铝源对合成ZSM-5分子筛晶粒大小及形貌的影响

分别采用偏铝酸钠、硫酸铝、异丙醇铝为铝源,四丙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,用水热合成法制备了不同晶粒大小及不同形貌的ZSM-5分子筛.通过XRD、SEM等表征手段对各种锚源合成的分子筛结晶度、晶粒大小及形貌进行了对比分析.结果表明,以偏铝酸钠和异丙醇铝为铝源合成的ZSM-5分子筛晶粒较小,形貌趋于球形,且化学硅铝比与晶化前驱体的硅铝比基本一致;而以硫酸铝为铝源合成的ZSM-5分子筛硅铝比低于投料硅铝比,且晶粒较大.     

不同双模板剂对ZSM-5分子筛催化剂形貌的影响

固定硅源、铝源和水用量,采用复合模板剂,其中一种模板剂为四丙基氢氧化铵,另一种模板剂为有机胺(乙二胺、1,6-己二胺、异丙胺或三乙胺),通过改变第二种模板剂用量和类型,制备系列ZSM-5分子筛催化剂。采用XRD和SEM进行表征,考察不同双模板剂对ZSM-5分子筛催化剂晶体结构和形貌的影响。结果表明,不同双模板剂合成的产物均为纯相ZSM-5分子筛,且具有较高的结晶度,晶粒外形保持不变,但晶粒尺寸有很大差异,顺序为:四丙基氢氧化铵+三乙胺四丙基氢氧化铵+异丙胺四丙基氢氧化铵+1,6-己二胺四丙基氢氧化铵+乙二胺,可见,只改变模板剂种类而不改变硅源、铝源和水的用量,即可合成相对结晶度高、外形相同但晶粒尺寸不同的ZSM-5分子筛催化剂。     

不同晶粒形貌ZSM-5分子筛的表征及催化甲苯歧化反应

制备不同晶粒形貌的ZSM-5分子筛,采用XRD、SEM和NH_3-TPD对合成的分子筛催化剂进行表征,并用于甲苯歧化反应考察其催化性能。结果表明,制备的ZSM-5分子筛具有六角板状、棒状和球状3种晶粒形貌,棒状分子筛暴露较多的(101)晶面,六角板状分子筛暴露较多的(020)晶面,棒状分子筛具有较高的强酸量。在甲苯歧化反应中,ZSM-5分子筛催化剂暴露(101)晶面越多,产物扩散可能性越大,导致甲苯转化率提高,强酸量增加使副反应发生可能性增大,降低二甲苯选择性。     

采用不同模板剂控制合成较大晶粒的ZSM-5分子筛

采用不同模板剂以及模板剂组合比较,研究了合成较大晶粒ZSM-5分子筛的过程。通过XRD表征产物的晶相结构,采用SEM观察了产物分子筛的晶粒大小。在分析不同模板剂的模板效应以及合成较大晶粒分子筛影响因素的基础上,提出了能够控制合成中等粒度ZSM-5分子筛的合成方法。结果表明,采用模板剂的不同组合可以控制合成出晶粒粒径在10 μm左右的均匀的较大晶粒分子筛。     

碱对硅藻土水热合成ZSM-5分子筛的影响

以硅藻土为原料,以氢氧化钠或氨水为碱源,分别水热合成出具有较高相对结晶度的钠型ZSM-5分子筛和氢型ZSM-5分子筛。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-IR)和N2-吸附脱附等手段,对所合成的样品进行了表征。结果表明,合成的Na ZSM-5分子筛和HZSM-5分子筛均具有较高的结晶度,但有不同的酸性、孔结构、形貌和粒径,粒径分别约为500 nm或7μm。相比硅藻土,晶化产物的比表面积、微孔表面积和微孔孔容均明显增大。用Na OH合成样品的比表面积、孔容大于用NH3?H2O合成的样品。采用氨水合成的ZSM-5分子筛经焙烧后可直接转化成氢型分子筛。     

不同晶化温度对ZSM-5分子筛结构和形貌的影响

以四丙基溴化铵（TPABr）为结构导向剂,采用水热法制备了ZSM-5分子筛。利用XRD、FT-IR及SEM等表征手段研究了不同晶化温度对样品结构、形貌和粒径大小的影响规律。当晶化温度由95℃升高至175℃,结晶度由48．3％提高到95．1％,产物粒径分布更为均匀。晶化温度为195℃时,结晶度减至79．7％,部分粒径增大且不规则。由此可见,通过升高晶化温度可以提高ZSM-5分子筛的结晶度和粒径的均匀性,但是过高温度会使分子筛发生溶解-再结晶过程,部分转化成SiO2。     

无有机模板剂制备ZSM-5分子筛及其环己烯水合应用

以硫酸铝、水玻璃为主要原料,无有机模板剂条件下采用两步水热晶化法合成ZSM-5分子筛。系统研究钠硅比、水硅比和晶化时间等因素对ZSM-5分子筛结晶度和晶粒尺寸的影响。采用XRD和SEM对制备的ZSM-5分子筛进行结构表征,并考察ZSM-5分子筛在环己烯水合反应中的催化性能。结果表明,在一定钠硅物质的量比和水硅物质的量比范围,ZSM-5分子筛结晶度随钠硅物质的量比的增加与水硅物质的量比的减小而升高。无有机模板剂条件下制备ZSM-5分子筛,不仅降低生产成本,减少对环境的危害,而且在环己烯水合反应中表现出较好的催化活性,随着ZSM-5分子筛晶体尺寸减小,环己烯转化率提高。     

从粉煤灰中提取铝源制取ZSM-5及其动态水热晶化过程的研究

以粉煤灰分级处理获得的Al(OH)3作为铝源,在动态水热不同晶化时间下合成ZSM-5分子筛,并将固液两相分离,对固相ZSM-5分子筛进行XRD、SEM、PSD、XRF表征分析,对液相进行FT-IR表征分析.结果表明,ZSM-5分子筛晶化过程呈"S"型生长曲线规律,包括诱导期,成核期,快速生长期和晶化后期;随晶化时间延长,ZSM-5特征峰增强,产物结晶度提高,达到5 h后保持不变;晶粒尺寸由90～450μm逐渐向100 nm～1μm转变;Si/Al比呈现先升后降最后趋于稳定的趋势.在晶化过程中液相OH-含量不断增加;液相硅氧、铝氧化合物组成不断发生变化.推测ZSM-5晶化机制:固相在液相中不断溶解和沉积,固相发生化学重组并由大尺寸凝胶向小晶粒ZSM-5转变.     

协同导向法合成ZSM-5/ZSM-11共生分子筛

使用四丁基铵(TBA~+)模板剂和Beta分子筛作晶种协同导向合成ZSM-5/ZSM-11共生分子筛。Beta分子筛晶种的加入扩大了ZSM-5/ZSM-11分子筛的合成相区,抑制了丝光沸石杂相的生成。研究了合成条件对共生结构中ZSM-5、ZSM-11的含量及分子筛晶体形貌的影响,发现相同条件下晶种添加量越大、合成碱度越小、投料硅铝比越高,共生结构中ZSM-11的含量越高,分子筛的晶粒尺寸越小。用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N_2物理吸附(BET)、~(27)Al魔角旋转固体核磁(MAS-NMR)、NH_3程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)等对样品进行表征,发现ZSM-5/ZSM-11共生分子筛具有高的结晶度、丰富的孔结构、优良的Al的配位状态和强酸性,是具有潜在应用价值的优良催化剂。     

原位合成球花形貌多级孔ZSM-5及其催化甲醇制丙烯性能

为研究ZSM-5分子筛材料在甲醇制烯烃(MTP)反应中的选择性问题,通过表面硅钝化的后处理修饰和合成方法控制等多种手段,分别得到核壳结构、高模板剂有序多级孔及球花形貌的ZSM-5样品.结果 表明:样品的硅铝比相近,且都具有较高的结晶度,相比常规ZSM-5分子筛,在MTP反应中均能不同程度地提升产物烯烃的选择性.其中,通...     

以纯天然矿物为硅铝原料水热合成ZSM-5分子筛

以纯化硅藻土和热活化高岭土为硅铝原料,在水热条件下一步合成纯相ZSM-5分子筛。考察分子筛合成参数对产物的影响,得到合成ZSM-5分子筛的适宜条件:硅藻土与高岭土质量比32∶1,晶化温度170℃,晶化时间48 h,合成体系pH=13. 0。采用XRD、SEM及N2吸附-脱附等对样品进行表征。结果表明,最适宜条件下合成的ZSM-5分子筛晶型完整,具有与工业ZSM-5分子筛相似的六棱柱形貌以及相近的总比表面积和总孔容。     

Modification of zeolite surfaces by Grignard reagent

New microporous hybrid organic/inorganic materials were obtained by modification of zeolites using chlorination of their surface, followed by treatment with a Grignard reagent. Loading of butyl groups and retained crystallinity of ZSM-5 type zeolites was higher than for zeolites Y. In contrast to zeolites Y, the lattice parameters of zeolites ZSM-5 increased after surface modification. The obtained hybrid materials on the basis of high-silica zeolites possess a high degree of crystallinity at increased hydrophobicity.     

Investigation on the morphology of hierarchical mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite prepared by the CO2-in-water microemulsion method

A series of hierarchical mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites with different morphology were successfully synthesized by the CO₂-in-water microemulsion method, and mesoporosity was formed without organotemplate. The different synthesis conditions, including silica alumina molar ratio, stirring time and compressed CO₂ pressure, were systematically investigated to discuss the influence of these conditions on the morphology of ZSM-5 zeolite. The resulting samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurement. XRD results indicated that compressed CO₂ route for the synthesis of MFI zeolites had a fast crystallization rate and good crystallinity. SEM images showed that the ZSM-5 hierarchical mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite had a uniform chain-like crystal morphology, whereas silicalite-1 displayed a monodisperse crystal morphology. In addition, the nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurement provided sufficient evidence for the presence of hierarchical mesopores in ZSM-5 zeolite.     

Differences between ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolite catalysts in 1-hexene aromatization and isomerization

ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites with high crystallinity are synthesized and tested in the aromatization and isomerization reactions of 1-hexene at 370 °C in a continuous flow fixed bed. The results indicate that ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites possess similar acid site amount and strength, and most of the acid sites belong to Brønsted acid. When the ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites were used as catalysts, the aromatics selectivity over ZSM-11 catalyst was higher than that over ZSM-5 catalyst in contrast to i-paraffins selectivity, maybe attributed to that the C₇ and C₈ aromatics have an easier exit from the ZSM-11 zeolite. Moreover, the decrease of particle size can present superior aromatics selectivity and less i-paraffins selectivity in the aromatization and isomerization of 1-hexene over the ZSM-11 catalyst.     

正己烷催化裂解制低碳烯烃：ZSM-5分子筛催化剂酸性的影响

在小型固定床装置上,以ZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,研究不同硅铝物质的量比对合成的ZSM-5分子筛织构性能以及酸性对正己烷催化裂解性能的影响。采用XRD、SEM、N₂吸附-脱附和NH_3-TPD等方法对不同硅铝物质的量比的ZSM-5分子筛进行表征,结果表明,硅铝物质的量比的改变对ZSM-5分子筛的形貌和结构没有影响;随着硅铝物质的量比的增加,分子筛的酸量减少,酸强度减弱,正己烷催化裂解活性逐渐降低。同时,随着酸量减少和酸强度减弱,高硅ZSM-5分子筛上氢转移反应得到明显抑制,丙烯选择性提高。     

模板剂类型对ZSM-35分子筛物性的影响研究

采用环己胺及六亚甲基亚胺为模板剂,在动态水热体系中成功合成出ZSM-35分子筛。以环己胺为模板剂时,所得ZSM-35分子筛具有相对高的结晶度,其形态具有三维交错生长的特点,晶粒尺寸3~7μm。以六亚甲基亚胺为模板剂合成的ZSM-35相对结晶度略低,形态为二维片状,晶片较大的维度方向尺寸约2~8μm,短维度方向尺寸约100 nm。二维ZSM-35 BET比表面及孔容皆高于三维形态的ZSM-35;以六亚甲基亚胺为模板剂合成的ZSM-35具有更高的总酸量、较多的中强酸分布及较多的B酸中心。     

硅源对ZSM-5分子筛合成和催化性能的影响

为了考察硅源对ZSM-5分子筛合成和催化性能的影响,分别采用白炭黑、硅胶、硅溶胶和单分散SiO₂为硅源合成ZSM-5分子筛,对合成的ZSM-5分子筛进行XRD、SEM、BET和NH₃-TPD表征,并以C₄烯烃为原料评价合成的ZSM-5分子筛的催化裂解性能。结果表明,以硅溶胶为硅源合成的ZSM-5分子筛具有较好的结晶度和催化活性。水热处理使分子筛酸量减少,孔容缩小,改善了分子筛的乙烯丙烯选择性。经600 ℃水热处理4 h的ZSM-5分子筛在常压、580 ℃和空速9 h^-1反应条件下,丁烯催化裂解为乙烯和丙烯平均转化率为90.2%,乙烯和丙烯总收率达61.1%。     

粉煤灰为原料水热合成ZSM-5沸石的工艺条件

以工业废弃物粉煤灰为初始原料,经酸处理除杂、碱处理活化后,采用常规水热法合成高纯ZSM-5沸石。考察酸处理过程的温度、时间和酸浓度等对酸浸取效果的影响,以及碱处理过程的焙烧温度和碱灰质量比等对碱熔活化的影响,采用XRF、XRD、SEM以及N2吸附-脱附等手段对各阶段样品进行表征。结果表明,盐酸处理可以除去粉煤灰中氧化钙、氧化铁等绝大部分碱性氧化物杂质,最适宜酸处理条件下所得粉煤灰中氧化硅和氧化铝质量分数之和由51.51%上升到处理后的85.37%;以最适宜高温氢氧化钠碱熔活化条件下所得活性硅铝溶液为原料,水热合成类似球状结构并具有较高比表面积和相对结晶度的高纯ZSM-5沸石,进而获得粉煤灰水热合成ZSM-5沸石的最佳工艺条件。     

Synthesis of hierarchical ZSM-5 microspheres with superior performance for catalytic methanol-to-olefin conversion

Methanol-to-olefin (MTO) conversion on zeolites has encountered severe coke deposition and rapid deactivation. Creating different levels of porosity is essential to mitigate such issues. Herein, we demonstrate a facile and green strategy to synthesize uniform and hierarchically macro/mesoporous ZSM-5 microspheres by combining spray-freeze drying and steaming-assisted crystallization (SAC). The structure, crystallinity, and porosity of the zeolite microspheres are controlled by adjusting the water/gel mass ratio and time in the SAC process. The structure evolution during the SAC process is revealed. In the catalytic MTO reaction, the representative hierarchically porous ZSM-5 catalyst exhibits superior catalytic performance. At a very high weight hourly space velocity of 18 h⁻¹, it shows a dramatically prolonged lifetime (47 h at >99% conversion) and much-improved selectivity to ethylene and propylene compared with the conventional microporous ZSM-5 and nano-sized ZSM-5. The enhanced performance is originated from the hierarchical structure and suitable acidity of the ZSM-5 microspheres.     

Hierarchical ZSM-5 catalytic performance evaluated in the selective oxidation of styrene to benzaldehyde using TBHP

Hierarchical ZSM-5 catalysts with different Si/Al ratios (20, 60 and 100) were hydrothermally synthesized. The prepared samples were studied by several techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, N₂ adsorption–desorption, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique. The average crystallite size and crystallinity decreases with increasing Si/Al ratio, which is confirmed by XRD. FTIR analysis further confirms the formation of ZSM-5 by the presence of characteristic bending, stretching and framework vibration. The HR-TEM images showed that all the samples having disc-like nanostructures are assembled by many primary nanocrystals. The as-synthesized ZSM-5 zeolites are thermally stable, which is confirmed by DSC. The catalytic activity of ZSM-5 zeolites was evaluated in the selective oxidation of styrene using tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidant. Among the catalysts, ZSM-5(60) catalyst showed significantly higher yield of benzaldehyde at optimum conditions. The catalyst was recovered and recycled three times without a significant loss in activity and selectivity.