正常运行工况下核电厂气态流出物中~(85)Kr与~(133)Xe的关系

核电厂正常运行工况下,气态流出物中惰性气体监测结果一般均低于探测限。如按标准以探测限的1/2统计,可能会过高统计年排放量。本文通过确定气态流出物中85Kr与133Xe活度浓度的关系,当惰性气体源项中半衰期最大的85Kr低于探测限时,间接估算其活度浓度,以便能准确地对85Kr进行年排放量统计。     

核电厂流出物低水平放射性核素监测问题的探讨

核电厂流出物低水平放射性核素监测能力是评价核电厂放射性流出物排放量的保证。为了探讨我国核电厂流出物监测管理存在的问题,通过改变运行核电厂常规采样、测量方式,实验研究了核电厂流出物低水平放射性核素活度水平及其探测限,并探讨了核电厂现行数据处理的计算结果与实际排放之间的差距。研究结果表明,流出物中低水平放射性核素的实际水平远低于其现阶段排放量统计水平,确实成为了我国核电厂统计排放量偏高的因素之一。在此基础上给出了建立核电厂流出物监测探测限指标监管要求和低水平监测结果数据处理的建议。     

我国核电厂气态流出物中惰性气体监测现状

核电厂流出物尤其是气态流出物中的放射性惰性气体监测多为低水平放射性核素,我国运行核电厂的环境监测结果均低于探测限,无法计算照射剂量.探测能力决定了放射性惰性气体排放评价的结果.本文分析了我国各运行核电厂流出物放射性惰性气体监测和排放评价的现状,比较欧盟的相关建议,研究我国核电厂流出物放射性惰性气体监测能力存在的问题,并提出了建议.     

核电厂流出物排放量统计方法研究

运行核电厂放射性流出物排放量统计是一项重要工作，然而在实践中发现，核电厂排放的流出物中很多核素的活度浓度并不高，在流出物排放量统计中经常会面临分析结果低于探测限的情况，深入研究如何处理监测数据才能使排放量统计结果更接近实际排放量是一个挑战。本文收集了近年来秦山核电基地流出物监测数据，对其数值分布特点进行分析研究，提出了基于核素检出率的流出物排放量统计方法和策略，给出了流出物探测限取值系数的推荐值。通过与传统方法的统计结果进行比较，并对差异性进行分析，认为基于核素检出率的统计方法和策略现实可行，统计结果更接近于实际排放情况，有进一步深入研究的价值。     

防城港核电厂气态流出物取样监测探测限影响因素分析

对防城港核电厂一期机组中气态流出物取样监测的最小可探测限的影响因素进行分析,计算了取一定置信度和相对标准偏差时对应的气态流出物中不同核素的最小可探测限。分析了不同测量时间下,相对标准偏差与净计数率的关系。结果表明当机组烟囱气态流出物中的放射性排放速率至少达到计算水平时,测量值才能高于系统最小可探测限。该结果对其它核电机组制订气态流出物监测大纲具有一定参考作用。     

核电厂气态流出物监测样品分析中的核素衰变校正应用探讨

在放射性样品分析工作中,样品测量阶段、闲置阶段、采样阶段都涉及到核素衰变校正。根据放射性核素的衰变规律,阐明了这三种类型的衰变校正方法原理及其系数的计算。针对核电厂气态流出物中短半衰期的放射性惰性气体和碘核素的监测分析工作,研究了对监测样品分析结果进行衰变校正的必要性。基于实验测量结果,探讨了衰变校正对γ能谱分析法中核素的活度浓度探测下限的影响。介绍并分析了核电厂气态流出物监测样品分析工作中的衰变校正方案,对于短半衰期放射性惰性气体和碘核素,采用合理保守的衰变校正方案,可减少监测分析中的偏差,同时又可保证统计排放量的偏保守性。     

多孔吸附介质对133 Xe的采样浓集效果研究

在我国压水堆核电厂的惰性气体排放中,¹³³Xe为关键源项。在大气及核设施气态流出物中,放射性氙同位素所占的体积比极低。因此对于放射性氙的监测,需要前端增加采样量。本文主要对空气中氙组分采样浓集技术进行研究,选取多种材料进行空气中氙吸附行为和吸附容量的测试,并对其在现场采样实验室分析中的应用效果进行了理论计算。结果表明特定粒度的竹炭和椰壳炭对氙吸附浓集效果较好,可有效降低流出物中惰性气体取样的探测限。     

核电厂放射性液态流出物总γ放射性浓度控制值估算

核电厂放射性液态流出物排放监测包括源项监测、排放前取样监测和排放过程中的实时在线监测,其中源项监测和在线监测都是测量液态流出物的总γ放射性浓度,而不是活度浓度。本文针对新颁布实施的国家标准《核动力厂环境辐射防护规定》和《核电厂放射性液态流出物排放技术要求》所规定的滨海核电厂除氚和碳-14外其他放射性核素的活度浓度限值,通过理论分析和实验测量,建立了一种通过核电厂放射性液态流出物活度浓度估算总γ放射性浓度的方法,并结合秦山第二核电厂1号和2号机组放射性液态流出物中核素组成比例,确定了1号和2号机组放射性液态流出物排放的总γ放射性浓度控制值。     

美国内陆核电厂液态放射性流出物排放环境辐射监测与评估

系统分析了2005—2012年美国38个内陆核电厂液态放射性流出物在受纳水体介质中的活度浓度水平,包括沉积物、地表水、饮用水和水生生物。结果表明,除个别核电厂受纳水体(地表水)中的氚活度浓度较高外,其它受纳水体介质(包括沉积物和鱼类)中来自核电厂排放的放射性物质的活度浓度一般处于正常水平。个别内陆核电厂由于受纳水体环境条件的限制,氚的活度浓度水平偏高,但均低于美国环保署(EPA)规定的饮用水中氚的指导水平。核电厂受纳水体排放放射性核素对公众造成的辐射剂量评估表明,美国内陆核电厂运行因液态放射性流出物排放对公众造成的辐射剂量很小。通过分析美国核管会(NRC)规定的监测探测下限和报告水平的要求和内陆核电厂2005—2012年间监测结果,反映了NRC认可的美国内陆核电厂受纳水体受到核电厂液态放射性流出物排放的影响很小。     

核电厂流出物低水平放射性核素排放量统计方法实验研究

我国国家标准规定,运行核电厂在流出物放射性排放量统计中,对低于探测限的相关测量结果应通过实验分析进行合理估算,确实无法估算的,在排放量统计时按探测限的1/2取值。现有运行核电厂均采取了这种取值方法。针对合理估算低水平放射性核素含量问题,国家核与辐射安全监管部门组织运行核电厂以降低低水平放射性核素探测限方式开展了实验研究。实验结果显示,实验研究中探测限降低幅度达到常规监测探测限的1/20~1/2时,常规未检出的放射性核素仍未检出,常规监测检测出的少量低水平放射性核素检出率略有增加,检出值均略高于探测限。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.