国产注汽锅炉用于多佛油田开发的适应性分析

为满足中石油加拿大多佛油田稠油开采需求,通过对国内应用较好的注汽锅炉炉型从锅炉布置、锅炉用水水质、工艺适应性、环保适应性等方面分析论证,发现国产燃气直流注汽锅炉在多佛油田应用尚需进行技术升级;而基于分段蒸发技术的汽包注汽锅炉具有成本低、适应性强、环保、节能等优点,现场试验成功后在多佛油田具有较为广阔的应用前景.     

油田注汽锅炉烟气含氧量的自动控制

针对油田注汽锅炉工况不能自动调节的问题，开发了油田注汽锅炉烟气含氧量自动控制系统，排烟中含氧量和鼓风压力，转换成电信号送到控制器，自动控制鼓风机转速，使排烟含氧量控制在2.5％左右，锅炉始终运行在最佳工况，效益显著。     

研制火焰偏烧调节器提高温蒸汽发生器安全性

孤东油田九区注汽站G101、G102湿蒸汽发生器（也称注汽锅炉）近2年发生8根炉管鼓包、爆管等安全事故，影响注汽开发的正常进行。实践经验表明，火焰偏烧是造成炉管局部过热导致鼓包、爆管的根本原因。锅炉爆管已成为制约注汽安全生产的瓶颈问题。锅炉炉管鼓包、爆管在油田注汽锅炉中非常普遍，据初步统计，全国油田热采行业因锅炉爆管每年造成的经济损失上千万元。因此，解决油田注汽锅炉爆管的问题成为注汽热采行业亟待解决的问题。     

燃油注汽锅炉烟气余热回收技术

本文对稠油油田注汽锅炉余热利用潜能进行了分析,探讨了回收烟气余热的必要性。对注汽锅炉烟气余热回收方式进行了研究,提出了注汽锅炉烟气余热回收的方案。经现场实施和测试,分析证实了注汽锅炉烟气余热回收的效果。     

国内油田注汽锅炉发展现状与分析

随着国内外稠油热采技术的应用以及油田注汽作业环境的变化,注汽锅炉也朝着大容量的车载和撬装化方向发展。介绍了国内几种典型的注汽锅炉和辅助技术的性能和特点,包括车载注汽锅炉、撬装注汽锅炉、超(超)临界压力注汽锅炉等。结合注汽锅炉的应用特点,分析了车载、撬装注汽锅炉需解决的关键技术难点,对超临界注汽锅炉的研制具有一定的借鉴意义。     

稠油地面蒸汽管线热力参数影响及保温厚度优化

提高蒸汽注汽品质和优化保温层厚度是改善地面蒸汽管线热力输运、实现稠油高效开采的关键。建立了油田地面蒸汽管线热力参数计算模型和保温层厚度经济性分析模型,基于分段微元方法求解沿程蒸汽干度、热损等特性参数,分析了锅炉出口蒸汽参数和注汽流量的影响规律,并结合经济厚度法的计算原理优化了保温层厚度。结果表明：提高锅炉出口蒸汽温度和压力,沿程蒸汽干度降低速度变快,沿程热损增加变快,与锅炉出口蒸汽温度313 oC,压力10.2 MPa相比,其热损最大增加11.15%;增加注汽流量,蒸汽干度提升且随管线沿程降幅缩小,等梯度注汽流量差下,高注汽流量时蒸汽干度降幅较小,其降幅为3.58%;经济厚度为0.33m时,其热损费用同比原有厚度可降低68.22%。     

更正启事

本刊2011年第3期刊登的由贡军民、周建平、邹俊刚撰写的《确定油田注汽锅炉单相流和双相流界面的方法探讨》论文中,公式(1)有误,现更正如下:     

热力采油过程中注汽锅炉操作参数热力学分析

注汽锅炉能耗约占热力采油系统总能耗的70%,运用"黑箱"模型分析方法,建立了注汽锅炉用火模型,对国内某油田注汽锅炉进行了火用效率和热效率计算。分析了锅炉操作参数(给水压力、进风温度和空气过量系数)对影响油田注汽锅炉火用效率和热效率的影响因素及其变化规律。研究表明,火用效率和热效率随给水压力和空气过量系数的增大而降低,随进风温度的增大而升高。其中,给水压力对锅炉火用效率和热效率影响最大,给水压力每增大1MPa,注汽锅炉火用效率降低约1.95%,热效率降低约1.71%。     

提高注汽锅炉运行热效率研究

根据油田注汽锅炉热平衡测算数据及结果分析,找出了其运行热效率低的原因。影响注汽锅炉运行热效率的主要因素是排烟温度和空气系数,测算分析表明,大部分注汽锅炉二者均超标。根据注汽锅炉特点提出了提高运行热效率的技术措施,即空气系数调节技术、化学清烟垢技术和烟气余热回收技术。工程应用表明,节能及经济效益显著。     

油田注汽锅炉过热爆管故障智能诊断方法

本文分析了国内注汽锅炉故障诊断方法,在利用小波变换分析注汽锅炉蒸汽干度的基础上,将径向基神经网络专家系统应用于注汽锅炉过热爆管的故障诊断。文章介绍了诊断系统的结构、学习算法和诊断步骤,提出了一种油田注汽锅炉的智能故障诊断方法。仿真结果证明了该方法的准确率与可靠性。     

油田注汽锅炉燃气燃烧技术发展与应用

为了选择燃烧效率更高、安全性更好、可靠性更好的燃气燃烧器,新疆油田先后使用多种型号燃烧器。本文选取新疆风城油田4种具有代表性燃气燃烧器,通过燃烧原理分析、燃烧器结构分析、运行数据分析和技术检测等手段,分析油田注汽锅炉燃气燃烧技术发展历程及远景,为稠油油田后续开发提供燃烧技术决策,设备技术改造,设备优化运行提供技术参考及依据。     

核电站蒸汽发生器水位的自抗扰多模型控制方法研究

针对核电站蒸汽发生器水位控制的非线性分布特点,在自抗扰控制技术的基础上结合多模型控制提出了蒸汽发生器水位系统新的控制方案.在该控制方案中,对蒸汽发生器设计了多模型控制系统,并针对各个模型分别设计了不同负荷下的自抗扰控制器,可以对扩张状态进行在线实时估计,因此设计的扰动补偿不依赖于模型便能够达到快速消去扰动的效果.将该方法用于蒸汽发生器水位控制系统进行仿真研究,结果表明：该控制方案实现了对蒸汽发生器水位良好的动态控制,具有较强的鲁棒性和抗干扰能力,且算法简单,便于调试.     

Steam generator structure: Continuous model and constructal design

This study shows that the main features of a steam generator can be determined based on the method of constructal design. The generator is endowed with freedom to morph, and then is optimized by putting the right components in the right places. The number of steam tubes is sufficiently large, so that the steam generator may be modeled as continuous. The total volume of the assembly and the volume of the steam tubes are fixed. The geometry is free to vary in the search for maximum heat transfer density. The steam flow in the tubes is modeled in two ways: single‐phase and two‐phase fully developed turbulent flow. Results of the analysis are: the location of the flow reversal (i.e. the demarcation between the tubes of the downcomer and those of the riser), the optimal spacing between adjacent tubes, and the number of tubes for the downcomer and the riser. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nonlinear dynamic model of a solar steam generator

A thermal-hydraulic model of a once-through subcritical steam generator has been developed for predicting dynamic characteristics of solar thermal power plants as well as for control system design. The purpose of the model is to evaluate the overall system performance and component interaction with sufficient accuracy for controller design, rather than to describe the microscopic details occurring within the steam generator.The three-section (compressed water, two-phase mixture, and superheated steam) model with time-varying phase boundaries is described by a set of nonlinear differential equations derived from conservation of mass, momentum and energy. Local stability of the model has been examined at different levels of insolation. Transient response of six plant variables due to independent step disturbances in three input variables are presented as typical results.     

塔式熔盐太阳能光热电站蒸汽发生器传热数值模拟设计计算

采用数值模拟的方式研究了50 MW塔式熔盐太阳能光热发电蒸汽发生系统蒸发器传热计算过程,利用Fluent软件建立三维模拟,通过合理的假设对蒸发器传热过程进行求解.计算结果表明:计算机数值模拟计算方法能够较好地反应蒸发器的真实传热过程,与传统理论计算、商业软件和实验数据有较好的契合度,表明数值模拟计算方法能够作为一种太阳...     

蒸汽用安全阀的热态校验及实现方法

文章分析了蒸汽安全阀校验装置的结构以及校验方法的优劣,证明蒸汽用安全阀采用蒸汽介质校验比采用常温氮气等校验更接近实际工况,校验结果准确可靠。通过研究高效非电内加热式小型蒸汽发生器,构建中小型高温安全阎校验装置,并利用饱和蒸汽进行安全阀的模拟高温工况来对上述方法进行验证。     

Effects of particle sizes on performances of the multi-zone steam generator using waste heat in a bio-oil steam reforming hydrogen production system

Hydrogen production by bio-oil steam reforming is an advanced production technology. It is a good method of coupling waste heat utilization with bio-oil steam reforming to produce hydrogen, which increases the cleaning ability of the bio-oil steam reforming system. A multi-zone steam generator using waste heat has been proposed, which can produce the heat source and steam source of the hydrogen system. The DEM model of the multi-zone steam generator was set up. The model has been used to investigate the effects of particle sizes (40 mm–80 mm). With increasing particle size, the flow index and the flow uniformity gradually decrease, the vertical velocity gradient increases in the area on both side with the zone steam generator, and the vertical velocity fluctuation amplitude gradually increases. So, the hydrogen production decreases from the particle size increasing.     

某核电堆型蒸汽发生器排污系统设计改进

根据全范围事故分析结果,在发生蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(SGTR)事故中,为使发生故障的蒸汽发生器水位不会上升太快,需通过蒸汽发生器排污系统排污管线来控制故障蒸发器的水位和压力。通过对蒸汽发生器排污系统进行设计改进,提高系统的设计标准,将破损蒸汽发生器内漏液排向内置换料水箱,使破损蒸汽发生器降压,同时限制破损蒸汽发生器水位,防止破损蒸汽发生器满溢,满足蒸汽发生器排污系统在设计基准事故工况下承担安全功能的要求。改进后的蒸汽发生器排污系统满足国内三代核电技术的要求,为国内三代核电的安全性提供理论依据。     

汽轮发电机组轴系扭振特性计算分析

介绍了采用多段集中质量模型计算轴导振特性的两种方法：传递矩阵法及特征向量。并利用上述两方法对某电厂１号机轴系的扭振特性进行了计算分析。     

Effect of the vacancy close to heat exchange wall on the heat transfer performance of the solid particles steam generator using waste heat in a methanol steam reforming hydrogen production system

With the massive consumption of fossil fuels and it resulted in significant carbon emissions, it is urgent to find an alternative clean energy source. Hydrogen has been regarded as one of the most promising energy candidates for the next generation. It is a great approach that methane steam reforming for hydrogen production by rational utilization of industrial waste heat, which significantly minimizes carbon emissions and develops methanol steam reforming technology. A solid particle steam generator based on the primary heat exchange method has been proposed, which can provide the heat and steam in the methanol steam reforming hydrogen production system. The quasi-two-dimensional packing heat transfer model of solid particles steam generator was set up.The effect of distance change between the vacancy and the cold wall and distance change between vacancies on heat transfer performance of the steam generator and hydrogen production capacity were studied. As the distance between the vacancy and the wall increases, the heat transfer performance of the steam generator gradually deteriorates, so the steam production of the steam generator decreases, and the system's hydrogen production capacity is reduced, the maximum of the heat flux and the minimum of the apparent thermal resistance are 34.67 kW/m² and 12.02 K/W, respectively. As the distance between vacancies increases, the heat transfer performance of the steam generator is gradually optimized slightly. To maintain the hydrogen production capacity, vacancies should be avoided to appear 2 layers of particles away from the heat exchange wall in the particles steam generator. From the results of the study, the farther the distance between vacancies, the better the steam production and hydrogen production capacity.