copper chromite catalyst into tubular reactors under high hydrogen pressure and elevated temperature. In the present investigation, slurry-phase hydrogenations of C₁₂ methyl ester were carried out in semi-batch reactions at nonoptimal conditions (i.e., low hydrogen pressure and elevated temperature). These conditions were used to accentuate the host of side reactions that occur during the hydrogenation. Some 14 side reaction routes are outlined. As an extension of this study, copper chromite catalyst was produced under a number of varying calcination temperatures. Differences in catalytic activity and selectivity were determined by closely following side reaction products. Both activity and selectivity correlate well with the crystallinity of the copper chromite surface; they increase with decreasing crystallinity. The ability to follow the wide variety of side reactions may well provide an additional tool for the optimized design of hydrogenation catalysts.     

Reduction of Vegetable Oil-Derived Fatty Acid Methyl Esters toward Fatty Alcohols without the Supply of Gaseous H2

An alternative route to the conventional one for fatty alcohol synthesis was investigated. It was possible to synthesize lauryl alcohol from methyl laurate via reduction by transfer of hydrogen and hydride in liquid phase, in noncatalytic reactions and without the supply of H₂ gaseous. Pure NaBH₄ or alumina-supported NaBH₄ and methanol were used as co-reactants and 100% fatty alcohol selectivities were achieved. The aim of supporting the metal hydride was to increase its stability and achieve the full recovery of the solid at the end of reaction. When alumina-supported NaBH₄ was used, a final fatty alcohol yield of 93% was achieved. The use of methanol and NaBH₄ in amounts higher than stoichiometric is important to generate alkoxyborohydride anions which act as better reducing species than NaBH₄. The reaction conditions effect was investigated and the role of short carbon chain alcohol structure was elucidated. The effect of fatty acid methyl ester structure was also studied. Fatty acid methyl esters with shorter carbon chain length and without unsaturation (methyl laurate, methyl myristate) were easily reduced using NaBH₄/Al₂O₃ and methanol reaching high conversions and fatty alcohol selectivities. Unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester with longer carbon chain (methyl oleate) introduced steric hindrance which disfavoured interaction between ester and reducing solid surface and fatty acid methyl ester conversion was noticeably lower. A reaction mechanism based on alkoxyborohydride anions as the actual reducing species was proposed. This mechanism fully interprets results obtained during fatty acid methyl ester reduction using short carbon chain alcohols and metal hydride.     

铜铬催化剂催化脂肪酸甲酯加氢制备脂肪醇的研究

采用共沉淀法制备了铜铬催化剂并用于催化脂肪酸甲酯加氢反应制备脂肪醇。考察了催化剂种类和用量、反应温度、反应时间和反应压力等因素对反应结果的影响。确定了最佳实验条件,脂肪酸甲酯2.5g,m(铜铬催化剂)∶m(原料)=3∶200,反应温度230℃,氢气压力6MPa,反应时间6h。在该条件下,产物脂肪醇羟值186mgKOH/g,碘值22I2g/100g。另外,该催化剂回收重复利用5次后,脂肪醇的羟基值没有明显降低,具有较好的重复使用性能。     

Hydrogenation of oleochemicals at supercritical single-phase conditions: influence of hydrogen and substrate concentrations on the process

Fatty alcohols can be produced by catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acid methyl esters. This heterogeneous catalytic reaction is normally performed in a multi-phase system. In such a system, with a low hydrogen solubility in the liquid substrate and a large mass transport resistance, the hydrogen concentration at the catalyst is low and limits the reaction rate. To overcome this limitation, we have used the unique properties of supercritical fluids, properties which are in between those of liquids and gases, making them a very suitable medium for reactions. By adding propane to the reaction mixture of hydrogen and fatty acid methyl esters (C₁₈) we have created supercritical single-phase conditions. At these single-phase conditions the concentrations of all the reactants at the catalyst surface can be controlled, and an excess of hydrogen becomes possible. In this way, extremely rapid hydrogenation can be combined with a high product selectivity.

In our lab-scale experiments the catalyst performance was studied as a function of hydrogen concentration, substrate concentration and temperature. Complete conversion of the liquid substrate was reached in a few seconds. As long as single-phase conditions remain, we have, in our experiments, tested up to 15 wt.% substrate, vapor-phase like reaction rates can be maintained. However, at these high substrate concentrations, mass transport becomes important again.

Our results show that performing hydrogenation at supercritical single-phase conditions has a large potential for this and other catalytic processes where the hydrogen concentration at the catalyst is the limiting factor.     

温控钯-膦配合物催化油酸甲酯加氢反应的研究

制备了具有温控功能的膦配体脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚氯化亚磷酸邻苯二酚酯(OPGPP),用FTIR、1HNMR对其结构进行了表征,将其与氯化钯的配合物用于催化油酸甲酯的加氢反应。考察了反应时间、反应温度、氢气压力、催化剂用量对反应的影响。在反应温度200℃,氢气压力7MPa,PdCl2用量为油酸甲酯质量的0.12%,n(PdCl2)∶n(OPGPP)=1∶10,反应时间4h的较佳反应条件下,加氢产物的羟值为114,碘值为25。对催化剂的重复使用性能进行了考察,该催化体系不经处理重复使用4次后,所得产物的羟值、碘值分别为102和27。     

Effects of partial hydrogenation, epoxidation, and hydroxylation on the fuel properties of fatty acid methyl esters

The properties of biodiesel depend on the chemical structure of individual fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). In this work the chemical structure of fatty acid chains was modified by catalytic hydrogenation, epoxidation and hydroxylation under controlled conditions. Hydrolysis of ester functionality or oxidation of fatty acid chain was not observed during these reactions. The properties of hydrogenated FAME strongly depend on the hydrogenation time. The total saturated fatty acid (SFA) percentage increased from 29.3% to 76.2% after 2 h of hydrogenation. This hydrogenated FAME showed higher oxidation stability and higher cetane number but poor cold flow properties. Formation of trans FAME was observed during hydrogenation. Both hydroxylation and epoxidation resulted in a decrease of unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester (UFA) fraction. The percentages of total unsaturated FAME decreased 39% in the epoxidation reaction and 44% in the hydroxylation reaction. The addition of hydroxyl groups to the unsaturated regions of the fatty acid chain yields biodiesel with better cold flow properties, increased lubricity and slightly increased oxidative stability. However, epoxy FAME shows some interesting properties such as higher oxidation stability, higher cetane number and acceptable cold flow properties, which met the limits of ASTM D6751 biodiesel specifications.     

硫化型NiMo加氢催化剂制备与表征

以四硫代钼酸铵溶液和硝酸镍溶液为浸渍液,根据活性组分Ni和Mo浸渍顺序的不同,采用真空饱和浸渍法制备了MN系列和NM系列 NiMoS/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂。在固定床加氢中试反应装置上研究了NiMoS/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对二苯并噻吩加氢反应的催化性能,结果表明,NiMoS/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对二苯并噻吩加氢反应具有良好的活性和选择性。Ni助剂的加入,有利于二苯并噻吩加氢反应的活性和选择性。MN-0.3为最优NiMoS/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂。在空速10 h^-1、反应压力2.0 MPa、氢油体积比300∶1、氢气预处理温度320 ℃和反应温度300 ℃条件下,催化剂对二苯并噻吩加氢反应转化率达83.9%,加氢反应活性较高。     

Brnsted酸型离子液体[Emim]HSO_4催化酯化反应的研究

以吡啶为探针分子,采用红外光谱对合成的离子液体[Emim]HSO4的酸性进行了表征。以[Emim]HSO4离子液体为催化剂研究了乙酸和乙醇的酯化反应。考察了反应温度、反应时间和离子液体／反应物量比对酯化反应的影响．实验得到的优化反应条件为：反应温度40℃,反应时间1h,离子液体：反应物：1：5时,乙酸的转化率为76．73％,乙酸乙酯的选择性为100％。反应后离子液体易于与反应产物分离。     

乙酸甲酯催化加氢制乙醇工艺

以煤基乙酸下游产品乙酸甲酯为原料, 在Cu-Zn-Al催化剂上加氢制取乙醇, 利用气相色谱仪对产品进行定性、定量分析。分别考察了反应温度、反应压力、乙酸甲酯液时空速、氢气与乙酸甲酯摩尔比等操作因素对乙酸甲酯转化率和目标产物乙醇选择性的影响。实验结果表明, 最佳工艺操作参数为:反应温度240℃, 反应压力8MPa, 乙酸甲酯液相体积空速1h^-1, 氢气与乙酸甲酯的摩尔比9:1。在最优工艺条件下, 乙酸甲酯的单程转化率为95.5%, 目的产物乙醇的选择性为94.6%。液体产品的平衡组成为:甲醇38.12%, 乙醇59.52%, 乙酸甲酯0.86%, 乙酸乙酯1.29%。数据表明:在乙酸甲酯加氢制乙醇反应过程中, Cu-Zn-Al催化剂对羰基加氢的活性较高, 对乙醇具有较高的选择性, 同时能够有效抑制主要副产物乙酸乙酯的生成。